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Local and Regional Democracy in Switzerland
33 SESSION Report CG33(2017)14final 20 October 2017 Local and regional democracy in Switzerland Monitoring Committee Rapporteurs:1 Marc COOLS, Belgium (L, ILDG) Dorin CHIRTOACA, Republic of Moldova (R, EPP/CCE) Recommendation 407 (2017) .................................................................................................................2 Explanatory memorandum .....................................................................................................................5 Summary This particularly positive report is based on the second monitoring visit to Switzerland since the country ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government in 2005. It shows that municipal self- government is particularly deeply rooted in Switzerland. All municipalities possess a wide range of powers and responsibilities and substantial rights of self-government. The financial situation of Swiss municipalities appears generally healthy, with a relatively low debt ratio. Direct-democracy procedures are highly developed at all levels of governance. Furthermore, the rapporteurs very much welcome the Swiss parliament’s decision to authorise the ratification of the Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority. The report draws attention to the need for improved direct involvement of municipalities, especially the large cities, in decision-making procedures and with regard to the question of the sustainability of resources in connection with the needs of municipalities to enable them to discharge their growing responsibilities. Finally, it highlights the importance of determining, through legislation, a framework and arrangements regarding financing for the city of Bern, taking due account of its specific situation. The Congress encourages the authorities to guarantee that the administrative bodies belonging to intermunicipal structures are made up of a minimum percentage of directly elected representatives so as to safeguard their democratic nature. -
KAS Auslandsinformationen 03/2012
3|2012 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 53 creaky concordance system Parliamentary and Governmental elections in switzerland: divided conservatives defeated by consensus-oriented centre-riGht Parties Burkard Steppacher Elections in Switzerland have become quite exciting in recent years. The cooperation between the traditional ruling parties, which have been in power in a grand coali- tion since the end of the 1950s, has clearly been thrown into crisis,1 new parties have entered parliament and the political concordance that has existed for decades has started to creak and shift. However, it appears that these changes have not yet found a permanent footing.2 Prof. Dr. Burkard Steppacher is a staff member of the Every four years there are federal elections to select a new Konrad-Adenauer- parliament in Switzerland, a country with one of the most Stiftung Scholarship constitutionally stable political systems, both in Europe Programme and Honorary Professor 3 and the world. The larger chamber (National Council) has of Political Science 200 members and the smaller chamber (Council of States) at the University of has 46 members, with two members per canton, although Cologne. six so-called “half cantons” only have one member each. Once the members of both parliamentary chambers have been chosen, the chambers, which together make up the Federal Assembly, then elect the country’s seven-member federal government (Federal Council). The elections were watched with great interest in 2011, as there was the real possibility of a change to the federal government. 1 | Cf. Burkard Steppacher, “Die Krise der Konkordanz‟, Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, 2/2008, 19-22; Michael Hartmann, Konkordanz in der Krise. -
Swiss Confederation)
Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) THOMAS STAUFFER, NICOLE TÖPPERWIEN, AND URS THALMANN-TORRES 1 history and development of federalism Switzerland is a country of 7.2 million inhabitants in the middle of Eu- rope. Its neighbours are Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Italy and France. It has been a federation since 1848, and its federal institutions have meant that the country has been able to accommodate diversity politically. Historically, the 26 cantons and the approximately 3,000 communes were able to develop their own traditions and cultures so that Switzerland had and still has cultural, cantonal and communal di- versity. Switzerland as a country did not attempt to homogenize its population nor did it split according to linguistic, religious, or cultural lines, although some cantons did. The official starting point of Swiss history is 1291. In 1291 three can- tons (at this time called Orte) concluded a treaty and created a defence union combined with a system of arbitration for conflict management among the cantons. The union was intended to prevent outside domi- nance and guarantee a power balance among the member-cantons. Other cantons joined by concluding further treaties so that a confeder- ation based on a treaty system developed. The confederation was to fa- cilitate as much cooperation as necessary to defend the independence of Switzerland while safeguarding the sovereignty of the cantons. At the end of the eighteenth century modernization in neighbouring countries, combined with the ideas of the French Revolution, triggered demands for some centralization and modernization in Switzerland. In 344 Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005 1798 French forces led by Napoleon invaded and created a centralized state in accordance with the French example. -
Switzerland – a Model for Solving Nationality Conflicts?
PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FRANKFURT Bruno Schoch Switzerland – A Model for Solving Nationality Conflicts? Translation: Margaret Clarke PRIF-Report No. 54/2000 © Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) Summary Since the disintegration of the socialist camp and the Soviet Union, which triggered a new wave of state reorganization, nationalist mobilization, and minority conflict in Europe, possible alternatives to the homogeneous nation-state have once again become a major focus of attention for politicians and political scientists. Unquestionably, there are other instances of the successful "civilization" of linguistic strife and nationality conflicts; but the Swiss Confederation is rightly seen as an outstanding example of the successful politi- cal integration of differing ethnic affinities. In his oft-quoted address of 1882, "Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?", Ernest Renan had already cited the confederation as political proof that the nationality principle was far from being the quasi-natural primal ground of the modern nation, as a growing number of his contemporaries in Europe were beginning to believe: "Language", said Renan, "is an invitation to union, not a compulsion to it. Switzerland... which came into being by the consent of its different parts, has three or four languages. There is in man something that ranks above language, and that is will." Whether modern Switzerland is described as a multilingual "nation by will" or a multi- cultural polity, the fact is that suggestions about using the Swiss "model" to settle violent nationality-conflicts have been a recurrent phenomenon since 1848 – most recently, for example, in the proposals for bringing peace to Cyprus and Bosnia. However, remedies such as this are flawed by their erroneous belief that the confederate cantons are ethnic entities. -
Swiss Political System Introduction
SWIss POLITICAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Switzerland is a small country in Western roots date back to 1291, whereas the Europe with 7.8 million inhabitants. With modern nation state was founded in 1848. its 41,285 square kilometres, Switzerland Switzerland’s population is 1.5 % of Europe; accounts for only 0.15 % of the world’s total however, the country is economically com- surface area. It borders Germany in the paratively strong. north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west. The population is diverse by language as well as by religious affiliation. Its historical FEDERAL SYSTEM Switzerland is a federation; the territory is divided into 26 cantons. The cantons themselves are the aggregate of 2,600 municipalities (cities and villages). ELECTIONS AND The political system is strongly influenced by DIRECT DEMOCRACY direct participation of the people. In addition to the participation in elections, referenda and ini- tiatives are the key elements of Switzerland’s well-established tradition of direct democracy. CONSENSUS The consensus type democracy is a third char- DEMOCRACY acteristic of Swiss political system. The institu- tions are designed to represent cultural diver- sity and to include all major political parties in a grand-coalition government. This leads to a non- concentration of power in any one hand but the diffusion of power among many actors. COMPARATIVE After the elaboration of these three important PERSPECTIVES elements of the Swiss political system, a com- parative perspective shall exemplify the main differences of the system vis-à-vis other western democracies CONTENTS PUBliCATION DaTA 2 FEDERAL SYSTEM Switzerland is a federal state with three ■■ The decentralised division of powers is political levels: the federal govern- also mirrored in the fiscal federal structure ment, the 26 cantons and around 2,600 giving the cantonal and municipal level own municipalities. -
I. Al Li Eii Swiss Legal Culture
Marc Thommen Introduction to Swiss Law Edited by Daniel Hürlimann und Marc Thommen Volume 2 Marc Thommen Introduction to Swiss Law Editor: Prof. Dr. iur. Marc Thommen Zurich, Switzerland This work has been published as a graduate textbook in the book series sui generis, edited by Daniel Hürlimann and Marc Thommen (ISSN 2569-6629 Print, ISSN 2625-2910 Online). The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) lists this work in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet via http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2018 Prof. Dr. Marc Thommen, Zurich (Switzerland) and the authors of the respective chapters. This work has been published under a Creative Commons license as Open Access which requires only the attribution of the authors when being reused. License type: CC-BY 4.0 – more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI:10.24921/2018.94115924 Cover image credits: "5014 Gretzenbach" from the book Heimatland © 2018 Julian Salinas and Ursula Sprecher (http://www.juliansalinas.ch). Cover design: © 2018 Egbert Clement The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1. Printed in Germany and the Netherlands on acid-free paper with FSC certificate. The present work has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, the authors and the publisher assume no liability for the accuracy of information and instructions as well as for any misprints. Lectorate: Chrissie Symington, Martina Jaussi Print and digital edition produced and published by: Carl Grossmann Publishers, Berlin, Bern www.carlgrossmann.com ISBN: 978-3-941159-23-5 (printed edition, paperback) ISBN: 978-3-941159-26-6 (printed edition, hardbound with jacket) ISBN: 978-3-941159-24-2 (e-Book, Open Access) v Preface A man picks an apple from a tree behind a bee house in Gretzenbach, a small village between Olten and Aarau. -
ESS6 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS6 - 2012 ed. 2.1 Albania 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 6 Cyprus 10 Czechia 11 Denmark 13 Estonia 14 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Israel 27 Italy 29 Kosovo 31 Lithuania 33 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 43 Russian Federation 45 Slovakia 47 Slovenia 48 Spain 49 Sweden 52 Switzerland 53 Ukraine 56 United Kingdom 57 Albania 1. Political parties Language used in data file: Albanian Year of last election: 2009 Official party names, English 1. Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë (PS) - The Socialist Party of Albania - 40,85 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë (PD) - The Democratic Party of Albania - 40,18 % election: 3. Lëvizja Socialiste për Integrim (LSI) - The Socialist Movement for Integration - 4,85 % 4. Partia Republikane e Shqipërisë (PR) - The Republican Party of Albania - 2,11 % 5. Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipërisë (PSD) - The Social Democratic Party of Albania - 1,76 % 6. Partia Drejtësi, Integrim dhe Unitet (PDIU) - The Party for Justice, Integration and Unity - 0,95 % 7. Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut (PBDNJ) - The Unity for Human Rights Party - 1,19 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Socialist Party of Albania (Albanian: Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë), is a social- above democratic political party in Albania; it is the leading opposition party in Albania. It seated 66 MPs in the 2009 Albanian parliament (out of a total of 140). It achieved power in 1997 after a political crisis and governmental realignment. In the 2001 General Election it secured 73 seats in the Parliament, which enabled it to form the Government. -
Switzerland © Oecd 1997 421 Managing Across Levels Of
SWITZERLAND MANAGING ACROSS LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT SWITZERLAND Institutions and authority 1.1 Structures Description of levels The Swiss Confederation is a federal State -- with a total surface area of 41 300 km² and a population of 6 994 000 (1994 figures) -- which has three levels of government: • federal level; • canton level (23 cantons, three of which are divided into demi-cantons, bringing the total to 26); • municipal level (just under 3 000 municipalities in 1996). The official name of the country, the Swiss Confederation, can lead to some confusion since it is in fact a federal State. In 1848, its constituent member States decided to avoid the disruption of changing the country’s name, particularly since the German title “Eidgenossenschaft” has no exact equivalent in French. The present system of government in Switzerland developed from the bottom up. The cantons were originally sovereign States and they first set up the Confederation on the crest of a revolutionary wave. When discussing administrative management in Switzerland it is important to bear in mind that unlike most States which have decentralised their governments from the top down, Switzerland developed its structures from the bottom up. Central government has never derived its legitimacy from a monarch, and the cantons derive theirs from the people and the democratic process. The country has no head of State as such, instead, it has a government council, although in the early days this was composed of no more than about ten secretaries. The cantons are sovereign States within the Confederation as defined in Article 3 of the Swiss Constitution “The cantons are sovereign so far as their sovereignty is not limited by the Federal Constitution...”. -
On the Institutional Roots of Swiss Democracy
Advances in Economics and Business 4(8): 446-460, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/aeb.2016.040807 On the Institutional Roots of Swiss Democracy Gkanas Nikitas*, Kyriazis Nicholas Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Greece Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License. Abstract Looking back at the history of Switzerland, we as part of the query how Switzerland was created. can identify some structural changes in the economic, social The aim of this research is to explain the emergence and and cultural environment, also in the spiritual perceptions establishment of democracy in Switzerland through a and attitudes of citizens. These may constituted the basis for synthetic compound of institutional variables. By the term the creation of specific standards and played a crucial role in institutional we mean institutions as North [10] defined: an the political and economic course of the country. In this enduring set of rules to ensure consistency of the social study we examine how institutions can explain the system, as the formal (business, syndicate unions, emergence and establishment of democracy in Switzerland. government bodies, local governments, schools), social We investigate various aspects of human activity in structures (such as legal system, political system, language, Switzerland trend since the beginning of its emergence, in money), informal institutions such convention rules1, moral order to use the tool of macro-culture that includes shared rules 2 , habits 3 , social values 4 (norms), cultural values values, norms and beliefs that characterize the members of a (culture) and routines. -
Bilateral Country Comparison I/CH
ECONNECT Alpine Space Programme – ETC Action 6.2: Bilateral Country Comparisons of the Legal Framework of Protected Areas Italy / Switzerland Pilot Region: The Rhaetian Triangle - Monte Rosa Italian Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea This publication was produced by the ECONNECT Project under the ETC Alpine Space Programme and co-financed by the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. The partial or total reproduction of the contents is authorized only with the source being duly quoted. Coordination: Paolo Angelini, MATTM; Jon Marco Church, EURAC Main author: Céline Randier, EURAC Revision: Valerio Poscia, EURAC Online: www.eurac.edu Last update: November 2010 A copy of this volume can be obtained from the address below. European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC) Alpine Convention-IMA Coordination Unit Viale Druso, 1 I-39100 Bolzano – Italy Tel. +39 0471 055050 Fax +39 0471 055059 Email: [email protected] 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................5 1.1. Background...................................................................................................................5 1.2. Aims of the study ..........................................................................................................5 1.3. Expected outputs of these studies ................................................................................6 -
Policy Design, Innovation and Diffusion: Evidence from Cantonal Public Health Policies in Switzerland
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Policy Design, Innovation and Diffusion: Evidence from Cantonal Public Health Policies in Switzerland Stadter, Cornelia Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-117434 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Stadter, Cornelia. Policy Design, Innovation and Diffusion: Evidence from Cantonal Public Health Policies in Switzerland. 2015, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Policy Design, Innovation and Diffusion: Evidence from Cantonal Public Health Policies in Switzerland Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Cornelia Stadter Accepted in the fall semester 2015 on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Thomas Widmer and Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Gilardi Zurich, 2018 Abstract What difference do the characteristics of innovative policies make? Do certain characteristics render such policies more adoptable? And do they condition the weight of other factors that explain policy innovation? Thus far, these questions have received little attention in research. In addressing them, this study focusses on characteristics that are inherent to the design of the particular policy innovation, including its designated beneficiaries, degree of intervention, complexity and implementation costs. Based on event history analyses of Swiss cantonal public health policies, it tests various hypotheses on the direct and indirect effects of policy design characteristics on the likelihood that states innovate. Its findings confirm that policy design characteristics matter for innovation decisions. Specifically, it shows that governments go by peer states’ previous adoptions of the policy at stake when deciding on complex and expensive innovative policies, but do not rely on such cues for decisions on simple and low-cost innovations. -
Swiss Democracy Possible Solutions to Confict in Multicultural Societies Fourth Edition
Swiss Democracy Possible Solutions to Confict in Multicultural Societies Fourth Edition Wolf Linder · Sean Mueller Swiss Democracy “Much can be learned from this study. But the lesson of this book is not: do it like the Swiss, and everything will be fne. Rather: study the history and the institutions of Switzerland, adopt what seems to work and avoid the many pitfalls”. —Jürg Steiner, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA and University of Bern, Switzerland, on the frst edition (1994) “This new edition of Swiss Democracy lives up to both the far-reaching changes that the Swiss political system has experienced over the past decades under the infuence of Europeanization and party system polarization, and also to the dynamic development of political science research on Swiss politics. It is essential reading for scholars and practitioners alike who are interested in a critical appraisal of the development and dynamic development of Swiss consensus democracy”. —Silja Häusermann, University of Zurich, Switzerland “Swiss Democracy provides a comprehensive and original analysis of the emergence, development, and various defnitive features of this unique and complex political system—one characterized by extraordinary diffusion and sharing of powers among branches and levels of government as well as numerous constituencies. The authors explain the particularities of Swiss consensus democracy, federalism, direct democracy, and position in European and international politics, while also provid- ing insightful comparative perspectives and potential lessons. This fourth fully revised edition sheds light on continuity as much as numerous changes and chal- lenges to Swiss policies, politics and polity. It is a must-read for scholars of Swiss politics as well as comparative government that is also remarkably accessible for students, practitioners and a wider audience”.