Annual Report 2016

CUDOS Annual Report 2016 1

CUDOS Vision & Mission 2

Director’s Report 4

Chairman’s Note 6

Structure & Governance 7

PEOPLE Centre Members 10

Chief Investigator Profiles 12

RESEARCH Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices 44

Hybrid Integration 48

Mid-Infrared Photonics 52

On-chip Nanoplasmonics 56

Nonlinear Quantum Photonics 60

Terabit Per Second Photonics 64

EDUCATION & TRAINING Research Training 70

Student Achievements 73

Research Students 74

CREATING WEALTH 78

COMMUNITY Linkages & Collaborations 82

Outreach & Public Awareness 84

PUBLICATIONS Publications List 90

Invited Talks and Presentations 93

Postdeadline Presentations 97

PERFORMANCE MEASURES, 100 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & ACTIVITY PLAN Vision and Mission

Vision To be the world-leader in research in on-chip photonics, for all-optical signal processing. Mission At CUDOS, we aim to lead research, which creates a world-best on-chip photonic platform for information transfer and processing technologies. We will translate the intellectual capital that we create to build a community of professionals, which can drive wealth creation in Australia.

To achieve this vision and mission, CUDOS will be guided by an interlocking set of strategic goals across a number of areas of activity.

2 Research CUDOS will perform world-leading research in integrated nanophotonics for all-optical information processing. Education and Training CUDOS will inspire, mentor and nurture the people needed to shape the future Australian photonics community. Creating Wealth CUDOS will create and exploit the intellectual capital essential for wealth creation through new jobs and new companies, and building industrial strength.

Community CUDOS will create excellent linkages between academia, industry, government and community, be a flagship of Australian science and the national authority on photonics. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 3 Director’s Report

Ben Eggleton

Our second last year of CUDOS started with a publication, in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, on the discovery by CUDOS researchers of a new kind of optical solitary wave or soliton. It ended with acknowledgements of our achievements in commercial translation: the recognition by MIT Technology Review of one of our researchers as the region’s top tech innovators, and the selection of our Australian Silicon Photonics team by CSIRO for its sci-tech accelerator program to help transform research invention into an innovative venture. These announcements epitomise the Centre at this mature stage of its life cycle: excellence in fundamental science balanced by dedication and commitment to the translation of that research to outcomes of benefit to the community.

Our year started as always with the CUDOS Workshop, held at the Kooindah Waters Resort near Wyong. Shelley and her team of Vera, Silke and Jacqui brought together a program of speakers and topics that covered all the Flagship projects of the Centre as well as a session discussing the importance of science communication along with a Technology Showcase highlighting the inventions and spin-off companies started and developed at CUDOS. The aim is to provide the skills and technology awareness to increase the visibility of our research in the last two years of the Centre’s operation. I honestly believe that this was our best Workshop ever!

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CUDOS Technology Showcase at the 2016 Annual CUDOS Workshop.

In research, it was most pleasing to see, even as the Centre draws to a close, three separate collaborations with international partners yielding ground breaking results. Our collaboration with the Technion in Israel achieved a landmark result, the first demonstration of topologically protected optical guided waves in a silicon nano-photonic platform. While the topic sounds academic, the implications of this work are very much rooted in potential applications. Topological protection means that the guided modes cannot couple to light travelling in the opposite direction – an optical diode, in other words. Our collaboration with Japan’s Advanced Institute for Science and Technology also made a major advance during the year. This research aimed to improve the optical frequency comb technology (recognised by the Nobel Prize in 2005) that can replace an array of sophisticated lasers currently used in telecommunications at a fraction of the cost, weight and size. Our collaboration demonstrated an innovative approach to overcoming the high noise that has hampered the performance of frequency combs to date. Our joint results were presented in a prestigious paper at the Optoelectronics and Communications Conference (OECC) in Niigata, Japan in July 2016. The third collaboration, with our partner organisation FOM Institute AMOLF (Netherlands) and Thales France, has observed the splitting of optical pulses in a nanoscale photonic chip for the first time. This observation of so-called soliton fission, which was reported in the high-impact journal Nature Photonics, could lead to novel rainbow light sources used in compact optical communications systems and lab-on-a-chip spectroscopic tools for portable medical diagnostics. To finish this Report, I would like to acknowledge with pleasure the recognition that our researchers and students were given by the wider community during the year. During CUDOS Annual Report 2016 5

2016 the following alumni and present CUDOS members were recognised: Associate Professor Sharath Sriram, a former PhD student at CUDOS, who won the 2016 Eureka Prize for Emerging Leader in Science; another former PhD student Dr Tomonori Hu, winner of the Rita and John Cornforth Alumni Medal of the University of Sydney; PhD student Moritz Merklein, who was awarded a 2016 SPIE Optics and Photonics Education Scholarship and then the first prize at the student oral presentation competition of the 7th International Conference on Optical, Optoelectronic and Photonic Materials and Applications in Montreal; Dr Andrea Blanco Redondo, who won the highly competitive AOS Geoff Opat Early Career Researcher Prize and was awarded the Harry Messel Fellowship at the University of Sydney; Professor Min Gu, who was recognised by the Victorian Government with its most prestigious science and innovation prize for his pioneering contributions to physical sciences and the impact of his research to the community; and Dr Simon Gross, who was named as one of the region’s top Drs Amol Choudhary, Mark Pelusi and David Marpaung presented their tech innovators by MIT Technology Review. It gives me great results in a postdeadline paper at OECC. pleasure to acknowledge

Professor Martijn de Sterke, Chair of the influential Board of Editors for the Optical Society of America and recent winner of the OSA’s Esther Hoffman Beller Medal which recognises “outstanding contributions to optical science and engineering education”. I was honoured to be invited to join the Australian Academy of Science. CUDOS Chief Investigators exercise leadership roles both in Australia and internationally. I am the founding editor of the new online journal APL Photonics, published by the American Institute of Physics, while Martijn de Sterke is Chair of the Board of Editors for journals published by the Optical Society of America (OSA). Min Gu, Martijn, and I attend the annual leadership meetings of the OSA. I also serve on the Board of Governors for IEEE Photonics. Nationally, I serve on the Council of the Australian Optical Society. 2015 was the International Year of Light which celebrated the role that photonics has played in our world and looked forward to the future potential impact of photonics. We know that Photonics is the lynchpin of a seven trillion dollar industry, underpinning the internet for example. The 21st century will be the era of photonics and CUDOS is poised to play a key role in create the revolutionary technologies that will change our world and drive our innovation economy.

Professor Min Gu received his Victoria Prize from Hon Philip Dalidakis MP, Victorian Minister for Innovation, Small Business & Trade, photo: veski.

Benjamin Eggleton Director, CUDOS ARC Laureate Fellow Chairman’s Note

Gregory Clark

The Advisory Board met once in 2016, but Ben met with me and other members of the Board informally during the year. With the commercial background of many of the Board members, it’s no surprise that the CUDOS work on technology translation and commercialisation was of great interest to us. The Board is strongly supportive of the initiatives that Ben and his fellow Chief Investigators are taking in this area. I was particularly pleased to see that personnel from two of our small start- up companies are participating in the CSIRO On! program – Modular Photonics in 2016 and Australian Silicon Photonics in 2017.

I am impressed that even as the Centre moves towards the end of its funding, the enthusiasm of Ben and his colleagues for research and collaboration is undimmed. There are strong new collaborations in place with groups in Germany and France, an exciting defence collaboration underway with government agencies and private companies, and stellar research outcomes that continue to be published in the leading journals. On behalf of the Board, I congratulate all members of CUDOS for their dedication, motivation, and commitment to excellence.

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Gregeory Clark Chairman, CUDOS

CUDOS Organisational Structure

Advisory Committee Director

Manager, External Relations Commercialisation Committee

Centre Manager Scientific Advisory Committee

Director. Education and Training Director. Outreach

Research Planning Group Executive Group

Flagship Projects • Director Science Leader • Hybrid Integration • All CIs • Functional Metamaterials • Nonresearch Managers & Directors and Metadevices • Mid-Infrared Photonics Project Leaders • On-chip Nanoplasmonics • Nonlinear Quantum Photonics • Terabit per second Photonics Deputy Project Leaders CUDOS Annual Report 2016 7 Structure and Governance

Structure and funding CUDOS Advisory Board - 2016 CUDOS is a collaborative research program between the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Macquarie University, Swinburne University Dr Greg Clark (Chair) Chairman of Technology, Monash University, RMIT University, and the University of KaCom Technology, Sydney. As an unincorporated joint venture the Centre is funded Mr Andrew Brawley General Manager, Manufacturing from 2011 to end-2017 with a $23.8 million Australian Research Council Silanna Semiconductor Pty Ltd (ARC) grant (2011 dollars), with further funding of $9,238,754 from the Dr Mark Butler Head Science Teacher collaborating universities and other research funding from additional sources Gosford High School under contractual arrangements. The NSW State Government also provided support to two of the NSW collaborators, the University of Sydney and Prof. Duncan Ivison Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) Macquarie University, by way of a lump sum paid in 2011/12 through its The University of Sydney Science Leveraging Fund administered by the NSW Department of Trade and Dr Simon Poole Director, New Business Ventures Investment. Finisar, Australia

Personnel Dr Paul Scully-Power Innovator and Corporate Strategist There are fifteen Chief Investigators from the seven Australian Universities Prof. Tim Senden Director, Research School of Physics and fifteen Partner Investigators, three from Australian industry and twelve and Engineering ANU from international research organisations. A further 13 international Ms Elena Goi PhD Candidate associates are formally linked to the Centre. During 2016 there were RMIT 65 researchers formally associated with CUDOS programs in the seven Australian Universities, 65 postgraduate and honours students and 10 Dr Katherine Woodthorpe Professional non-exec Director People & Innovation administrative staff.

Governance Scientific Advisory Committee - 2016 The Director, Professor Ben Eggleton, carries the overall responsibility for the running of the Centre and reporting to the ARC. He is assisted Prof. David Miller Chairman in this endeavour by an Advisory Board, in operation since the Centre’s W. M. Keck Foundation Professor of commencement, and by a Scientific Advisory Committee, formed in 2013. Electrical Engineering The Advisory Board and Scientific Advisory Committee perform different Stanford University, USA functions. Prof. Hans Bachor Emeritus Professor The Advisory Board, chaired by Dr Greg Clark, provides advice in areas ANU including strategic positioning in the Australian research landscape, Dr Igal Brenner Nanophotonics Thrust Leader commercialisation, government perspectives, and information on key Center for Integrated Nanophotonics, contacts. The Board has representatives from industry, academia, and Sandia National Laboratories, USA other research centres with expertise in these areas. The Board assists in the development of a strategy and vision for the future. It ensures that the Prof. Costas Soukoulis Distinguished Professor of Physics Centre’s goals and achievements are consistent with the strategic plan and Iowa State University, USA the KPIs, regularly reviews performance against the yearly project and Centre targets in the Centre Strategic Plan, and serves as a vehicle for creating better linkages between academia, industry, government and community. The members of the Advisory Board are senior managers in industry, government, and academia. Research: The Centre’s research is organised into five flagship projects. Up until the beginning of 2016 there were six projects, but one (Mid The Scientific Advisory Committee reviews all aspects of the Centre’s Infrared Photonics) was deemed to have met its objectives laid out at the research program to rate the quality of the research outcomes, students, commencement of the Centre and so was ‘graduated’. Its legacy lives on in and facilities against international peers. The SAC, chaired by Professor David a number of start-up ventures. Miller of Stanford, comprehensively reviewed the Centre’s programs in 2014 and provided a report to the Director which was reviewed by the Advisory Each of the remaining Flagships has a project leader and deputy project Board. There are no further meetings of the SAC scheduled before the Centre leader(s) to monitor, coordinate, and report on achievement of yearly goals. formally winds up in 2018. The science leader for each project oversees the longer term scientific objectives of the project and ensures that these are aligned first with the strategic directions of the Centre and second, that they support the achievement of the yearly goals. Flagship leaders, CIs, and the Director meet semi-annually to review progress and agree goals on the next six months. Each Flagship provides a quarterly report on progress to the Director.

Commercialisation: The Centre has a Commercialisation Committee comprising the Director, representatives from each University’s commercial office and a Board representative. The committee, which met once in 2016, is chaired by Professor Simon Fleming of the University of Sydney. The Commercialisation Committee maintains the Centre’s IP register and provides a Centre-wide perspective on a case by case basis on patent applications and commercialisation opportunities.

Operations: Centre activities are overseen by the CUDOS Executive, comprising the fifteen Chief Investigators, Chair of the Commercialisation Committee and Centre Manager Ms Shelley Martin. Activities in Outreach and in Training & Education are overseen by CI Judith Dawes and Associate Investigator Alex Fuerbach, each of whom sit on and report to the Executive. The Executive meets quarterly to discuss research, operational and policy issues. A smaller team comprising the Director and staff responsible for operation of Centre programs in non-research areas meets more regularly, typically each fortnight. 8 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 9

People Centre Members

During 2016, the following personnel were committed to or affiliated with the Centre.

CHIEF INVESTIGATORS RESEARCH STAFF RESEARCH STUDENTS (excludes Honours)

Prof. Yuri Kivshar Dr Duk-Yong Choi Ms Diana Antonosyan Prof. Barry Luther-Davies Dr Mingkai Liu Ms Maria del Rocio Camacho Morales Mr Haitao Chen A/Prof. Steve Madden Dr Andrey Miroshnichenko Ms Katie Chong Prof. Dragomir Neshev Dr David Powell Mr Michael Cole Dr Alexander Solntsev Mr Rui Guo A/Prof. Andrey Sukhorukov Mr Ben Hopkins Mr Harry-Dean Kenchington Goldsmith Dr Khu Tri Vu Mr Andrei Komar Mr Sergey Kruk Mr Mingkai Liu Ms Pan Ma ANU Mr Ali Mirzaei Mr Aleksei Slobozhaniuk Ms Daria Smirnova Mr James Titchener Mr Kai Wang Mr Lei Wang Mr Ting Wang Mr Che Wen Wu Mr Kunlun Yan Ms Yi Yu Mr Yair Zarate Prof. Judith Dawes Dr Martin Ams Mr Sergey Antipov Prof. Michael Steel Dr Alexander Arriola Mr Daniel Blay Prof. Michael Withford Dr Matthew Collins Mr Zachary Chaboyer Prof. David Coutts Mr Glen Douglass Dr Peter Dekker Mr Blake Entwisle 10 Dr Alex Fuerbach Mr Thomas Gretzinger Dr Simon Gross Mr Xiantao Jiang Dr Luke Helt Mr Alireza Maleki Dr Darren Hudson Mr Vincent Ng Mr Alex Stokes Mr Andrew Ross-Adams

Macquarie University Dr Zhizhong Yan Mrs Wan Zakiah Binti Wan Ismail Ms Michelle Whitford Mr Christian Wieschendorf

Prof. Arthur Lowery Dr William Corcoran Ms Zihan Greng Mr Jignesh Jokhakar Monash University

Prof. Min Gu Dr Andreas Boes Ms Zahraa Al-Baiaty Prof. Arnan Mitchell Dr Benjamin Cumming Mr Andreas Boes Dr Anthony Hope Ms Elena Goi A/Prof. Baohua Jia Mr Anthony Hope Dr Thach Nguyen Mr Jingyang Peng

RMIT Dr Guanghui Ren Mr Guanghui Ren Dr Haoran Ren Mr Steffen Schoenhardt Dr Didit Yudistra Ms Sahar Tabrizi Dr Qiming Zhang Mr Jean-Luc Tambasco Mr Fabio Turella Prof. Benjamin Eggleton Dr Shaghik Atakaramians Mr Iman Aryanfar Prof. Martijn de Sterke Dr Bryn Bell Mr J. Scott Brownless A/Prof. Boris Kuhlmey Dr Andrea Blanco Redondo Mr Fernando Diaz Prof. Ross McPhedran Dr Alvaro Casas Bedoya Ms Caitlin Fisher Dr Amol Choudhary Mr El-Abed Haidar Dr Nick Cvetojevic Mr Jiakun He Dr Elias Giacoumidis Mr Iman Jizan Dr Tomonori Hu Mr Yang Liu Dr Darren Hudson Mr Andri Mahendra Dr Clark Li Mr Loris Marini Dr Eric Magi Mr Moritz Merklein Dr David Marpaung Mr Blair Morrison Dr Stefano Palomba Mr Neetesh Singh

The University of Sydney University The Dr Mark Pelusi Mr Björn Sturmberg Dr Birgit Stiller Ms Atiyeh Zarifi Dr Michael Smith Mr Bruce Zhang Dr Chunle Xiong Mr Young Zhang Mr Joseph Zheng CUDOS Annual Report 2016 11

CHIEF INVESTIGATORS RESEARCH STAFF RESEARCH STUDENTS (excludes Honours)

A/Prof. Chris Poulton Dr Kokou Dossou Mr Sayyed Mirnaziry Dr Mikhail Lapine Dr Christian Wolff Sydney University of Technology, of Technology, University

Prof. Roel Baets, University of Ghent, Belgium Prof. Joss Bland-Hawthorn, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Dr Steven Duvall, Sapphicon Semiconductor, Australia Prof. Claire Gmachl, Department of Electrical Engineering / Dr Steven Frisken, Finisar Australia, Australia MIRTHE (NSF-ERC), Princeton University, USA Prof. Saulius Juodkazis, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Prof. Franz Kärtner, University of Hamburg, Germany Swinburne University of Technology Prof. Thomas Krauss, York University, UK Prof. Ken-ichi Kitayama, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Osaka University, Japan Prof. L Kobus Kuipers, Technical University Delft, The Prof. Thomas Koch, Center of Optical Technologies, Lehigh Netherlands University, USA Prof. Juerg Leuthold, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Dr Ashok V Krishnamoorthy, Oracle, USA Dr Jonathan Lacey, Ofidium Pty Ltd, Melbourne Dr Shu Namiki, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Prof. Stefan Maier, Physics Department, Imperial College Science and Technology Japan, Japan London, UK Dr Christelle Monat, Lyon Institute of Nanotechnology (NL), Partner Investigators Partner Prof. Jeremy O'Brien, University of Bristol, UK Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France Prof. Leif Oxenløwe, Danish Technical University, Denmark Prof. Thomas Pertsch, Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany Prof. John Pendry, Imperial College London, UK International Associate Investigators Dr Jas Sanghera, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA Prof. John Sipe, University of Toronto, Canada A/Prof. Alexander Szameit, University of Rostock, Germany

Prof. Tony Wilson, University of Oxford, UK Prof. Peter Tuthill, School of Physics, University of Sydney

Prof. Nikolay Zheludev, University of Southampton, UK Prof. Anatoly V Zayats, King's College London, UK

Centre Director: Prof. Benjamin Eggleton, The University of Sydney Deputy Director: Prof. Yuri Kivshar, ANU Associate Director: Prof. Martijn de Sterke, The University of Sydney Manager, External Relations: Dr Chris Walsh, The University of Sydney Director, Training and Education: A/Prof. Alex Fuerbach, Macquarie University Director, Outreach: Prof. Judith Dawes, Macquarie University Chair, Commercialisation Committee: Prof. Simon Fleming, The University of Sydney Centre Manager: Ms Shelley Martin, The University of Sydney

Management Team Administrative Services Coordinator: Ms Vera Brinkel, The University of Sydney Communications Coordinator: Ms Jacqueline Charlesworth, The University of Sydney Special Projects Assistant: Ms Silke Weiss, The University of Sydney Administrative Staff: Ms Simone Kingston, The University of Sydney, Ms Christina Bacchiella, The University of Sydney Chief Investigator Profiles

As the CUDOS Director, Professor Eggleton is responsible for setting the vision and focus for the research program and establishing and directing research collaborations. He oversees the six current CUDOS Flagship research projects and drives strong interactions across CUDOS nodes and with CUDOS Partner Investigators and end-users. He also heads the University of Sydney CUDOS Node and leads the Sydney experimental programs, which contribute to the Terabit, Quantum Integrated Photonics and Mid-infrared projects. Eggleton oversees the CUDOS governance and operational program and the CUDOS commercialisation strategy, including the development of prototype devices which were presented at various exhibits.

Key Areas of Research Contribution with the CUDOS group at the Australian National In 2016 Eggleton's group's major achievements University of Steven Madden, Duk-Yong Choi spanned across the Quantum Integrated and Khu Vu. The chalcogenide waveguides are Photonics and Mid-infrared projects and currently the only integrated waveguide platform collaborated closely with the Hybrid Integration that offers strong SBS on chip-scale dimensions. project. Eggleton’s ARC Laureate Fellowship Eggleton’s group has pioneered this field over Project (2013-2017) on the topic of stimulated the last 5 years and is now recognized as the Brillouin scattering – SBS achieved major results world leading group in this field, demonstrated that will be reported here. In 2016 Eggleton’s by the numerous invited and plenary invited group publications include 4 Postdeadline talks on this topic, the published articles in high impact journals and high citations. 12 Benjamin J Eggleton publications at major international meetings, 3 publications in Nature Communications and Research highlights of this project include the Director publications in Optica, Physical Review Letters first demonstration of on-chip RF photonic filters THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY and Laser & Photonics Reviews. with record broad tuning and narrow resolution. Phone: +61 2 9351 3604 Email: [email protected] This work, which was originally a Postdeadline 2016 Research Achievements paper at the FiO in 2013, exploits SBS in Eggleton’s ARC Laureate Project is on the topic tailored chalcogenide waveguides to achieve of nonlinear optical phononics: harnessing unprecedented RF filter performance was light interactions with sound in nanoscale published in Optica in early 2015. This works is circuits. Although this project is distinct from the now supported by the US Air-Forces Office of CUDOS program and therefore is not reported Research; we have constructed a prototype that in this annual report, it is well aligned with will be tested at the US Army Lab in Adelphi, the CUDOS programs in photonic integrated Maryland in early 2017. Eggleton’s group has circuits and closely collaborates with CUDOS filed numerous patents on the technology and is flagship projects and uses CUDOS facilities. looking at opportunities for commercialisation. In 2016 this project involved 4 outstanding In 2016 highlights for this project include the first research fellows and numerous PhD students demonstration of tailoring of the Brillouin gain and spanned across the theory of phonon for on-chip widely tunable and reconfigurable interactions in waveguide circuits, experimental broadband microwave photonic filters, wide- investigations of SBS in nonlinear waveguides range, high-precision multiple microwave and fabrication of hybrid silicon based frequency measurement using a chip-based nanostructures. The Laureate project aligns photonic Brillouin filter and widely tunable, low Project team of Eggleton’s ARC with collaborative ARC Discovery projects with Laureate Fellowship Project (2013- phase noise microwave source based on a 2017) on the topic of stimulated CUDOS Chief Investigators Chris Poulton at UTS photonic chip. In late 2016 Eggleton’s group Brillouin scattering – SBS and Michael Steel at Macquarie on the topic reported a Postdeadline at the Frontiers in of optical-phononic Optics Conference in Rochester, demonstrating interactions. record SBS in silicon chips, based on a hybrid The project has approach. focussed on As part of the Quantum Integrated Photonics fundamental project, his group reported a demonstration of aspects of SBS active temporal multiplexing of indistinguishable in chalcogenide heralded single photons and frequency photonic circuits and conversion in silicon in the single photon regime. optical fibres and As part of the Mid-infrared project his group applications and reported Mid-IR absorption sensing of heavy therefore involves water using a silicon-on-sapphire waveguide, in close collaboration collaboration with Partner Organization Silanna. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 13

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. C. Xiong, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, M. J. Collins, A. Mahendra, L. G. Helt, M. J. Steel, D. -Y. Choi, C. J. Chae, P. H. W. Leong & B. J. Eggleton, "Active temporal multiplexing of indistinguishable heralded single photons", Nature Communications 7:10853, doi:10.1038/ ncomms10853 (2016) 2. Chad Husko, Matthias Wulf, Simon Lefrancois, Sylvain Combrié, Gaëlle Lehoucq, Alfredo De Rossi, Benjamin J. Eggleton & L. Kuipers, "Free-carrier-induced soliton fission unveiled by in situ measurements in nanophotonic waveguides", Nature Communications 7: 11332, doi:10.1038/ncomms11332 (2016) 3. Andrea Blanco-Redondo, Imanol Andonegui, Matthew J. Collins, Gal Harari, Yaakov Lumer, Mikael C. Rechtsman, Benjamin J. Dr Alvaro Casas-Bedoya and PhD candidate Blair Morrison’s Eggleton, and Mordechai Segev, "Topological Optical Waveguiding postdeadline was accepted for presentation at FiO Conference. in Silicon and the Transition between Topological and Trivial Defect States", Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 163901, doi: http://dx.doi. In 2016 Eggleton presented ten invited and keynote talks at major org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.163901 (2016) conferences, including a keynote presentation at the International 4. Neetesh Singh, Alvaro Casas-Bedoya, Darren D. Hudson, Andrew Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics. Read, Eric Mägi, and Benjamin J. Eggleton, "Mid-IR absorption sensing of heavy water using a silicon-on-sapphire waveguide," Recognition of Contribution and Leadership roles Opt. Lett. 41, 5776-5779 (2016) Eggleton was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. 5. Andrea Blanco-Redondo, de Sterke C. Martijn, J.E. Sipe, Thomas He played important leadership roles at a national and international F. Krauss, Benjamin J. Eggleton & Chad Husko, "Pure-quartic level, including serving as conference chair for major international solitons," Nat. Commun. 7:10427, doi: 10.1038/ncomms10427 meetings, serving the professional societies, serving on the (2016) advisory board for several international science centres and at the University of Sydney. In 2016 Eggleton served as the General Chair of the OSA Photonics and Fiber Technology Conference, held in Sydney in September; the meeting attracted over 300 people. Eggleton serves on the Board of Governors for IEEE Photonics (for 2015-2017) and attended the Board meetings at the Optical Fiber Communications conference in March 2016 and at the IEEE Photonics Meeting in Hawaii in October 2016. He also serves on the OSA Leadership group, as part of the International Meetings Council, which meets in Washington DC. Eggleton is the founding Editor- in-Chief for APL Photonics, which was launched by AIP Publishing in early 2016. Eggleton serves on the advisory board for the UK EPSRC funded project on bio-photonics at the University of St Andrews and the NTU Centre for Photonics Disruptive Technologies in Singapore. Eggleton is the co-founder of the new NSW Smart Sensing Network (NSSN) and serves as the Co-Director.

Professor Eggleton is the co-founder and Co-Director of the new NSW Smart Sensing Network (NSSN) Chief Investigator Profiles

Judith Dawes’ research targets the control of light at the nano scale, focussing on lasers and optics, as applied to metallic and dielectric nanoparticles and nanostructures. These studies are founded on her earlier work on solid-state lasers, such as Nd:YAG and the nonlinear laser crystal Yb:YAB, and laser applications. Judith was awarded her BSc (Honours) and PhD from the University of Sydney, and also spent a year at the University of Rochester as a Rotary International Fellow. After postdoctoral research at the University of Toronto, Canada, she took up an appointment at Macquarie University, where she teaches and researches in Physics and Photonics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy.

Key Areas of Research Contribution 2016 Research Achievements Professor Judith Dawes contributes to the PhD student Alireza Maleki showed that Nanoplasmonics project within CUDOS, working curved gratings etched in gold films act as on challenges to efficiently coupling light effective focussing structures for surface between photonic and plasmonic components, plasmons. Further, he characterized plasmonic- exploring the interaction of localised and enhanced graphene photodetectors based propagating surface plasmons with optical gain, on single-layer graphene with gold electrodes. and improving the performance of plasmonic He demonstrated that these devices offer detectors. PhD student Vincent Ng worked on enhanced photodetection performance 14 the linear and nonlinear coupling of light with via photon tunnelling to surface plasmons, Judith Dawes plasmonics, while PhD student Alireza Maleki collaborating with Prof David Coutts and Dr MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY Phone: 02 9850 8903 developed a plasmonic-enhanced graphene James Downes of Macquarie and Dr Ben Email: [email protected] photodetector. PhD student Wan Zakiah Wan Cumming and Prof Min Gu from RMIT. He also Ismail and internship student Charlotte Hurot used Raman micro-spectroscopy to compare worked on sensing using random lasers with the photo-response of the graphene for different plasmonic nanoparticles, and the effect of wavelengths and polarizations of excitation, guiding on random laser performance. and the spatial distribution of dopants under illumination. With Jesse Vaitkus and Prof Andrew Greentree at RMIT and Zachary Chaboyer, Profs Mike Steel and Michael Withford of Macquarie University, PhD student Vincent Ng has worked on “digital” adiabatic coupling between photonic waveguides. Collaborating with Prof. David Coutts of Macquarie, he is investigating the nonlinear coupling of light to surface plasmons via metallic and dielectric

Fig. 1 Aggregation of gold nanoparticles in presence of dopamine. TEM of gold nanoparticles with 0.15 mM copper (II) chloride and (a) 0 M, (b) 1×10-7 M, (c) 1×10-5 M and (d) 1×10-3 M of dopamine concentration. The scale end to end is 500 nm. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 15

Fig 2. Comparison of lasing threshold of Rh640/gold random lasers for various concentrations of dopamine with and without copper (II) chloride. The brown line shows the concentration of dopamine (~1×10-7 M to 1×10-2M) measured by the lasing threshold.

nonlinearities. The interaction of laser gain materials with metallic Top Five Publications for 2016 nanoparticles offers efficient coupling between light and surface 1. 1. A Maleki, TP Vo, A Hautin, JE Downes, DW Coutts, JM Dawes, plasmons, and can compensate for absorption losses. Harnessing “Curved Gratings as Plasmonic Lenses for Linearly Polarised localised surface plasmon effects, PhD student Wan Zakiah Wan Light” Plasmonics 11, 365-372 (2016). Ismail, working with A/Prof Guozhen Liu and Prof. Ewa Goldys of 2. WZW Ismail, G Liu, K Zhang, EM Goldys, JM Dawes “Dopamine the ARC Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, has demonstrated sensing and measurement using threshold and spectral the detection of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter, using measurements in random lasers” Optics Express 24, A85-A91 plasmonic random lasers. The dopamine induces aggregation of (2016). the gold nanoparticles, which perturbs the random laser properties. Extending this work, internship student Charlotte Hurot and Wan 3. WZW Ismail, E Goldys, JM Dawes, “Extended emission Zakiah have demonstrated efficient random fibre laser operation wavelength of random dye lasers by exploiting radiative and non- with low threshold in microstructured optical fibres with small radiative energy transfer” Applied Physics B 122, 1-9 (2016) sample volumes. 4. JM Dawes, WZW Ismail, EM Goldys, DW Coutts, “Enhancing the performance of random lasers: effects of localised surface Recognition of Contribution plasmons and resonance energy transfer” Proc 4th International In addition to her research role in CUDOS, Judith Dawes is the Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology: Outreach Coordinator for CUDOS, and co-chairs the Outreach and Photoptics 2016) p 160-163 (2016). Education Committee of CUDOS. She is a member of the program 5. C Hurot, WZW Ismail, JM Dawes, “Random laser in a fiber : committees for several international conferences including CLEO combined effects of guiding and scattering lead to a reduction of (USA) and Frontiers in Optics. the threshold” NICE Optics, Nice, France. (2016) Chief Investigator Profiles

Martijn de Sterke received the M.Eng degree in Applied Physics from the University of Delft in the Netherlands and his PhD degree in optics from the University of Rochester in the USA. After postdoctoral work at the University of Toronto in Canada, he joined the School of Physics at the University of Sydney, where he is a Professor in Physics, working in optics and photonics. He was the winner of the Pawsey Medal of the Australian Academy of Science in 1999 and has been a Fellow of the Optical Society of America since 2003. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Optics Express from 2007-2012, and is currently the Chair of the Board of Editors at the Optical Society of America.

Key Areas of Research Contribution the literature. The result is promising for a host Martijn de Sterke contributed to Metamaterials of applications that require high absorption. and to plasmonics projects. This work was a collaboration between the University of Sydney, UTS and the Australian 2016 Research Achievements National University. Achieving high absorption in a thin layer (much Conventional solitons balance the quadratic thinner than the wavelength) is an interesting dispersion of waveguide with its Kerr and challenging problem in its own right, and nonlinearity. The former effect broadens the has applications in detectors and in solar pulse in time whereas the latter broadens it in energy. Professor de Sterke and his team frequency. Nonetheless, when both operate 16 Martijn de Sterke reported complete absorption of λ≈600 nm simultaneously, and their relative signs are THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY light in a nanostructured layer as thin as 40 appropriate, then stable soliton pulses can Phone: +61 2 9351 2906 Email: [email protected] nm (i.e., λ/15). The structuring is essential result. In experiments led by CUDOS Research since a homogeneous layer would absorb only Fellow Dr Andrea Blanco-Redondo, and carried approximately 8% in a single pass. The team out in silicon photonic crystal waveguides, increased the absorption in two ways: a silver the group recently discovered a new class back-mirror was included to ensure the light of solitons, which balance the nonlinearity that would otherwise be transmitted is reflected with quartic dispersion. The discovery was back in; a transparent spacer layer ensures surreptitious, since the samples were designed that the reflected light has the correct phase. and fabricated for other purposes. The figure They also included a grating which deflects 2 gives the key result for an input pulse with a the light sideways into a guided mode of the width of 1.3 ps and a peak power of 0.7 W. The layer, significantly increasing the path length of left-hand figure indicates spectral information the light through the absorber and hence the whereas the right-hand figure gives temporal absorption. The resulting absorption spectrum information. The input pulse is indicated in is shown in Figure 1 which is for thin layer of green, whereas the measured output is in red

Sb2S3: since this structure does not transmit and the simulated output in blue. The solid and light because of the mirror, all the light that dashed curves in the right-hand figure are the is not reflected must be absorbed. The blue measured and calculated chirp, respectively. symbols show the measured and calculated The results show that upon propagation over reflectance in an unstructured layer, indicting 0.4 mm the pulse does not broaden either in absorption of 10-20%. The red and blue curves frequency or in time, that the pulse shape is give the calculated reflectance for two different approximately unchanged, and that the pulse is grating periods, with the symbols giving unchirped, all consistent with the properties of experimental results. The reflectance vanishes solitons. At higher powers the pulse is observed at λ≈590 nm (green curve), and λ≈605 nm to shorten also consistent with the properties of (red curve), indicating complete absorption conventional solitons. at these wavelengths. The inset shows the Four-wave mixing (FWM) is a nonlinear optical calculated absorption in the silver mirror, process by which two photons of frequency which is well below 1% over the entire range ωp are turned into two other photons with of wavelengths. While the result here is for TE frequencies ωs = ωp + Ω and ωi = ωp - Ω so polarized incoming light, strategies to make that energy is conserved. Efficient generation polarization insensitive have been reported in of the frequencies ωs and ωi requires that light CUDOS Annual Report 2016 17

Recognition of Contribution Martijn de Sterke was elected to the Board of Directors of the Optical Society (OSA) serving a three-year term from 2017-2019.

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. Blanco-Redondo, C. Martijn de Sterke, J. E. Sipe, T. F. Krauss, B. Eggleton, and C. Husko, “Pure-quartic solitons,” Nature Comm. 7, 10427:1-8 (2016). 2. Björn C.P. Sturmberg, Teck K. Chong, Thomas P. White, Duk- Yong Choi, Lindsay C. Botten, Kokou B. Dossou, Christopher G. Poulton, Kylie R. Catchpole, Ross C. McPhedran, and C. Martijn de Sterke, “Total Light Absorption in Ultra-thin Weakly-absorbing Semiconductor Gratings,” Optica 3, 556-562 (2016). 3. Guangyuan Li, C. Martijn de Sterke, and S. Palomba, “Figure of merit for Kerr nonlinear plasmonic waveguides,” Laser & Photonics Reviews 10, 639-646 (2016). Figure 1: resulting absorption spectrum for thin layer of Sb2S3: The blue symbols show the measured and calculated reflectance in an 4. Caitlin Fisher, Lindsay C. Botten, Christopher G. Poulton, unstructured layer, indicting absorption of 10-20%. The red and blue Ross C. McPhedran, and C. Martijn de Sterke, “End-fire curves give the calculated reflectance for two different grating periods, with the symbols giving experimental results. coupling efficiencies of surface plasmons for silver, gold, and plasmonic nitride compounds,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33, 1044- 1054 (2016). generated at different positions does not interfere destructively, 5. M.J.A. Smith, B.T. Kuhlmey, C. Martijn de Sterke, C. Wolff, M. and is thus subject to a phase matching condition, which relates Lapine, and C. G. Poulton, “Metamaterial control of stimulated the refractive indices at the three frequencies ω(p,s,i) and power of Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Lett. 41, 2338-2341 (2016). the incident light. It has recently been suggested that this phase matching condition can be altered by suitable use of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), by which, in effect, the refractive index at one of the frequencies can be manipulated. Though experimental result illustrated the capabilities by demonstrating increased FWM efficiency in the presence of strong normal dispersion, the results did not seem to demonstrate the full potential of the method. Professor de Sterke and his team recently carried out a thorough theoretical analysis of the problem, showing how the FWM is affected by the presence of the SBS and indicating to what degree the efficiency can be increased. They found that the limiting factor here is the competition between the FWM and the SBS. While the SBS is meant to change the phase of one of the FWM frequencies Figure 2: key result for an input pulse with a width of 1.3 ps and a peak only, it is unavoidable that it also changes the amplitude. The power of 0.7 W. The left-hand figure indicates spectral information team’s results quantify this finding and thus indicate the degree to whereas the right-hand figure gives temporal information. The input pulse is indicated in green, whereas the measured output is in red and which FWM efficiency can be improved. the simulated output in blue. The solid and dashed curves in the right- hand figure are the measured and calculated chirp, respectively. Chief Investigator Profiles

Min Gu, an Australian Laureate Fellow of the Australian Research Council and a Distinguished Professor in Nanophotonics, is a Node Director of CUDOS. He was appointed as Associate Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship at RMIT University in 2015. His research interests include nanophotonics and biophotonics with internationally renowned expertise in photonic crystals, optical data storage, optical endoscopy, and multi-dimensional optical data storage. Prof. Gu is a Fellow of both the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) and the Australian Academy of Science (AAS).

He is also a Fellow of the Australian Institute of composites, and the metallisation of polymers Physics (AIP), the Optical Society of America and nonlinear chalcogenide materials for (OSA), the International Society for Optical nanoplasmonics. Engineering (SPIE), the Institute of Physics (IOP), and the International Institute of Electrical 2016 Research Achievements and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). He is the Three dimensional nanostructures can sole author of two standard reference books, offer a number of advantages over their Principles of Three-Dimensional Imaging in two-dimensional counterparts. The gyroid Confocal Microscopes (World Scientific, 1996) nanostructure, a chiral and triply periodic and Advanced Optical Imaging Theory (Springer- geometry is one such structure that has been Verlag, 2000). He is also the first author of the shown to increase the effective nonlinearity book published by Cambridge University Press of plasmonic devices, and is also theoretically 18 Min Gu (Femtosecond Biophotonics: Core Techniques reported to serve as a host for topologically RMIT UNIVERSITY and Applications, 2010). He has also served on protected gapless dispersions and surface +61 (0)3 9925 2128 the editorial boards of 18 international journals. states. In conjunction with his work as Science [email protected] He was awarded the prestigious Beattie Steel Leader of the On-chip Nanoplamsonics project, Medal from the Australian Optical Society in Professor Gu is leading efforts to overcome the 2011, the Ian Wark Medal from the Australian challenges in creating and exploiting three- Academy of Science in 2014, and Boas Medal dimensional geometries such as the gyroid for from the Australian Institute of Physics in 2015. on-chip photonics. In 2013 he was a Finalist in the Australian In particular, Professor Gu and his team Innovation Challenge competition, and in 2016 are exploring diffraction-limited and deep he was awarded the Victoria Prize for Science sub-diffraction-limited three-dimensional and Innovation. nanofabrication techniques in combination with metal and high refractive-index inversion Key Areas of Research Contribution strategies that provide an unparalleled ability to Professor Gu’s research focuses on the replicate the complex gyroid geometries. development of all optical super resolution Bragg-like circular dichroism in quadruple- technology for the fabrication of two-and three- gyroid 4-srs nets dimensional nanoplasmonic and functional metamaterials, chiral lattices for polarisation The ability to control the propagation of control, nanoplasmonics with active nano- polarised light is the backbone of many optical technologies. Whilst there exist numerous methods to control linear polarisation, there are fewer techniques available to control circular polarisation, and where such methods exist, they are often significantly less elegant than many methods used for linear polarisation. Bragg- mirrors, for example, provide broad, smooth and uniform bands of reflection for unpolarised and linearly polarised light. A similar reflection band for circular polarisation would improve control of this important angular momentum carrying form of light. The gyroid structure, which can be intertwined Fig 1: Left) Computer generated image of a quadruple-gyroid 4-srs net showing the four many times over to form more complex chiral individually coloured constituent sing-gyroid 1-srs nets. Right) Scanning electron microscope composite materials, provides a useful avenue image of the first experimentally realised quadruple-gyroid 4-srs net. to achieve Bragg-mirror-like reflection of a single CUDOS Annual Report 2016 19

Fig 2: SEM images of a fabricated 1srs-nets coated with high refractive-index Sb2Te 3. handedness of circular polarisation. By intertwining four identical Top Five Publications for 2016 but individual gyroids of the same handedness into a structure with 1. Benjamin P Cumming, Gerd E Schröder-Turk, Sukanta Debbarma cubic symmetry, a strong band of circular dichroism can be opening and Min Gu, “Bragg-mirror-like circular dichroism in bio-inspired that resembles the behaviour of a simple Bragg mirror. quadruple-gyroid 4srs nanostructures”, Light: Science & In 2016, Professor Gu and his team published the first experimental Applications 6, e16192 (2017); doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.192 realisation of a quadruple-gyroid 4-srs net [1] and demonstrated the opening of a strong band of Bragg-like circular dichroism. 2. Haoran Ren, Xiangpng Li, Qiming Zhang, and Min Gu, “On-chip By using the powerful laser direct write technique to create the noninterference angular momentum multiplexing of broadband unique quadruple-gyroid structure, Professor Gu and his team were light”, Science 352, 805 – 809 (2016); doi: 10.1126/science. able to demonstrate strong and broadband reflection of a single aaf1112 handedness of circular polarisation, whilst allowing for complete 3. “Tuning the Refractive Index in Gyroid Photonic Crystals via transmission of the opposite handedness. The team were also able Lead-Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Coating,” Elena Goi, Benjamin to show that the structure was resilient to changes in both incident S. Mashford, Benjamin P. Cumming and Min Gu, Advanced angle and beam collimation in comparison the much more common Optical Materials 4(2) 226-230 (2016); doi: 10.1002/ single-gyroid 1-srs net. adom.201500450 Towards the Weyl point: high refractive index gyroids with 4. Zongsong Gan, Mark D. Turner, and Min Gu, “Biomimetic complete bandgaps gyroid nanostructures exceeding their natural origins”, It has recently been demonstrated that the double gyroid Science Advances 2 (5), e1600084 (2016); doi: 10.1126/ nanostructure has the ability to support topologically protected sciadv.1600084 linear point degeneracies and gapless chiral surface states. The 5. Zengji Yue, Boyuan Cai, Lan Wang, Xiaolin Wang, and Min Gu, point degeneracies, which occur in the gyroids three-dimensional “Intrinsically core-shell plasmonic dielectric nanostructures with lattice and which are referred to as Weyl points, are higher order ultrahigh refractive index”, Science Advances 2 (3), e1501536 equivalents of Dirac points but which unlike the Dirac point (2016); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1501536 are topologically protected against perturbation. Similarly, the surface states that exist between gyroidal geometries of different topological charge are also expected to be robust against perturbations, allowing surface propagation without reflection or scattering from defects. In 2016, Professor Gu and his team furthered their progress towards the first demonstration of Weyl points in the optical regime. Following the development of a quantum dot based three-dimensional high refractive-index inversion strategy [3], the team switched to a CVD based coating technique to increase the refractive-index further, such that a larger band-gap would be opened and the Weyl points would be frequency isolated. The team also begin mapping the complex band structures of the coated double-gyroid structures, a necessary step prove the presence of the point degeneracies that define the Weyl point. Recognition of Contribution In 2016 Professor Gu commenced his role at RMIT University as Distinguished Professor in Nanophotonics and Associate Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship. He was also awarded the 2016 Victoria Prize for Science and Innovation Chief Investigator Profiles

Yuri Kivshar received a PhD in 1984 from the Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering (Kharkov, Ukraine). From 1988 to 1993 he worked in the USA, France, Spain, and Germany, and since 1993 he has been at the Australian National University where he is the Distinguished Professor and Head of the Nonlinear Physics Centre. He is a recipient of many awards including the Medal of the Ukrainian Academy of Science (1989), the International Pnevmatikos Prize in Nonlinear Physics (1995), the Pawsey and Lyle Medals of the Australian Academy of Science (1998, 2007), Boas Medal of the Australian Institute of Physics (2005, 2014), Harry Massey Medal of the Institute of Physics (UK), and two consecutive Federation Fellowships of the Australian Research Council (2002, 2007).

He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of and nonlinear nanophotonics. He shapes the Science, the American Physical Society, the fundamental science programs, establishing Optical Society of America, and Institute of long-term strategy for aligning these with Physics (UK). According to the ISI Essential overarching goals of the Centre. He links Science, Yuri Kivshar is one of the “Most strong theoretical capabilities of the Centre Cited Scientists in Physics” with nearly 30085 with capabilities of experimental groups citations and Hirsch index h=80, the highest by assembling and leading world class H index in physics in Australia (over 43122 of physicists working on leading edge topics Google citations and h=96). He is a co-author of Metamaterials. During 2016 Kivshar was of 4 out of 10 most cited papers in physics ever also involved in the research activities of published by scientists of the Australian National Nanoplasmonics and Quantum Integrated University (ISI Web of Knowledge). Photonics. Some of his key research 20 Yuri Kivshar Professor Kivshar has extensive experience achievements are listed below, and others are mentioned in the project reports. AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY in nonlinear optics, optical solitons, guided Phone: +61 2 6125 3081 wave optics, and photonic crystals. Recent Email: [email protected] 2016 Research Achievements research is focused on nonlinear photonics and metamaterials, where he has demonstrated All-dielectric resonant nanophotonics and the first theoretical prediction and experimental metadevices studies of nonlinear metamaterials (widely Metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic media highlighted by the media), the first prediction and that are structured on the subwavelength demonstration of self-collimation of white light scale, were initially suggested for the negative- (Nature Physics), magnetoelastic metamaterials index media, and later became a paradigm (Nature Materials), hyperbolic metamaterials for engineering electromagnetic space and (Nature Photonics), and novel types of Fano controlling propagation of waves. The research resonances (Nature Communications, Reviews agenda has shifted towards achieving tunable, in Modern Physics). switchable, nonlinear and sensing functionalities of metamaterials, and also shaped around a Key Areas of Research Contribution new platform of two-dimensional metamaterials, Yuri Kivshar is Deputy Director with a leadership or metasurfaces. A few years ago, Prof. Kivshar role in the fundamental science programs and collaborators put forwards the concept of including new programs in metamaterials metadevices defined as photonic devices having

Figure 1. Cover story with a feature article of Prof. Kivshar in Optics and Photonics News CUDOS Annual Report 2016 21

unique and useful functionalities realized by structuring functional Recognition of Contribution matter on the subwavelength scale. More importantly, rapid Professor Yuri Kivshar was invited as a Guest Editor to organize progress in the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials is driven and edit the first special issue of ACS Photonics entitled “Ultrafast by their ability to enhance near-field effects with subwavelength and Nonlinear Nanophotonics”, see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ localization of light, and a majority of such effects is usually abs/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00536. He received an award associated with metallic nanoscale structures such as «meta- from ACS for his editorial service and the publication of a very atoms» and «meta-molecules». Recently, we observe the emergence successful issue. Currently, he is a guest editor of the special issue of a new branch of nanophotonics aiming at the manipulation of of Philosophical Transactions A of the Royal Society entitled “New strong optically-induced electric and magnetic Mie-type resonances Horizons in Nanophotonics”. He was also appointed one of the chief in dielectric and semiconductor nanostructures with high refractive editors of newly established Elsevier journal “Reviews in Physics”. index. Unique advantages of dielectric resonant nanostructures Professor Kivshar was invited to organize the meeting ‘New over their metallic counterparts are low dissipative losses and the Horizons for Nanophotonics’, fully supported by the Royal Society, enhancement of both electric and magnetic fields that provide at the Kavli Royal Society International Center, Chicheley Hall, on competitive alternatives for metal-based plasmonic structures 23-24 May 2016. The meeting was opened by Sir Peter Knight, including nanoantennas, nanoparticle sensors, and metasurfaces. a former president of the Royal Society and Optical Society of During 2016, Prof. Kivshar and collaborators studied this America, and it was organized in collaboration with Professors W. new emerging field of nanophotonics and metamaterials and Barnes, O. Hess and N. Zheludev. The conference attracted an demonstrate that Mie-type resonances in dielectric nanoparticles impressive international line-up of participants, including X. Zhang and subwavelength-patterned dielectric structures can be exploited from Berkeley, L. Novotny from ETH, M. Brongersma from Stanford, to boost performance of many nanophotonic metadevices. and Peter Norlander from Rice. It boosted the development of In addition, the co-existence of strong electric and magnetic new directions in the field of nanophotonics that may lead to the resonances and resonant enhancement of magnetic field in ground-breaking discoveries, and provided novel avenues for the dielectric nanoparticles bring new physics and entirely novel development of important applications. functionalities to simple geometries not much explored in plasmonic structures especially in the nonlinear regime. Top Five Publications for 2016 Three-dimensional photonic topological insulators 1. A.I. Kuznetsov, A.E. Miroshnichenko, M.L. Brongersma, Y.S. The topological robustness of the edge states enables reflectionless Kivshar, and B. Luk’yanchuk, Optically resonant dielectric routing of electromagnetic radiation along arbitrarily shaped nanostructures, Science 354, aag2472 (2016). pathways, which makes such modes promising for applications 2. M. Asano, K.Y. Bliokh, Y.P. Bliokh, A.G. Kofman, R. Ikuta, T. in photonics. We proposed all-dielectric concept that provides Yamamoto, Y.S. Kivshar, L. Yang, N. Imoto, S.K. Ozdemir, and F. the first implementation of topological photonic circuitry in entire Nori, Anomalous time delays and quantum weak measurements electromagnetic spectrum from microwave frequencies to optical in optical micro-resonators, Nature Communications 7, 13488 domain. The all-dielectric platform will allow avoiding undesirable (2016). effects of Ohmic loss that are necessarily present in metallic/ 3. D.A. Smirnova and Y.S. Kivshar, Multipolar nonlinear plasmonic structures, as well as technical difficulties associated with nanophotonics, Optica 3, 1241-1255 (2016) the use of magnetic materials and external magnets required to induce topological order in systems with broken TR symmetry. 4. S.B. Glybovski, S.A. Tretyakov, P.A. Belov, Y.S. Kivshar, and C.R. Simovski, Metasurfaces: From microwaves to visible, Physics Reports 634, 1-72 (2016). 5. B. Hopkins, A.N. Poddubny, A.E. Miroshnichenko, and Y.S. Kivshar, Circular dichroism induced by Fano resonances in planar chiral oligomers, Laser and Photonics Reviews 10, 137-146 (2016).

Figure 2. Domain wall in all-dielectric topological metacrystal based on duality symmetry and bianisotropy as (a) synthetic gauge field, (b) the edge states, and (c,d) their robustness against structural defects and retouring (A. Slobozhanyuk et al, Nature Photonics, 2017, in press). Chief Investigator Profiles

Boris Kuhlmey is Associate Professor with the School of Physics at the University of Sydney. After undergraduate studies at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and a masters degree from the Institut d’Optique (ParisSud, Orsay, France) he was awarded a PhD jointly by the Université Aix Marseille III, France, and the School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia, in 2003. During his PhD, he co-developed the multipole method for photonic crystal fibres (PCFs). In 2003 he joined the ARC Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) at the University of Sydney, to work on modelling of photonic crystal fibres. In 2006 he was awarded an ARC fellowship for the theoretically study of solid core photonic bandgap fibres, followed by a continuing position as lecturer in 2009 andARC Future Fellowship in 2010. He was Education and Training Director of CUDOS from 2007- 2011 and became CI of CUDOS in 2011.

Key Areas of Research Contribution A/Prof. Kuhlmey’s research interests cover metamaterials and novel optical fibre geometries, and in particular how metamaterials can be integrated on a chip to achieve new functionalities or improve existing functionalities – a topic at the intersection of three CUDOS flagship projects – Hybrid Integration, Functional 22 Boris Kuhlmey Metamaterials and Nanoplasmonics. Recently THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY A/Prof. Kuhlmey’s research has concentrated Phone: +61 2 9351 2544 Email: [email protected] on hyperbolic metamaterials, artificial media that simultaneously behave like metals and like dielectrics, being conducting in some directions and insulating in others. Such indefinite properties are very rarely found in nature, and enable for example to beat the diffraction Hollow core metamaterial fibre for broadband single limit, allowing to concentrate light into almost mode THz guidance [Optica 3, p. 941-947 (2016)]. arbitrarily small volumes, or provide guidance for selected modes only. A/Prof. Kuhlmey bandwidth, single-mode low-loss fibre for THz researches using hyperbolic metamaterials waves, published in Optica. for sub-diffraction imaging and sub-diffraction Hollow core sub-wavelength cavities resonators, novel waveguiding, anomalous While plasmonic and metamaterial cavities can phase matching and non-linear interactions, be considerably smaller than the wavelength of including opto-mechanical interactions. light in vacuum, much of the light is squeezed 2016 Achievements into regions of high metallic loss, weakening the resonances. Much of those losses could in Hollow core metamaterial waveguides principle be avoided by replacing the solid cavity After several years of theoretical groundwork, by a hole within metamaterial. Building on the in 2016 A/Prof. Kuhlmey and his team have group’s hollow core hyperbolic metamaterial experimentally demonstrated metamaterial waveguide theory, the group devised conditions waveguides for the first time. Several for sections of such waveguides to act as geometries of hollow core waveguides were sub-wavelength cavities, and studied their fabricated and characterized, demonstrating a performance. This geometry enables squeezing variety of waveguiding mechanisms, including light into substantially sub-wavelength volumes, magnetic guidance, electric guidance, and total with up to 50% of the energy in the hollow internal reflection with refractive indices less region rather than the cladding. than one. More importantly, his team was able Artefact free imaging through hyperbolic to draw flexible hollow core fibres including a materials hyperbolic metamaterial cladding, designed to guide THz radiation while halving the number of Hyperbolic media are very promising for sub- guided modes. As demonstrated experimentally, diffraction endoscopy and microscopy; however this design almost doubles the frequency range A/Prof. Kuhlmey’s group previous research over which the hollow core fibre remains single- had identified a number of source of imaging moded, yielding a breakthrough flexible, broad artefacts, including ordinary waves and high CUDOS Annual Report 2016 23

Simulated images through a hyperlens before and after post-processing to remove ordinary waves [Opt. Express 24, p. 17989-18002 (2016)]. spatial frequency resonance. Understanding the physics of these Top Five Publications for 2016 artefacts using recently developed modelling tools, the group 1. H. Li, S. Atakaramians, R. Lwin, X. Tang, Z. Yu, A. Argyros, and devised several methods for removing both of these sources of B.T. Kuhlmey, "Flexible single-mode hollow-core terahertz fiber artefacts. Resonances arise from multiple reflections, as a result with metamaterial cladding," Optica 3, p. 941-947 (2016). of which good images can only be obtained over very narrow 2. K.J. Kaltenecker, A. Tuniz, S.C. Fleming, A. Argyros, B.T. frequency ranges. In a collaboration with the University of Freiburg Kuhlmey, M. Walther, and B.M. Fischer, "Ultrabroadband perfect published in Optica, the group showed experimentally that using imaging in terahertz wire media using single-cycle pulses," time-gating of ultra-fast pulses, reflections causing the resonant Optica 3, p. 458-464 (2016). artefacts can be eliminated from the measured data, yielding images free of resonant artefacts across a broad spectrum. 3. M.S. Habib, A. Tuniz, K.J. Kaltenecker, Q. Chateiller, I. Perrin, Expanding this technique to the frequency domain the group S. Atakaramians, S.C. Fleming, A. Argyros, and B.T. Kuhlmey, showed that the resonant artefacts can also be removed by post- "Removing image artefacts in wire array metamaterials," Opt. processing of data obtained without time resolved ultra-fast pulse Express 24, p. 17989-18002 (2016). measurements. Finally the group also demonstrated that artefacts 4. S. Atakaramians and B.T. Kuhlmey, "Compact air-cavity due to ordinary waves can be eliminated through an appropriate resonators within a metamaterial waveguide," Opt. Lett. 41, p. projection in the spatial frequency space. 3379-3382 (2016). 5. X. Tang, B.T. Kuhlmey, A. Stefani, A. Tuniz, S.C. Fleming, and A. Argyros, "Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Air-Core Waveguide With Metamaterial Cladding," Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, p. 5317-5324 (2016).

Simulated images of a double-aperture before and after post- processing to remove resonances due to multiple reflections [Opt. Express 24, p. 17989-18002 (2016)].

Recognition of Contribution In 2016 A/Prof. Kuhlmey was on the editorial board for Nature Publishing Group’s Scientific Reports, and co-chaired the LIA ALPhA workshop in Marseille. He was invited to serve on several technical committees for international conferences and was author and co-author on several invited talks. Chief Investigator Profiles

Arthur Lowery has worked in academia for 26 years and founded or co-founded two high-tech companies, Virtual Photonics (1996) and Ofidium (2008). He co-founded Virtual Photonics, now VPIphotonics, with Phil Gurney to commercialise his research in time- domain modelling of semiconductor lasers as the product OPALS. VPI grew rapidly to become the leader in the Photonic Design Automation field, with products to design lasers, through optical systems and networks, to roll-outs of broad-band networks across the world. Arthur was elected as IEEE Fellow in 2009: “for leadership in computer modelling of optical communications systems” and received the ATSE Clunies Ross award in 2007 for commercialising this work. In 2004, he was appointed Professor of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering at Monash University. Since 2010, he has led the Monash Vision Group’s Bionic Vision project, which aims to restore vision by implanting micro- miniature tiles on the surface of the brain, wirelessly linked to an external camera and vision processor. He is also a Chief Investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, with the aim of developing bi-directional brain interfaces and models of the brain’s functions. In 2013 he became an ARC Laureate Fellow, and leads a team developing electro-photonic devices, chips and circuits for optical communications.

Key Areas of Research Contribution through it – using mid-span spectral inversion Lowery is Science Leader of the Terabit per (MSSI). Lowery and his group is continuing this second Photonics flagship project in CUDOS. work using a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate 24 Arthur Lowery This project is developing low-power optical (PPLN) chip; however, has also been developing technologies to improve the data capacity, ‘optoelectronic methods’ of undoing nonlinear MONASH UNIVERSITY Phone: +61 3 9905 3475 reduce the cost, and increase the flexibility of distortion, described below. Email: [email protected] optical fibre communications systems, so they Professor Lowery and his team is continuing to can meet the ever-changing traffic patterns of invent energy-efficient methods of generating the internet. and manipulating optical communications A key challenge to increasing the data capacity signals, including optical OFDM and Nyquist of long-haul optical communications links, WDM. They have shown that Nyquist-WDM

The Terabit per second Photonics flagship project signals can be optically routed through many group switches, without requiring large ‘gaps’ in the the links that connect cities and continents, spectrum to prevent the wavelength channels is the nonlinear Shannon limit. The Terabit interfering. This work enhances the capabilities per second Photonics flagship group has of Australian-made optical switches. previously concentrated on ‘breaking’ the 2016 Research Achievements nonlinear Shannon limit – a limit that comes about because the refractive index of an optical Ms Zihan Geng (CUDOS PhD Student) won fibre depends upon the total power passing the Best Student Paper Award at the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference CUDOS Annual Report 2016 25

(APC) in Wuhan, China. Her paper “WDM Wavelength Quantizer” Top Five Publications for 2016 was co-authored by Chen Zhu (Nokia Bell), Bill Corcoran, Andreas 1. Ben Foo, Bill Corcoran, Chen Zhu, Arthur J Lowery "Distributed Boes (RMIT), Arnan Mitchell (RMIT), Joshua Hart and Arthur Nonlinearity Compensation of Dual-Polarization Signals Using Lowery. It used RMIT’s Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) Optoelectronics," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28 (20), chip and a fast optical sampler to turn a signal at a mistuned 2141-2144 wavelength into a broad ‘white’ spectrum. This spectrum was then 2. Zihan Geng; Chen Zhu; Bill Corcoran; Andreas Boes; Arnan filtered to provide an output signal at the desired wavelength. Mitchell; Joshua Hart; Arthur Lowery; “WDM Wavelength Quantizer,” APC (Asia Communications and Photonics Mr Ben Foo is in the final year of his PhD and has been Conference), Wuhan (China), Nov. 2016, paper AF3B.2 developing optoelectronic methods of mitigating signal 3. Arthur James Lowery, “Application of Photonic Circuits for degradation caused by the fibre’s intrinsic nonlinearities. This Optical OFDM and Nyquist WDM”, (Invited Paper) Optical Fiber year he demonstrated the system experimentally, by first showing Communications, OFC 2016, Anaheim, CA, paper W3D.7 the cancellation of nonlinear phase noise using a photodiode, 4. Chen Zhu, Bill Corcoran, Leimeng Zhuang, Jochen Schröder, filter, electrical amplifier and optical phase modulator. These Marizio Burla, Willem P. Beeker, Arne Leinse, Chris G.H. can increase the transmission range of optical systems by Roeloffzen, and Arthur J. Lowery, “Investigation of Performance- undoing the intensity-dependent phase distortions across many Enhanced ROADMs for N-WDM Superchannels Carrying wavelength-division channels. These techniques could replace High-Order QAM,” Optical Fiber Communications, OFC2016, power-hungry digital signal processing, and furthermore can Anaheim, CA, paper M3E.2 reduce the interactions between many WDM channels, which is computationally impossible with digital processing. 5. Bill Corcoran, Chen Zhu, Jochen Schröder, Leimeng Zhuang, Benjamin Foo, Maruizio Burla, Willem P. Beeker, Arne Collaborative work with Dr Liemeng Zhuang, supported by Prof. Leinse, Chris G.H. Roeloffzen, Arthur J. Lowery, “Multi-Pass Lowery’s Laureate Fellowship has produced enhancements Performance of a Chip-Enhanced WSS for Nyquist-WDM Sub- to Australian-made optical switches from Finisar. These band Switching“ J. Lightwave Technol., 34 (8), 1824-1830 enhancements allow Nyquist-WDM optical channels to be (2016) generated and switched, without the need for any frequency guard-bands between the channels. This technology is based on Ring-Assisted Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (RAMZI) developed jointly with the University of Twente. Dr Valery Rozental joined in mid-2016 as a Research Fellow. Valery recently obtained his PhD, “Hitless Rate and Bandwidth Switching in Dynamically Reconfigurable Coherent Optical Systems” from the University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, Brazil, and had been working at the Research and Development Center for Telecommunications – CPqD – in Campinas, Brazil. Dr Deming Kong joined in Feb-2017 as a CUDOS Research Fellow, to fill the position left by Bill Corcoran. Deming comes with a wide experience of photonic circuits for optical systems from Beijing Posts and Telecommunications.

Recognition of Contribution Dr Bill Corcoran, originally a CUDOS Research Fellow, but since 2015 a lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, was awarded the Faculty of Engineering’s Research Award for 2016. Dr Chen Zhu, a research Fellow working on Prof. Lowery’s Laureate Fellowship, joined Nokia Bell Laboratories in New Jersey in early 2016. Prof. Lowery was invited to give a paper at Optical Fiber Communications in Anaheim, California, entitled “Application of Photonic Circuits for Optical OFDM and Nyquist WDM”. This will be published as a full paper in the Journal of Lightwave Technology. Prof. Lowery was also invited to give a paper on “Electro- Photonics” at the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (APC) in Wuhan, China. This paper summarised his work as part of his Laureate Fellowship. Chief Investigator Profiles

Barry Luther-Davies is an Emeritus Professor of Laser Physics at the Australian National University with experience in lasers, laser-matter interaction physics, photonics, optical materials and nonlinear optics. He completed a BSc and PhD at the University of Southampton, UK, before joining ANU in 1974. At ANU he led a team working on the physics of laser-produced plasmas, until the early 1990s when the research evolved into studies of laser-materials processing and pulsed laser deposition of thin and devices and photonics as part of CUDOS. He is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and the Australian Academy for Technological Sciences and Engineering. He was awarded the Pawsey Medal of the Australian Academy of Science in 1986 for his contribution to laser-plasma interaction physics, and the W.H “Beattie” Steel medal of the Australian Optical Society in 2012.

Key Areas of Research Contribution 100fsec in duration or in the fibers, less than Professor Luther-Davies’s primary contribution about 75fsec. The challenge was therefore to in 2016 remained to the Mid-Infrared Photonics reduce the pulse duration from our mid-infrared flagship project and to the commercialisation optical parametric amplifier (MIROPA) source program of CUDOS where the focus was on the down to <100fsec. engineering of market-ready tunable near- and This was achieved by simply chirping the mid-infrared sources of femtosecond optical output pulses from MIROPA in a short length of pulses. chalcogenide optical fiber with normal dispersion before compressing them bulk material with 2016 Research Achievements anomalous dispersion. The latter consisted of 26 Barry Luther-Davies The main focus of experiments continued to be two CaF2 wedges that enabled the path length AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY the generation of reliable and stable sources to be varied from around 10-60mm. Using this Phone: +61 2 6125 4255 Email: [email protected] of mid-IR supercontinuum for applications in simple arrangement, the pulse duration could spectroscopy, metrology and optical coherence be reduced to as short as 55fsec at ≈3.7µm tomography. In this context the Professor which is around five optical cycles. The output Luther-Davies and his team also was involved pulse was fully characterized using the FROG in collaboration with researchers from the technique with a typical pulse shown in Figure 1. University of Lyon on the nonlinear properties These pulses were used to generate SC from of Si-Ge waveguides and their application as a short chalcogenide fiber supplied by CUDOS’ supercontinuum sources. collaborators at Jiangsu Normal University in The main emphasis in 2016 was to improve China. Qualitatively the spectrum showed was the coherence of the supercontinuum on route consistent with a single soliton, however, all to obtaining a mid-infrared frequency comb. attempts to prove this by measuring coherence This can be achieved by appropriate tailoring using an unequal path length interferometer of the waveguide dispersion or by reducing the failed because we could not accurately stabilize duration of the pump laser. Typically using our the frequency of the MIROPA pump source. In standard 330fsec mid infrared pump source, an OPA both the pump frequency and the seed the spectrum created by either our fibers or laser frequency affect the frequency of the waveguides involves the creation of several mid-infrared pulses. Unfortunately, the latter, in solitons, meaning the output has limited particular, was not stable to better than the few temporal coherence. It was found that the most MHz required for the coherence measurements. effective way of reducing this to a single soliton, In November and December, Professor Luther- an essential prerequisite for high coherence, Davies and his team hosted visitors (Sinobad was to reduce the pump pulse duration. and Grillet) from the University of Lyon who The simulations showed that typically single brought a new batch of Si-Ge waveguides solitons would be produced in our single mode produced by Leti in France for evaluation for waveguides if the pump pulse was less than their MIR nonlinear optical properties. These samples proved to be much lower loss (down to <0.3dB/cm in the 4-5µm range) than those

Fig 1. LHS: FROG trace of a compressed pulse from the MIROPA obtained by first passing the 330fsec pulses through a 3.2cm of IRFlex As2Se3 fiber and then compressing them with CaF2 wedges 53mm thick. In this case the output pulse duration was 63fsec at 3700nm with a small residual linear phase which could be corrected by fine tuning the compressor. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 27

This work involved staff and students from CUDOS including staff Madden, Choi, Gai, Wang, Ma and Vu; student Yi Yu; ANU collaborator Lu from CECS; overseas collaborators Sinobad, Grillet, and Monat from the University of Lyon and Yang from Jiangsu Normal University. Member of ANU Technology Transfer Office notably Neil Radford and Vicki Stanley contributed to the development of Hotlight Systems.

Recognition of Contribution Professor Luther-Davies is the Co-Chair with Herb Winful (Michigan) of the OSA Nonlinear Optics Conference in Kaui, Hawaii 2017.

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. B. Zhang, Y. Yu, C. C. Zhai, S. S. Qi, Y. W. Wang, A. P. Yang, X. Gai, R. P. Wang, Z. Y. Yang, and B. Luther-Davies, "High Brightness 2.2-12 mu m Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in a Nontoxic Chalcogenide Step-Index Fiber," The MIROPA-fs femtosecond MIR optical parametric amplifier was Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99(8), 2565-2568 exhibited at Photonics West 2016 under the Hotlight Systems brand. (2016). 2. Y. Yu, X. Gai, P. Ma, K. Vu, Z. Y. Yang, R. P. Wang, D. Y. Choi, S. tested a few years ago. Reduced loss has a major effect on Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, "Experimental demonstration the nonlinear behavior and in particular allows the use of long of linearly polarized 2-10 mu m supercontinuum generation in waveguides at reduced intensity that alleviates the effects of a chalcogenide rib waveguide," Optics Letters 41(5), 958-961 nonlinear absorption in the material. This allowed the successfully (2016). generation of octave-spanning MIR supercontinuum from the samples. The long wavelength limit lay around 7µm because of 3. J. Yang, Z. Wang, F. Wang, R. J. Xu, J. Tao, S. Zhang, Q. H. Qin, the cut-off of the guiding modes in these air-clad rib structures. B. Luther-Davies, C. Jagadish, Z. F. Yu, and Y. R. Lu, "Atomically thin optical lenses and gratings," Light-Science & Applications Collaboration with Yuerui Lu in CECS at ANU on 2-D materials 5(2016). led to novel results on ultra-thin lenses made from metal di- chalcogenides and an effective process for stabilizing few-layer 4. J. J. Pei, X. Gai, J. Yang, X. B. Wang, Z. F. Yu, D. Y. Choi, B. phosphorene films for optical application such as thin film Luther-Davies, and Y. R. Lu, "Producing air-stable monolayers detectors. of phosphorene and their defect engineering," Nature Communications 7(2016). During 2016 the MIROPA-fs femtosecond MIR optical parametric amplifier was exhibited at Photonics West under the Hotlight 5. W. Guo, B. Zhang, C. C. Zhai, S. S. Qi, Y. Yu, A. P. Yang, Systems brand. Currently there are four quotes with potential L. Li, Z. Y. Yang, R. P. Wang, D. Y. Tang, G. M. Tao, and B. customers who are in the process of seeking funding. In the Luther-Davies, "Fabrication and Application of Small Core meanwhile, a new version the MIROPA-fs-HP aimed at users who Chalcogenide Glass Fibers in Nonlinear Optics," Journal of require more laser power has been developed. Compared with Inorganic Materials 31(2), 180-184 (2016). the original device MIROPA-fs-HP contains an additional “power amplifier” stage to allow the use of pulse energies up to several µJ – around a factor of ten higher than the single stage device. A third version is in the final stages of design: the MIROPA-fs-M. This is designed for nonlinear microscopy and combines the specification required for three photon imaging with that required for two-photon imaging in a single package. MIROPA-fs-M will deliver tunable light in the 13xxnm to 16xxnm band with pulse energies around 500nJ and repetition rates of a few hundred kHz, as well as an 8xxnm tunable output producing around 150nJ pulses at rates up to 10MHz. This offers both higher pulse energy than common lasers used for two-photon imaging based on Ti:sapphire and also exceeds the requirements for advanced three-photon imaging. Normally two independent sources would be required for the two techniques. A prototype will be completed by mid-2017 for exhibit to neuroscientists later in the year. Chief Investigator Profiles

Associate Professor Steve Madden currently leads research on Chalcogenide, Tellurite, and polysiloxane integrated optical devices at the Laser Physics Centre, ANU. His research career in fibre & integrated optics spans the period from 1984 to the present in start-ups, multi-nationals, and academia covering a diverse range of areas including Liquid Crystals, seven different materials systems for planar devices, all-fibre devices, flip-chip hybrid integration, fibre and planar Bragg gratings and devices, planar tunable lasers, optical transmission systems and all optical networking, and non-linear effects in SOAs and planar waveguide devices. The spectrum of work has covered fundamental science through to putting new high technology products into volume production and out onto the market.

2016 Research Achievements built and are starting on interferometric testing The year commenced with a milestone in (much harder to do and requires significant CUDOS history when the Mid-Infrared Photonics measurement development). Flagship program “graduated”, meaning that its Commercialisation efforts continued apace, science goals were accomplished to the fullest with one of the major highlights being ANU’s extent possible, and rather than a CUDOS Hotlight Systems development of a fully wide initiative, it was transforming into several automated tunable version of the MIR OPA that commercialisation efforts and several rather was exhibited at Photonics West in February 28 Steve Madden more specialised single node projects. A great 2016. There are a number of quotes out to AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY moment but also a sense of loss as the majority researchers who are seeking grant based Phone: +61 2 6125 8574 Email: [email protected] of our PhD students gained their doctorates and funding, and we keenly await the outcomes. teams to some extent dissolved away. However, Further development of the platform has there was still more good stuff to come! resulted in the generation of 55fs pulses having Staying in the MIR space, 2016 saw the first almost 2 cycle duration and almost transform major outcomes from the MIR astrophotonics limited performance, a broadband version, program. Here a very significant simulation effort and a system currently in development for proved that it was possible to build multimode 2 and 3 photon microscopy from the same interference couplers that provide stable unit. The system was also qualified several coupling ratios across the required 3.8-4.2µm other pump lasers to broaden its applicability. waveband even when subjected to the entire Hotlight Systems also won an A$200,000 range of real world fabrication tolerances. This Commercialisation Australia Accelerating enables nulling interferometers to be built that Commercialisation grant late in 2016 to enable further system development. Research in rare earth doped chalcogenides with the ultimate goal of achieving MIR lasing also pushed new boundaries. The highest level of inversion ever demonstrated in Erbium doped chalcogenides (planar waveguide, fibre or bulk!) at 55% inversion has been achieved, in fact sufficient to obtain reasonable gain. This is a landmark demonstration as it paves the way towards lasing although a photoinduced loss issue needing resolution will delay that Figure 1 - Predicted vs measured MIR MMI achievement for a while longer. Lastly, in the performance and image of fabricated nuller chip MIR space, collaborations with Christian Grillet offer in excess of 60dB of guaranteed extinction form CNRS continued with the successful low across the bandwidth, a major step forwards loss testing of SiGe and Ge on Si waveguides in in future exoplanet direct imaging in the MIR the MIR, with a paper forthcoming soon. enabling planets to be imaged within less The ANU team working in the Hybrid Integration than our earth’s orbit from the sun. As shown Flagship program also achieved some notable in Figure 1, couplers were then built and the outcomes in 2016. A concerted development performance verified and nullers have also been CUDOS Annual Report 2016 29

Figure 3 - a) SOI-Chalcogenide hybrid structure, b) Achieved SBS gain in hybrid, c) Hybrid SBS ring renonsator program on the chalcogenide rib waveguides yielded several Lastly, work progressed significantly on geramanosilicate outcomes that take the devices closer to commercialisation. waveguides as a base hybrid platform offering super-low loss Firstly, a much greater degree of process control has been passive waveguides with high power handling, polarisation applied to guarantee dimensional accuracy in the Lithography independence and very low fibre coupling losses. Waveguides and etching processes, a crucial step in making more complex with losses down to 0.1dB/cm have been achieved, with devices. Secondly, a lot of process development has gone an obvious route forward to go lower. Development of into the silica top cladding required to minimise SBS linewidth filtering components and UV written Bragg gratings has also and maximise SBS gain. Whilst this is not yet complete, gains commenced, and the first germanosililcate/chalcogenide in device performance have been achieved and we are now hybrids expected in a few months time. Compared to the SU-8 within sight of very low silica film losses for a low temperature waveguide hybrid system demonstrated a couple of years ago deposition process compatible with chalcogenides. Lastly, the with 3.8dB fibre connector to fibre connector losses including rib waveguide was redesigned to selectively increase the loss of 7cm of chalcogenide waveguide, this platform is expected to the higher order modes and reduce the etch depth, which yields offer significantly lower losses <2dB insertion loss connector far lower spectral ripple in the insertion loss characteristic and to connector) and also the potential for higher levels of optical indeed lower propagation losses (0.2dB/cm for a 2 micron silica processing on chip. clad waveguide). These have been exploited in a series of high performance RF photonics demonstrations this year. Top Five Publications for 2016 A three-way collaborative program between ANU, RMIT, and The 1. K.L. Yan, K. Vu, R.P. Wang, & S. Madden, Greater than 50% University of Sydney has also raised the bar in SBS on a silicon inversion in Erbium doped Chalcogenide waveguides, Optics base platform. By hybridising a chalcogenide waveguide onto a Express 24, 23304-23313 (2016). silicon on Insulator waveguide, a record net SBS gain of 18.5dB 2. Y. Yu, X. Gai, P. Ma, K. Vu, Z.Y. Yang, R.P. Wang, D.Y. Choi, S. was obtained, more than an order of magnitude improvement Madden, & B. Luther-Davies, Experimental demonstration of linearly polarized 2-10 um supercontinuum generation in a chalcogenide rib waveguide, Optics Letters 41, 958-961 (2016). 3. M. Pagani, K. Vu, D.Y. Choi, S.J. Madden, B.J. Eggleton, & D. Marpaung, Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement using four-wave mixing in a chalcogenide chip, Optics Communications 373, 100-104 (2016). 4. M. Merklein, B. Stiller, I.V. Kabakova, U.S. Mutugala, K. Vu, S.J. Madden, B.J. Eggleton, & R. Slavik, Widely tunable, low phase noise microwave source based on a photonic chip," Optics Letters 41, 4633-4636 (2016). 5. H.Y. Jiang, D. Marpaung, M. Pagani, K. Vu, D.Y. Choi, S.J. Professor Steve Madden at the Photonics West exhibition in Madden, L.S. Yan, & B.J. Eggleton, Wide-range, high-precision Feburary 2016 multiple microwave frequency measurement using a chip- based photonic Brillouin filter, Optica3 , 30-34 (2016). over competing silicon based alternatives. Figure 3a shows the device structure and 3b the gain result. The same collaborating parties also realised high Q ring resonators matched to the SBS shift in chalcogenide on SOI thereby enabling a narrow linewidth SBS ring laser to be demonstrated. A composite micrograph of the ring based device is shown in Figure 3c. Chief Investigator Profiles

Ross McPhedran received his undergraduate degree and his PhD from the University of Tasmania. He obtained a CSIRO Postdoctoral Fellowship, and worked at the Faculte de St. Jerome, Marseille, France for twelve months. He then joined the School of Physics, the University of Sydney on a Queen Elizabeth II Postdoctoral Fellowship in 1975. He subsequently worked on fellowships connected with solar energy research in Applied Physics, contributing theoretical and numerical modelling. He was appointed Senior Lecturer in 1984, Reader in 1987, and Personal Chair in 1994. He also held an ARC Professorial Fellowship from 2006-2010. He was appointed as Emeritus Professor after retirement in 2014. He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Physics, the UK Institute of Physics, the Optical Society of America and the Australian Academy of Science. He was awarded the Beattie Steel Medal of the Australian Optical Society. He has served on the Editorial Boards of numerous international scientific journals.

Key Areas of Research Contribution transmitted waves was solved using a rigorous Ross McPhedran contributed to Metamaterials projection method, with fields expanded in and Plasmonics projects. complete bases of plasmonic modes obtained using a sophisticated root-searching method. 30 Ross C McPhedran 2016 Research Achievements While this method was numerically intensive THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY and accurate, it was shown that in fact the Phone: +61 2 9351 3872 Surface plasmons have many applications Email: [email protected] in sensing and nanophotonics. One useful optimal coupling positions it predicted could characteristic is that they can concentrate be modelled to sufficient accuracy for practical light beams into surface waves on metals, purposes using an analytic expression for the giving high peak intensities and narrow beams. overlap between the Gaussian beam and the However, good metals have high impedance fundamental plasmonic mode. This is illustrated contrast with free space, making it potentially in figure 1, where the discrete points come from difficult to couple light beams from free space the robust and numerically intensive technique, efficiently into surface plasmons. One simple while the continuous lines come from the simple method for achieving efficient coupling is called beam overlap expression. end-fire coupling, in which an incident laser In joint work with colleagues in the Institut beam is fired at a structured metallic surface, so Fresnel, the design of thin absorbing systems launching plasmons. for potential applications in sensing and Professor McPhedran and his team has photovoltaics was investigated. The aim was modelled as the plasmonic material both the to take results obtained in a Sydney-ANU traditional metals (silver, gold), and materials collaboration for optimized structures based on intermediate between metals and dielectrics singly-periodic gratings and generalise to give such as titanium nitride and zirconium nitride, polarisation-insensitive absorption for normally which have been proposed as alternative to incident light. This was achieved using optimised good metals since their impedance contrast doubly periodic gratings, for a range of with free space is lower. different designs arising because of the various possibilities one has with the connectivity of Caitlin Fisher has studied in detail end-fire doubly periodic gratings. One can choose to coupling into grating structures in her recently have the absorbing material as the connected completed and successful PhD project. The or the disconnected phase, and the material method used treated the coupling between an separating the absorbing elements as either incident Gaussian beam and a cell composed that of the superstrate (air) or the substrate of an air guide placed between metallic regions, (silica). It was shown that total absorption of laterally terminated by perfect conductors. The incident light could be achieved with a range of optical constants of the metals were taken designs, but that the bandwidth of the highly from measured values. The coupling problem absorbing region differed significantly between between the Gaussian and the reflected and them. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 31

Figure 1: The discrete points come from the robust and numerically intensive technique, while the continuous lines come from the simple beam overlap expression.

Top Three Publications for 2016 1. Lapine, M., McPhedran, R.C. and Poulton, C.G. : Slow convergence to effective medium in finite discrete metamaterials, Phys. Rev. B., 93, 235156 (2016). 2. Sturmberg,B.C.P., Dossoub, K.B., Lawrence, F.J., Poulton, C.G., McPhedran,R.C., de Sterke, C.M. and Botten, L.C.: EMUstack: An open source route to insightful electromagnetic computation via the Bloch mode scattering matrix method, Computer Physics Communications, 202, 276-286 (2016). 3. Popov, E., Fehembach, A-L and McPhedran, R.C.: Almost- total absorption of light in thin, biperiodic, weakly-absorbing semiconductor gratings, Optics Express, 24, 16410-16424 (2016). Chief Investigator Profiles

Arnan Mitchell received the PhD degree in Engineering from RMIT University, Australia in 1999. From this time until 2004 he worked on commercial projects developing integrated optic device technology for industry with the Australian Photonics CRC and also with the Australian Defence Science Technology Organisation (DSTO). During this period, he led a team that designed and developed high speed modulators that were licensed to industry.

From 2004 until the present, Prof. Mitchell has Key Areas of Research Contribution & 2016 held an academic position at RMIT University, Research Achievements focussing on photonics. In 2010 he founded The activities of Prof. Mitchell and his research the ‘Microplatforms Research Group’ which is team within the CUDOS Hybrid Integration dedicated to the creation of microtechnology Flagship program can be found in the Hybrid solutions which enable fundamental research Integration flagship report. in diverse disciplines spanning fundamental The major focus of 2016 has been the physics, chemistry and biomedical science. crystallization of the vision for cross-node This team now numbers over 30 research integrated photonic capability. This has been staff and students, including 3 ARC APD and a very long term investment but the value of 2 ARC DECRA Fellows, working in Integrated this investment has become clear with the 32 Optics; Functional Materials and Microsystems; Arnan Mitchell realisation of the hybrid chalcogenide / silicon Microwave Photonics; Lab-on-a-chip RMIT UNIVERSITY photonic platform. This was an initiative started Phone: +61 3 9925 2457 Technologies; Sensors; and RF Microplatforms Email: [email protected] between the ANU and Sydney nodes, but and Metamaterials. This multi-disciplinary the design was performed using IPKISS and team provides a rich field of opportunities for the silicon was fabricated using the ePIXfab CUDOS not only in terms of applications of the platform. Professor Mitchell and his team at centre research, but also providing technology RMIT has been building a silicon photonics solutions for core CUDOS activities. platform that emulates the ePIXfab passive From March 2016, Prof. Mitchell has been platform (with similar design constraints and awarded the title of Distinguished Professor, performance). This adherence to standards recognising his outstanding performance meant that it was possible for RMIT to pitch and pioneering contributions to research at in and help finish off the ANU/Sydney hybrid RMIT University. Prof Mitchell has also been platform half way through. Mitchell’s team appointed as Director of the $40M RMIT Micro was able to perform aligned lithography of the Nano Research Facility (MNRF) a cleanroom chalcogenide component and was also able Professor Arnan Mitchell, Dr and over 260 bookable instruments enabling to realise a rapidly prototype silicon photonic Thach Nguyen and Dr Jonathan component. This work was reported as a Lacey launched ‘Australian Silicon research in nanomaterials, photonic chips and post-deadline paper at Frontiers in Optics in Photonics’ biomedical micro-devices. Oct 2016 [1] and is now under review as a high- profile journal publication. Late in 2016, the RMIT node launched ‘Australian Silicon Photonics’ [2], making rapid prototyping service available to the global silicon photonics community. This service is already making its first commercial chips with orders placed by both Australian and international researchers. Further development of this service and alignment with the ANFF community is on track to leave this as a self-sustaining capability beyond the end of 2017. Another major initiative of 2016 has been continued pursuit of commercialisation of novel silicon photonic resonator technology. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 33

Dr Thach Nguyen, Professor Arnan Mitchell and Dr Jonathan Lacey pitching Australian Silicon Photonics at the CSIRO On! Accelerator Bootcamp

The team’s patent has moved to PCT stage and now in the References final stages of license negotiations with some major global 1. A Casas-Bedoya, B Morrison B, G Ren, K Vu, A Zarifi, T industries. To explore opportunities for commercialising this Nguyen, D Choi, D Marpaung, S Madden, A Mitchell, BJ technology, Mitchell and his team has followed in the footsteps Eggleton “Net Brillouin gain of 18.5 dB in a hybrid silicon chip”. of CI Mick Withford and was competitively selected to join the In Frontiers in Optics (pp. FF2B-8). Optical Society of America. CSIRO On! Start-up accelerator program. Through this program, (2016, Oct 17) the Australian silicon photonics team has been exploring 2. www.siliconphotonics.com.au opportunities for variants of its resonator technology that can help reduce the power used in data centres. Our insight with 3. L Chang, MH Pfeiffer MH, N Volet, M Zervas, JD Peters, the IPKISS design framework and the realisation of functional CL Manganelli, EJ Stanton, Y Li, TJ Kippenberg, JE Bowers prototype photonic chips has been invaluable during this process “Heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate and silicon allowing us to create modules for this new technology that are nitride waveguides for wafer-scale photonic integrated circuits inherently compatible with mass manufacture within CMOS on silicon”. Optics Letters.42, pp. 803 (2017) foundries. There are currently negotiations with RMIT about establishment of a start-up company and expect to incorporate in the second half of 2017. The collaboration between the Hybrid and Tb/s projects has manifested with the award of an ARC LIEF grant to create a dark fibre link between RMIT, Monash and the University of Melbourne. This link will enable the various nodes to distribute cutting edge comb source signals to perform heroic data transmission experiments. The Tb/s project has also performed a number of communications experiments using RMIT’s lithium niobate platforms. RMIT is exploring enhancement of the lithium niobate technology by hybridising with silicon nitride to provide the best of both worlds combining the nonlinearity and electro-optic effect of lithium niobate with the compact integrated photonics that can be achieved with high index contrast lithium niobate. In 2017, the RMIT CUDOS post-doc Andreas Boes will visit Prof John Bowers at University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) to learn this platform [3]. This enhanced LN platform will be ideal for high performance communications experiments marrying electronics and photonics in collaboration with the Tb/s team at Monash University into 2018 and beyond. Chief Investigator Profiles

Dragomir Neshev is a Professor in Physics and the leader of the Experimental Photonics Group at the Nonlinear Physics Centre, the Australian National University (ANU). He received the PhD degree from Sofia University, Bulgaria in 1999. Since then he has worked in the field of nonlinear optics at several research centres around the world and jointANU in 2002. He is the recipient of a number of awards, including a Queen Elizabeth II Fellowship (ARC, 2010); an Australian Research Fellowship (ARC, 2004); a Marie-Curie Individual Fellowship (European Commission, 2001); and the Academic award for best young scientist (Sofia University, 1999). His activities span over several branches of optics, including nonlinear periodic structures, singular optics, plasmonics, and photonic metamaterials.

Key Areas of Research Contribution applications such as flat lenses with dynamic During 2016, Prof. Neshev contributed actively focus, active beam steering, and dynamic to the research activities of three CUDOS holographic displays. flagship projects: Functional Metamaterials and Active control of the spectral response of Mie- Metadevices, On-chip Nanoplasmonics and resonant silicon metasurfaces using voltage- Nonlinear Quantum Photonics. induced reorientation of the anisotropic nematic liquid crystal (LC) in a moderate electric field 2016 Research Achievements was experimentally demonstrated. A large Electrically tunable metasurfaces based on tuning range of 50 nm and 75% absolute liquid crystals transmission change at 1550 nm by application of a AC bias voltage has been achieved. In 34 Dragomir N. Neshev All-dielectric metasurfaces have proven to be a versatile tool for lossless manipulation of addition, the tuning of the transmittance phase AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY across the Mie-type resonance of a dielectric Phone: +61 2 6125 3792 optical wavefronts, spectrum, and polarization. Email: [email protected] The high transmission efficiencies, derived from metasurface was directly retrieved. An all- the lossless nature of the optical resonances dielectric metasurface was used composed of in high refractive index dielectric nanoparticles, silicon nanodisks integrated into an LC cell, as have spurred research into a wide range of shown in Fig. 1(a, b). The nanodisks exhibit very applications, including lenses, beam deflectors low absorption losses at wavelengths above the and holograms. However, these application silicon electronic bandgap around 1.1 µm and prospects would broaden a lot further if the support strong electric and magnetic dipolar optical properties of the metasurface could Mie-type resonances in the telecommunication be dynamically altered by an external control spectral range. The spectral position of the parameter, such as small electric field, enabling resonances can be tailored by adjusting the disk height, diameter or lattice constant of the (a) (b) metasurface. The LC cell is constructed by sandwiching the LC between the metasurface wafer and a glass substrate coated with indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and with a top alignment layer. A suitable spacer material is employed to fix the thickness of the LC cell to 5 µm. The ITO layer renders the substrate conductive for use as an electrode. In this way, a bias voltage can be applied between the ITO electrode and the silicon handle wafer of the metasurface sample. Without an applied voltage, the LC (c) alignment at the top layer is approximately Voltage OFF Voltage ON sustained throughout the LC cell (see Fig. 1(c), voltage `off'). The application of a bias voltage between the two electrodes reorientates the LC molecules perpendicular to the metasurface (see Fig. 1(d), voltage `on') thus changing the Figure 1: (a) Schematic of a silicon nanodisk metasurface integrated into the LC cell. (b) SEM image of a fabricated silicon nanodisk metasurface. (c) Schematic of the LC alignment for no applied voltage (`off' case) and for the case when a moderate voltage is applied between the two electrodes of the LC cell (`on' case). The red arrow indicates the polarization of the incident light. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 35

(a) (b) (c) gold w l nanorod cap t silicon d nanodisk spacer r a h gold z substrate nanorod y silicon nanodisk x 1mµ 400 nm refractive index of the surrounding environment and hence tuning Figure 2: (a) Schematic of the two-dimensional hybrid metasurface and the resonance position. (b) the detailed geometry of a single metal−dielectric nanoantenna. (c) Scanning electron micrograph of the fabricated hybrid metal−dielectric Furthermore, metasurfaces can be designed to operate as highly metasurface. Inset - a magnified oblique view of the same sample. transparent Huygens' metasurfaces by bringing their electric and 3. Royal Society Meetings - New horizons for nanophotonics, magnetic dipole resonances into spectral overlap, thus allowing the “Dielectric Huygens metasurfaces - fundamentals and construction of highly efficient tunable metasurface devices. applications,” UK (23-24 May 2016), invited talk. Multipolar coupling in hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces 4. Australian Workshop on the Angular Momentum of Light, “Shaping Metasurfaces that controllably direct light from an incident plane beams with Huygens metasurfaces efficient angular momentum wave or from localized light sources are indispensable constituents generation”, Sydney, Australia (22 April 2016), invited talk. for a future class of highly compact optical devices. While plasmonic Furthermore, Prof. Neshev served on several conference nanoantennas have proven to provide good directionality and committees, including AIP Congress, Brisbane, Australia and CLEO, excellent coupling properties due to the strong field enhancement, San Jose, USA, as well as chaired the `Nonlinear Nanophotonics, they suffer from their intrinsic absorption. All-dielectric Plasmonics, and Metamaterials,'' committee for Nonlinear nanoantennas on the other hand, exhibit high radiation efficiencies Photonics, Sydney, Australia. Together with Prof. Z. Chen he but the lower field confinement also reduces coupling efficiencies. was also the symposium “Nonlinear phenomena in optics and Hybrid metal-dielectric nanoantennas composed of plasmonic feed nanophotonics,” organiser at the Nonlinear waves -Theory and elements and dielectric director elements allow for combining the Applications", Beijing, China (June 25-28, 2016). advantages of both plasmonic and all-dielectric nanoantennas. The team experimentally demonstrated functional hybrid metasurfaces Top Five Publications for 2016 consisting of metal-dielectric nanoantennas that direct light from an incident plane wave or from localized light sources into a preferential 1. R. Camacho-Morales, M. Rahmani, S. Kruk, L. Wang, L. Xu, D. direction. A. Smirnova, A. S. Solntsev, A. E. Miroshnichenko, H. H. Tan, F. Karouta, S. Naureen, K. Vora, L. Carletti, C. De Angelis, C. The directionality is obtained by carefully balancing the multipolar Jagadish, Y. S. Kivshar, and D. N. Neshev, “Nonlinear generation contributions to the scattering response from the constituents of of vector beams from AlGaAs nanoantennas,” Nano Lett. 16, the metasurface. The hybrid metasurfaces are composed of a 7191–7197 (2016). plasmonic gold nanorod acting as a feed element and a silicon nanodisk acting as a director element, as shown in Fig. 2(a, b). In 2. T. Liu, A. S. Solntsev, A. Boes, T. Nguyen, C. Will, A. Mitchell, D. N. order to experimentally realize this design, the team has developed Neshev, and A. A. Sukhorukov, “Experimental demonstration of a two-step electron-beam lithography process in combination with a bidirectional light transfer in adiabatic waveguide structures,” Opt. precision alignment step. The scanning electron micrograph image Lett. 41, 5278–5281 (2016). of the fabricated sample is shown in Fig. 2(c). The measured optical 3. L. Wang, A. S. Shorokhov, P. Melentiev, S. Kruk, M. Decker, C. response of the metasurface reveals distinct signatures of coupling Helgert, F. Setzpfandt, A. A. Fedyanin, Yu. S. Kivshar, and D. between the plasmonic and the dielectric nanoantenna elements N. Neshev, “Multipolar third-harmonic generation in fishnet that ultimately leads to directional radiation of light in forward metamaterials” ACS Photonics 3, 1494–1499 (2016). direction. Their hybrid metasurface can be used in a range of 4. S. S. Kruk, Z. J. Wong, E. Pshenay-Severin, K. O’Brien, D. N. photonic applications, including wave-front manipulation, directional Neshev, Yu. S. Kivshar, and X. Zhang, “Magnetic hyperbolic nanoscale light sources, biosensing, or optical switching and routing. optical metamaterials,” Nature Commun. 7, 11329(1–7) (2016).

Recognition of Contribution 5. R. Guo, E. Rusak, I. Staude, J. Dominguez, M. Decker, C. Rockstuhl, I. Brener, D. N. Neshev, and Yu. S. Kivshar, “Multipolar During 2016, Prof. Neshev has given four invited talks at coupling in hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photonics international conferences, including 3, 349–353 (2016). 1. Third Bulgarian National Congress of Physics, “Optical dielectric metasurfaces - fundamentals and applications,” Sofia, Bulgaria (29 Sept.-2 October 2016), invited talk. 2. ACP-CUDOS Workshop, “Dielectric metasurfaces - fundamentals and applications,” Jena, Germany (26 September 2016), invited talk. Chief Investigator Profiles

Chris Poulton received his PhD from the University of Sydney in 2000, and thereafter worked at the University of Liverpool, UK, at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen, Germany. His expertise is in the theory and techniques of electromagnetic and elastodynamic modelling in nanophotonic structures, and has worked on topics as diverse as integrated optical device design, photonic crystal fibres, elastic vibrations in microstructured materials, nonlinear devices, active devices, and plasmonic components. His research focus is in the theory and modelling of structured materials, as well as in nonlinear processes that arise in high-contrast nanophotonic devices. He became a Chief Investigator in CUDOS in 2014, following the retirement from UTS of Professor Lindsay Botten.

Key Areas of Research Contribution metamaterials and mid-IR photonics. In 2016 The Theoretical Photonics group at UTS provides the UTS group has added to its growing body theoretical and numerical input to a number of of work on the theory of SBS, with five papers CUDOS-related activities. The group, consisting published in this area alone and invited work of Poulton, Dossou, Wolff, Lapine and Botten presented at several conferences. A highlight of 36 Chris Poulton (as Emeritus Professor) has a strong interest 2016 was the analysis of structural variations UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SYDNEY in complex media for photonics applications, on the SBS gain [1], which already has 9 Phone: +61 2 9514 4370 Email: [email protected] in particular metamaterials and in the growing citations since publication, an indication of the field of optomechanics, including phonon- importance of this work for integrated SBS photon interactions such as Stimulated Brillouin waveguides (Fig. 1). Scattering in integrated waveguides. The UTS node also took the lead in developing the idea of opto-acoustic metamaterials, which 2016 Research Achievements can be used to enhance the innate opto- In 2016 the UTS node has made key mechanical properties of materials, leading contributions in the area of optomechancial in turn to enhanced SBS and other effects. interactions, specifically in the field of Stimulated In 2016 the group developed (together with Brillouin Scattering (SBS). SBS is a coherent CIs DeSterke and Kuhlmey, USyd), a new interaction between light and sound that results and powerful approach to analyse SBS in in an extremely strong, very narrow-band periodic materials, and used this to explore response that is extremely useful in microwave the benefits of opto-acoustic metamaterials photonic systems and “photonic memory” (see in achieving enhancement and suppression of report of CI Eggleton). These activities relate to SBS gain [2]. It was shown that silicon-based CUDOS goals of hybrid integration, functional inverse-opals exhibit a strongly improved acoustic performance that enhances the bulk SBS gain coefficient (Fig. 1c) by more than two orders of magnitude. The work proposed a waveguide design that incorporates silicon inverse opals and which has SBS gain values that are comparable with chalcogenide glass waveguides [3] (Fig. 2). These findings promise a great future for non-resonant low-loss metamaterial designs for optical applications and will form a basis for further research projects and collaboration with experimental groups. The UTS node has also continued its investigation into metamaterials as practical devices. In 2016, the effect of the discrete Fig. 1: a) Schematic of waveguide with structural structure of practical metamaterials (as variations; b) SBS gain is inhomogeneously broadened even for small (nm) variations along the opposed to the homogenised treatment length. assumed in the effective medium approaches) CUDOS Annual Report 2016 37

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. C. Wolff, R. Van Laer, M.J. Steel, B.J. Eggleton, and C.G. Poulton. "Brillouin resonance broadening due to structural variations in nanoscale waveguides." New Journal of Physics 18, 025006 (2016). 2. M. J. A. Smith, B. T. Kuhlmey, C. M. de Sterke, C. Wolff, M. Lapine, and C. G. Poulton, “Metamaterial control of stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Opt. Lett., 41, 2338–2341 (2016). 3. M. J. A. Smith, C. Wolff, C. M. de Sterke, M. Lapine, B. T. Kuhlmey, and C. G. Poulton, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering enhancement in silicon inverse opal waveguides,” Opt. Express 24, 25148– 25153 (2016). 4. Lapine, M., R. C. McPhedran, and C. G. Poulton. "Slow Fig. 2: Structured metamaterials, such as inverse opals (a) can lead to convergence to effective medium in finite discrete dramatic enhancement in the photoelastic response of materials. Shown metamaterials." Phys. Rev. B 93, 235156 (2016). is a SBS waveguide designed for silicon, which after structuring exhibits a comparable SBS gain to highly nonlinear chalcogenide waveguides. 5. B.C.P. Sturmberg, K.B. Dossou, F.J. Lawrence, C.G. Poulton, R.C. McPhedran, C.M. de Sterke, and L.C. Botten, “EMUstack: an open source route to insightful electromagnetic computation via was thoroughly investigated. These studies stem from the recent the Bloch mode scattering matrix method.” Computer Physics observation that boundary effects play a dramatic role in finite Communications 202, 276–286 (2016). metamaterial samples, making their observable properties quite different from the predictions of effective medium theory (Fig. 3). The convergence of the actual properties of discrete structures towards a homogenised response was investigated, giving the rate of convergence for the first time [4]. These findings are critical for the development of metamaterial-based devices. The group also used numerical and theoretical approaches to analyse anomalously high absorption and enhancement of light in ultra-thin gratings [5]. Together with colleagues at U.Syd (see reports of CI DeSterke, CI McPhedran) new highly-absorbing structures were investigated that are able to achieve 100% absorption of light in grating layers that are far less than the wavelength in thickness. In related work, the group developed theory for field enhancement and anomalously large shifting of the spectral properties of light that falls on moving gratings. Fig. 3: Finite metamaterials can exhibit very different properties to those Recognition of Contribution expected from a continuum model (dashed black line). The effects of boundaries dominate the response even when the size of the overall 2016 has been a very active year in terms of presenting UTS/ structure is tens of times larger than the unit cell. CUDOS work internationally. Dr Mikhail Lapine has given invited talks at six international meetings, and work on discrete metamaterials was presented at the postdeadline session at NUSOD-2016 in Sydney. A/Prof. Poulton spent four months on sabbatical at the Leibnitz Institute for Photonic Technology (IPHT) in Jena, Germany, where he was awarded a prestigious Guest Professor position. While there he collaborated with Prof. Markus Schmidt and Prof. Thomas Pertsch, and gave a series of invited lectures, aimed at graduate students, on the CUDOS work and on the state-of-the-art in optomechanics and Brillouin Scattering. While in Europe he also gave a number of invited talks, including at Humboldt University, Berlin, at the Konrad Zuse Institute and at the University of Liverpool in the UK. Chief Investigator Profiles

Prof. Michael Steel was awarded a BSc(Hons) and PhD (1996) from the University of Sydney for research in multiple wavelength interactions in nonlinear optical fibre Bragg gratings.After postdoctoral work in quantum optics at the University of Auckland and photonic crystals at Columbia University, he joined the photonics software company RSoft Design Group, Inc. In seven years at RSoft, he developed several widely used photonics modelling software packages, including BandSOLVE, the world’s first commercial photonic band structure analysis tool, now used widely in laboratories and companies around the world. In 2007, he joined Department of Physics and Astronomy at Macquarie University as an Associate Professor. He was promoted to Professor in 2016, and is currently Head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy. His research interests include quantum light sources and logic circuits in integrated waveguides, light polarisation in nanooptics, linear and nonlinear optics of periodic structures, stimulated Brillouin scattering and guided wave magneto-optics.

Key Areas of Research Contribution of correlated pairs of identical statistics to Professor Steel is the Science Leader of the conventional spontaneous four wave mixing. Nonlinear Quantum Photonics project. In this However because the pump field is at a much area he supervises PhD students working on higher frequency, the spontaneous Raman reconfigurable quantum circuits using laser photons generated by the pump are in a different direct write technology and the theory of frequency band to the correlated pairs and can quantum spontaneous nonlinear processes. easily be filtered out. This improves the noise figure of the source by an order of magnitude. 38 Michael J Steel Prof. Steel’s own research in this area is focused on theoretical calculations of photon Two international collaborative projects on MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY Phone: +61 2 9850 8916 generation rates and the optical quantum states implementing quantum logic gates and photon Email: [email protected] generated by spontaneous processes in highly sources were completed this year [4,5]. Former nonlinear waveguides. He is also studying the Macquarie student Dr Thomas Meany (PhD classical and quantum properties of waveguide awarded 2015, now at Cambridge) played a structures written in glass using the laser direct key role in both. A partnership with the group of write process. Outside the quantum theme, he Prof. S. Tanzilli at Sophia-Antipolis University in supervises CUDOS PhD students involved in Nice (lead author P. Vergyris) demonstrated the laser-written waveguide structures for photonic heralded generation of a two-photon N00N state devices, and co-supervises a team of postdocs (a classic example of an entangled photonic and students working in stimulated Brillouin state) [4]. This result used a hybrid architecture scattering in integrated devices with CI Poulton. with photons generated in lithium niobate circuits from Nice routed by a tunable waveguide 2016 Research Achievements circuit created using femtosecond laser writing A number of long term projects within the at Macquarie. A second collaboration with Quantum Nonlinear Photonics project were members of the EQuS Centre of Excellence, completed and published this year. PhD including Prof. Andrew White (U. of Queensland) and A/Prof. Alexei Gilchrist (Macquarie), and with former CUDOS member Dr Graham Marshall from the Centre for Quantum Photonics at Bristol University (a CUDOS PI institution) implemented a photonic quantum “controlled-phase gate” in a femtosecond laser direct written circuit. The circuit takes advantage of the direct write 3D Fig. 1 Diagrammatic geometry to avoid waveguide crossings and representations of the frequency student Dan Blay published his proposal [1] for construct a simpler a circuit than is required in channels involved in (a) a new approach to photon pair generation in planar circuits. degenerate spontaneous four wave mixing, including the amorphous materials that greatly suppresses In addition to CUDOS work, there have been contamination of the produced the problem of noise contamination by Raman significant advances in the study of stimulated pair from spontaneous Raman scattering. In this scheme, a spontaneous three scattering, and (b) seeded Brillouin scattering and opto-elastic interactions three photon down conversion, photon down conversion process with a strong in waveguides, work supported by two ARC showing the pair generation third harmonic pump source is modified by a Discovery grants. With PI Sipe, CI Steel published spectrally distinct from the weak but classical seed field at the fundamental. a new Hamiltonian approach to describing strong Raman scattering of the We term this Seeded Three Photon Down pump [1]. stimulated Brillouin scattering in integrated Conversion (STPDC) The result is the generation waveguides [2]. The method provides a CUDOS Annual Report 2016 39

Fig. 2 a) Formal layout and b) schematic of a 3D waveguide implementation of a heralded controlled phase (CZ) gate [5]. particularly transparent description of radiation pressure and moving boundary effects, and is ideal for understanding phonon-photon interactions in the quantum regime. Other groups working in Brillouin scattering have quickly taken up the method. In a collaboration with the group of CI Poulton at UTS, research fellows Dr Bjorn Sturmberg (Macquarie) and Dr Kokou Dossou and Dr Christian Wolff (UTS) have worked to synthesise several codes developed over the last three years into an integrated open- source software suite known as NUMBAT (NUMerical simulation for Brillouin Applications and Technologies). NUMBAT provides calculates optical and acoustic modes of waveguides using in- house finite element technology, analyses symmetry properties of the acoustic modes and calculates opto-elastic coupling coefficients and Brillouin gain values. It has been tested extensively against Fig 3. Hybrid quantum circuit for generation of a heralded two photon N00N state [4]. literature calculations and results from CI Eggleton’s experimental program in work by Dr Blair Morrison, and is believed to be the most accurate and complete tool currently available. This software was released to the community in early 2016.

Recognition Prof. Steel was a co-chair of the NUSOD conference on numerical simulation of optics held in Sydney in July 2016. He is also serving on the technical program committee for the CLEO PacRim conference in Singapore in July 2017. His promotion to Professor occurred during 2016, when he also commenced a five year term as Head of Department of Physics and Astronomy at Macquarie University.

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. D. Blay, L. Helt, and M. J. Steel, “Circumventing spontaneous Raman noise in a correlated photon pair source,” APL Photonics 1, 091301 (2016). 2. J. E. Sipe and M. J. Steel, “A Hamiltonian treatment of stimulated Brillouin scattering in nanoscale integrated waveguides,” New Journal of Physics 18, 045004 (2016). 3. C. Xiong, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, M. J. Collins, A. Mahendra, L. G. Helt, D.- Y. Choi, C. J. Chae, M. J. Steel, P. H. W. Leong, and B. J. Eggleton, “Active Temporal Multiplexing of Indistinguishable Single Photons,” Nature Communications 7, 10853:1–6 (2016). 4. P. Vergyris, T. Meany, T. Lunghi, J. Downes, M. J. Steel, M. J. Withford, O. Alibart, and S. Tanzilli, “On-chip generation of heralded photon-number states,” Scientific Reports6 , 35975 (2016). Chief Investigator Profiles

Prof. Withford was awarded a PhD from Macquarie University in 1995 for his investigations of the effects of gas additives on copper vapour laser performance. His continuing work in this field led to the development of a new sub-class of metal vapour laser, termed kinetically enhanced copper laser, in 1998. His current research area is miniaturization science and engineering encompassing studies into both laser / materials interactions and advanced processing methodologies, and their application to photonic device development. Projects include inscribing fibre Bragg gratings in both photosensitive and non-photosensitive glasses, and femtosecond laser direct writing of waveguides and lightwave devices in passive and active glasses. Withford is Director of the Australian National Fabrication Facility - OptoFab node incorporating fabrication facilities at the Bandwidth Foundry, the University of Sydney, the University of Adelaide, and Macquarie University. He is co-founder of a new startup – Modular Photonics Pty Ltd.

Key Areas of Research Contribution 2016 Research Achievements Prof. Withford’s research, creating ultrafast The research achievements in 2016 have laser inscribed 2D and 3D quantum circuits, stemmed from his team’s ability to fabricate overlaps with the Nonlinear Quantum Photonics, increasingly sophisticated chips with a high 40 Michael Withford Tb/s Photonics and Mid IR Photonics flagship degree of reproducibility, and the extension from MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY programs. Projects associated with the first the traditional focus of Withford’s team in near- Phone: +61 2 9850 7056 include on-chip quantum random walk devices IR photonics into the mid-IR. Monolithic chips Email: [email protected] and tunable multi-port quantum photonic and hybrid chips coupling glass and lithium chips. Project associated with the second niobate photonic chips were demonstrated for include development of on-chip mode selective applications such as on-chip quantum logic and multiplexers. With regard to the third he is generation of heralded photon-number states. involved in projects developing new fabrication Mid-IR applications include the first report of methods enabling mid-IR photonics for extra- increased synaptic activity in central nervous solar planet discovery and the application of system cells stimulated by a 2 μm laser light mid IR waveguide lasers to optical stimulation produced by a waveguide laser coupled to an of nerve cells. electro-physiology test station and generation of low loss waveguides at 4 μm. Related to past achievements is the translation of research outcomes to real-world outcomes. Withford and co-founders Simon Gross, Nicolas Riesen (ANU) and John Love (ANU) participated in the CSIRO ON Accelerator program and have successfully developed their chip scale mode-selective multiplexers into a commercial product.

Recognition of Contribution Professor Withford is an OSA Fellow, SPIE Senior Member and Associate Editor of Optics Express. His conference committee roles in 2016 include: Conference Chair for ACOFT 2016, Chair for a CLEO 2016 Special Symposium on Advances and Opportunities in Astrophotonics, and membership of the Program Committee for Photonics West 2017.

Prof. Withford pitching mode multiplexing products to investors at the CSIRO On Accelerator Pitch Night. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 41

The Modular Photonics team participated in the CSIRO ON Accelerator program, photo: Karl Schwerdtfeger

Top Five Publications for 2016 1. S.Antipov, M. Ams, R. J. Williams, E. Magi, M. J. Withford and A. Fuerbach, “Direct infrared femtosecond laser inscription of chirped fiber Bragg gratings”, Opt. Exp., Vol. 24 (1), pp. 30-40 (2016). 2. T. Meany, D. N. Biggerstaff, M. A. Broome, A. Fedrizzi, M. Delanty, M. J. Steel, A. Gilchrist, G. D. Marshall, A. G. White and M. J. Withford, “Engineering integrated photonics for heralded quantum gates”, Sci. Rep., Vol. 6, article no. 25126 (2016). 3. B. Entwisle, S. McMullan, P. Bokiniec, S. Gross, R. Chung and M. Withford, “In-vitro neuronal depolarization and increased synaptic Schematic of a hybrid chip comprising two laser written optical activity induced by infrared neural stimulation”, Biomed. Opt. Exp., chips coupled to a PPLN chip. The device enabled the generation of Vol. 7 (9), pp. 3211-3219 (2016). configurable heralded two-photon states (image reproduced from Sci. Rep., Art. No. 35975, 2016). 4. Y. Ding, V. Kamchevska, K. Dalgaard, F. Ye, R. Asif, S. Gross, M. J. Withford, M. Galili, T. Morioka and L. K. Oxenløwe, “Reconfigurable SDM Switching Using Novel Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit”, Sci. Rep., Vol. 6, Art. No. 39058 (2016). 5. P. Vergyris, T. Meany, T. Lunghi, G. Sauder, J. Downes, M. J. Steel, M. J. Withford, O. Alibart and S. Tanzilli, “On-chip generation of heralded photon-number states”, Sci. Rep., Vol. 6, Art. No. 35975 (2016). 42 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 43

Research Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices

Science Leader: Metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic media that are structured on the sub­wavelength Yuri S. Kivshar, +61 2 6125 3081 scale, have inspired scientists with their ability to achieve negative­ index, perfect imaging, [email protected] and invisibility cloaking. Over the past decade metamaterials have created a paradigm shift Project Leader: in approaches to engineering electromagnetic space and controlling both the magnetic and Mikhail Lapine, +61 2 9514 1723 electric components of light fields. With the rapid progress in metamaterials, the research [email protected] agenda has rapidly moving towards the development of novel applications and metamaterial Deputy Project Leader: devices with tunable, switchable, nonlinear and sensing functionalities. David Powell +61 2 6125 3791 [email protected] and reconfigurable structures. At the same time, we have substantially advanced Australian fabrication capabilities in these topics. Project Team: Shaghik Atakaramians, USyd The project has boosted major international Martijn de Sterke, USyd collaborations and established a number of Kokou Dossou, UTS new academic links, including those to Imperial Yuri Kivshar, ANU Boris Kuhlmey, USyd College London (Oulton, Maier, Hess), Friedrich- Sergey Kruk, ANU Schiller Jena University (Pertsch, Staude), Mikahil Lapine, UTS Sandia National Laboratories (Brener), Berkeley Mingkai Liu, ANU Laboratories (Zhang), and Moscow State Andrey Miroshnichenko, ANU University (Fedyanin). Dragomir Neshev, ANU Ross McPhedran, USyd Chris Poulton, UTS Progress David Powell, ANU In 2016, continued the progress in real-world Moshen Rahmani, ANU Fig. 1: Optical measurements over hyperbolic metamaterials, performed by Dr S. Kruk (ANU) designs and implementations of metamaterial Ilya Shadrivov, ANU devices, along with the strong layer of Alex Solntsev, ANU In line with this rapid international progress, the Mike Smith, USyd supporting fundamental science to optimise the overarching science vision of the "Functional Christian Wolff, UTS performance and develop new ideas based on Metamaterials and Metadevices" project Xu, ANU the feedback from practice. is to create and utilise metamaterials with Partner and Associate Investigators: tunable and enhanced nonlinear properties Our efforts were concentrated along the Igal Brener, Sandia National Laboratories for advanced photonic signal processing. The two most promising directions of practical 44 Stefan Enoch, Institut Fresnel major transition in metamaterials research in metamaterial design: fabrication of functional Andrei Fedyanin, MSU metasurfaces for advanced wave propagation Ortwin Hess, Imperial College London the time range from 2011 towards 2016 was Stefan Maier, Imperial College London the gradual shift from volumetric metamaterials control, and the use of all-dielectric structures John Pendry, Imperial College London employing predominantly plasmonic effects and to achieve efficient functionality with minimum Carsten Rockstuhl (KIT) lossy resonances towards more efficient two- signal loss. We successfully reached the major Isabelle Staude, Jena University goals in 2016, with the following noteworthy John Sipe, University of Toronto dimensional metasurfaces based on low-loss achievements: Xiang Zhang, Berkley all-dielectric designs. Nikolai Zheludev, ORC While being among the leaders of this The first magnetic hyperbolic metamaterial: international trend, we have pioneered a In collaboration with the group from Berkeley, number of topics associated with this transition, we designed and fabricated the first developing novel all-dielectric metasurfaces metamaterial where the principal components with high nonlinearities and designing tunable of magnetic permeability tensors have opposite signs, which are termed hyperbolic media. We measured the metamaterial isofrequency contours and revealed the topological phase transition between the elliptic and hyperbolic dispersion. In the hyperbolic regime, we demonstrate strong enhancement of thermal emission, which becomes directional, coherent and polarized (Fig. 2). Our findings open the way for realising efficient impedance-matched hyperbolic media for unpolarised light. All-dielectric metasurfaces for THz absorption: We proposed an all-dielectric metasurface that acts as a perfect terahertz Fig. 2: Directionality and efficiency of thermal radiation from magnetic hyperbolic absorber without a ground plane. The unit cell optical metamaterials designed for solar cells: (a) thermal emissivity spectra; (b-g) consists of a dielectric cylinder embedded in directionality of thermal emission at different wavelengths, comparison between (b-d) experiment and (e-g) theory [S. Kruk et al., Nature Communications] CUDOS Annual Report 2016 45

a low index material. The near-perfect terahertz absorption was predicted via impedance matching of the electric and magnetic resonances within the cylinders, controlled by the aspect ratio between the height and diameter of the cylinder. The absorbers we designed were subsequently realised in collaboration with overseas partners, achieving an experimental absorption of 97.5%. The Fig. 4: Multipolar third-harmonic generation in fishnet metamaterials, experimental results are well described by theory and simulations showing incident wave at a given frequency, and the wave at the triple and are not limited to the THz range, but may be extended to frequency, generated in transmission [L. Wang et al., ACS Photonics] microwave, infrared and optical frequencies. The concept of an all-dielectric metasurface absorber offers a new route to control contributions to the scattering response from the constituents of of the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation from the metasurface. The hybrid nanoantennas were composed of a surfaces with potential applications in energy harvesting, imaging, plasmonic gold nanorod acting as a feed element and a silicon and sensing. nanodisk acting as a director element. In order to experimentally realize this design, we developed a two-step electron-beam Single-mode THz fibers with wire-media-metamaterial cladding: lithography process in combination with a precision alignment step. To enable high-density integration of terahertz (THz) systems, The optical response of the fabricated sample was measured and we designed a single-mode, single-polarization hollow-core THz revealed distinct signatures of coupling between the plasmonic fiber with a metamaterial cladding, consisting of subwavelength- and the dielectric nanoantenna elements that ultimately led to diameter metal wires embedded in a dielectric host. The idea unidirectional radiation of light. of using metal–dielectric hybrid cladding relies on the extreme anisotropy of wire media, which reflects transverse magnetic Multipolar third-harmonic generation in fishnets: We (TM) waves and transmits transverse electric waves, leading to a successfully observed third-harmonic generation from metal– waveguide structure that only confines TM modes—thus halving dielectric–metal layered fishnet metamaterials (Fig. 4). By analyzing the number of modes from the outset. Numerical simulations the radiation pattern of the emission we identified multipolar and experimental measurements confirm the existence of a wide contributions to the generated nonlinear harmonic fields. We single-mode single-polarization window, with a wavelength-sized observed that the third harmonic radiated from the fishnet core. This work overcomes a significant obstacle for achieving structure is a result of the interference of the electric and magnetic compact and flexible single-mode THz waveguides. dipoles and the electric quadrupole modes. Our results provide direct evidence of the importance of higher order multipoles in the nonlinear response of fishnet metamaterials, opening new opportunities for enhanced nonlinearities and controlled directionality of nonlinear processes in metamaterials. Enhanced opto-acoustics in dielectric metamaterials: Using a newly developed approach for opto-acoustic numerical simulations, we demonstrated enhancement of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain in an array of dielectric spheres in a dielectric background material. Addressing technologically important materials, we demonstrated that more than an order of magnitude Fig. 3: Resolving THz imaging artefacts with wire media lenses: (a) SBS enhancement is achieved by embedding chalcogenide schematics of the setup, (b-c) simulated images of the object [S. Habib et spheres in silicon. Conversely, our approach allows SBS gain in al., Optics Express] chalcogenide glass to be strongly suppressed by embedding Removing THz imaging artefacts: We introduced three methods silica spheres. We further extended the developed approach to avoid or correct unwanted distortions in hyper-lenses for to study inverse opal structures, and shown that silicon-based broadband sub wavelength THz imaging. The approaches we structures exhibit a strongly improved acoustic performance that developed involve convolution, field averaging, and power enhances the bulk SBS gain coefficient by more than two orders of averaging, and allow for removal of imaging artefacts over wide magnitude. We proposed a waveguide design incorporating silicon frequency bands. We numerically demonstrated their effectiveness inverse opals which has SBS gain values that are comparable with based on simulations of a wire medium endoscope. We also chalcogenide glass waveguides, while being chip compatible. defined a projection in spatial Fourier space to effectively filter Highly transparent metamaterial hologram (highlighted out all ordinary waves, leading to considerable reduction in image in Nature Photonics): The study of metasurfaces as planar distortion. The developed methods were demonstrated with both metadevices is an active field of research, but so far the majority of simple and complex apertures, allowing for successful THz imaging demonstrated metasurfaces operate in a narrow frequency range. (Fig. 3). We demonstrated transparent metasurface holograms allowing us Multipolar coupling in hybrid metal−dielectric metasurfaces: to encode high-resolution greyscale images over a broad spectral We studied functional hybrid metasurfaces consisting of metal− range. We demonstrated transparent metasurface holograms dielectric nanoantennas that direct light from an incident plane based on silicon nanorods supporting multiple Mie resonances, wave or from localized light sources into a preferential direction. fabricated on glass in a single lithography step. The metamaterials The directionality was obtained by carefully balancing the multipolar holograms produce greyscale high-resolution images with over 90% transmission efficiency and 99% diffraction efficiency, Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices Continued

• The project hosted a number of distinguished visitors, including professors Giuseppe Leo (Paris-Diderot, France) Costantino de Angelis (University of Brescia, Italy) Carsten Rockstuhl (KIT, Germany) Mikhail Limonov (ITMO, Russia) Demetrios Christodoulides (CREOL, USA) Ulf Peschel (Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany) Martti Kauranen (Tampere University of Technology, Finland) Mikhail Noginov (Norfolk University, USA) • The first realisation of magnetic hyperbolic metamaterial, with a potential for solar energy application, was highlighted with a press-release on the ARC home page, and the research on super-directive nonlinear nanoantennas resulting in a highly transparent functional material, also attracted media attention (Fig. 6). Fig. 5: Organisers of the “New Horizons for Nanophotonics” meeting (from the Royal Society webpage)

covering the near-infrared fibre communication range including S, C and L telecom bands. Super-directive nonlinear nanoantennas: We extended the previous work to join the international quest for nanoscale light sources with pre-defined patterns and polarizations by designing novel all-dielectric nanoantennas for efficient second harmonic generation. This task was accomplished with specialized semiconductor nanofabrication of high-quality AlGaAs nanostructures embedded in optically transparent low-index material, thus allowing for simultaneous forward and backward nonlinear emission. We showed that the nanodisk AlGaAs antennas 46 can emit second harmonic in a preferential direction with a backward-to-forward ratio of up to five, and can also generate complex vector polarization beams, including beams with radial polarisation.

Highlights • The project resulted in 22 journal publications, including 9 Fig. 6: Highly transparent sample of super-directive nonlinear articles in the journals with IF>5 nanoantennas • The team members have presented over 20 invited talks at various international conferences • Katie Chong was awarded with AOS Warsash Science Communication Prize in Optics • Ilya Shadrivov received the Pawsey Medal of the Australian Academy of Science. • In collaboration with PI Zheludev and PI representative Hess, Yuri Kivshar organised the meeting ‘New Horizons for Nanophotonics’ hosted by the Royal Society on 23-24 May 2016 (Fig. 5), which featured an impressive international line-up of participants. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 47

Project Leader Future directions Mikhail Lapine As we have progressed through the pioneering topics outlined above, we now have a refined vision for the future development of this flagship project. This vision encompasses marked advances in both the development of novel fundamental concepts, such as all-dielectric nonlinearities, topological photonics and quantum metamaterials, and in the practical applications of metasurfaces and all-dielectric structures in radio-frequency, microwave, terahertz and optical domains. Major directions for 2017 research include the design of tunable metasurfaces based on approaches such as the previously explored liquid crystal infiltration, mid-infrared metamaterial Mikhail Lapine received his PhD (summa cum laude, 2004) in Physics from waveguides based on the previously developed thin-fiber Osnabrück University, Germany. Having had a background in biophysics techniques, metamaterial interfaces for spatial multiplexing, and and biochemistry, he turned to theoretical electrodynamics with specific fundamental advances towards quantum metasurfaces. interest to effective medium treatment of metamaterials and development We will contribute to the emerging strength of all-dielectric resonant of nonlinear/tunable metamaterials, and worked at Osnabrück University nanophotonics by designing and exploiting optical magnetic (2001-2004), Helsinki University of Technology (2005-2007) and University resonances in silicon nanoparticles, where mode interference and of Seville (2008-2010). He was also a visiting researcher at the Australian new effects are expected, with the eventual aim of achieving high- National University (2009; 2010-2011), NRU ITMO, St. Petersburg (2011), quality Mie resonances. The University of Sydney (2012-2014), and joined UTS in 2015. In 2007, We plan to advance our results in Huygens metasurfaces to provide Dr. Mikhail Lapine initiated an international journal “Metamaterials” broadband and efficient tunable behaviour and create efficient (Elsevier) and since then acts as the Editor (since 2013, as “Photonics metamaterial holograms. We will continue to explore novel nonlinear effects in asymmetric all-dielectric metasurfaces. and Nanostructures”). He is also an Associate Editor with Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group). Mikhail Lapine is a TPC member at a We will further investigate the advantages of composite structures for on-chip signal processing, looking into SBS enhancement with number of major international conferences, including SPIE, CIMTEC and all-silicon CMOS-compatible designs. Metamaterials Overall, the conclusion of the project will provide substantial influence at the international scale, providing CUDOS legacy and maintaining leadership in the areas of nonlinear and tunable Deputy Project Leader metamaterials, optomechanical metamaterials, and all-dielectric metasurfaces. David Powell

David Powell received his PhD in Electronic and Communications Engineering from RMIT University in 2006. Since then he has worked as a researcher in the Nonlinear Physics Centre of The Australian National University, and currently holds the position of Fellow. His research interests cover metamaterials in optical, terahertz microwave and acoustic domains, with particular emphasis on techniques for engineering their nonlinear and tunable responses. His expertise covers both experimental studies, and the development of specialised computational modelling techniques. A recent focus of his research is metamaterials which couple multiple types of excitation, such as electromagnetic and elastic waves, resulting in unique tunable and nonlinear behaviour. Hybrid Integration

Science Leader The project vision is to create world's first 3D hybrid integrated photonic chip platforms Arnan Mitchell, +61 2 9925 2457 [email protected] where light couples between vertically stacked integrated optic structures of different materials, optimised for specific functionality – particularly amplification and nonlinearity. Project Leader Khu Vu, +61 2 6125 4079 The hybrid integration project utilises the unique depth. This resulted in waveguides with large [email protected] properties of various platforms such as silica, effective mode area but still high gain. As shown polymer, silicon, lithium niobate, tellurite and in Fig. 1, the peak gain of a 24cm long 2.4um Deputy Project Leader Alvaro Casas Bedoya, +61 2 9036 9430 chalcogenide to create multifunctional optical wide waveguide is 52dB at 225mW of input [email protected] chips. In 2016, this project primarily involved pump whereas the spectrum has a secondary three nodes at University of Sydney, ANU-Laser peak but the main peak remains narrow at and RMIT. These nodes specialise in the design 35MHz [1]. The big gain with this modified Project Team: and fabrication of specific material platforms, but design has been much better stability even at Islam Abdo, RMIT Duk-Yong Choi, ANU work together on creating a unified integrated high operating power (~500mW). Furthermore, Alvaro Casas-Bedoya, USyd optic design and fabrication culture and ANU Laser has investigated a new method for Amol Choudhary, USyd interfaces to these capabilities that span across deposition of low loss silica at low temperature. Sukanta Debarma, ANU CUDOS. This flagship creates devices to support This will be used in the next generation of Steve Madden, ANU David Marpaung, USyd the research of the other five CUDOS flagships waveguides to push the performance even Arnan Mitchell, RMIT leading to strong links to each of the other higher. Moritz Merklein, USyd nodes within CUDOS. We work closely with our As2S3 chips continued to underpin significant Thach Nguyen, RMIT international partner investigators exchanging advances in SBS applications including narrow Andreas Boes, RMIT insights, technical expertise and capabilities and Guanghui Ren, RMIT RF filters, widely tunable, low noise microwave Steffen Schoenhardt, RMIT ensuring an international context for our work. sources and photonic memories. An opto- Birgit Stiller, USyd Progress electronic oscillator (OEO) was shown to have Khu Vu, ANU superior performance compared with current Rongping Wang, ANU In 2016, we continued to pursue a range of Kunlun Yan, ANU activities set by Flagship project including: commercial systems. The first integrated Atiyeh Zarifi, USyd photonic memory based on coherent acoustic • Improved Chalcogenide waveguide phonons was demonstrated (see Fig. 2) [2]. The architecture to produce quasi single mode Partner and Associate Investigators: ultrahigh Brillouin gain in chalcogenide glass Wim Bogaerts, Ghent University As2S3 waveguides for especially engineered enabled for the first time the encoding of signals Roel Baets, Ghent University to enhance SBS. 48 Juerg Leuthold, ETH Zurich down to 500ps pulse width with GHz bandwidth. Thomas Krauss, University of York • Continued optimisation of rare-earth doped The data carried by the pulses can be retrieved chalcogenide glasses for the planar laser. without amplitude distortion enabling the storage • Improved cross-CUDOS platform for of several amplitude levels. Furthermore, the the simulation and design of CUDOS experiment also demonstrated the coherent photonic chip platforms - particularly for the storage and retrieval of the phase and amplitude chalcogenide platform. information using acoustic phonons. • Continued advancement of poled lithium Chalcogenide glass research continues as niobate as a photonic chip platform a core activity of the hybrid project. Various • Continued emphasis on commercialisation chalcogenide glasses with chemically activities. stoichiometric, S-poor and S-rich Ge-Ga-S glasses were prepared and annealed at a In 2015, extremely high SBS gain was achieved temperature that was 20°C higher than their in 850nm thick 50% etched depth As2S3 glass transition temperatures. The aim was waveguides. However, there have been some to tune the formation of the different crystals ongoing issues with the performance of the in chalcogenide glass-ceramics. Through waveguides due to mode coupling. In 2016, systematic characterisation of the structure ANU-Laser moved to quasi single mode design using X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering with waveguide 950nm thick and ~30% etched spectra, it was found that GeS2 and GeS crystals only can be created in S-rich and S-poor glass-

ceramics, respectively, while all GeS, Ga2S3 and GeS2 crystals exist in chemically stoichiometric glass-ceramics [3]. One of the examples is shown in Fig. 3, where Raman spectra at several different positions on the different polished surface are plotted. It can be seen from Fig.

Fig. 1. Quasi single mode 950nm 30% etched depth 3 that the complete Raman profiles contain As2S3 waveguides a) SBS gain vs input power and b) several sharp Raman crystalline peaks that SBS gain spectrum. originate from the GeS2 crystal, overlapping with CUDOS Annual Report 2016 49

schematically in Fig 4(a), with free spectral range precisely matched to the Brillouin shift, enabling the first demonstration of Brillouin lasing in a planar integrated circuit Fig. 4(b-c). The ability to embed functional Brillouin components within active photonic circuits Fig. 2. Amplitude and phase encoded signals in physical properties were systematically is of wide interest to the broader optics photonic-phononic memory investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), community. A range of applications within Raman spectra, high-resolution transmission telecommunications and microwave electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected processing could immediately benefit from area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy these Brillouin devices. The transformative dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The ZnS/ step demonstrated in this work will allow ZnSe nanoparticles were confirmed to this technology to be further developed possess the sphalerite structure from and create a new class of integrated XRD, Raman and SAED patterns. Chemical photonic devices, more easily interfaced composition of the ZnS nanoparticles was with electronic circuits via the common base found to be stoichiometric. HRTEM images material of silicon. exhibited well-arranged lattices with the space of 0.274nm for (200) plane and We believe the success of the hybrid that of 0.317nm for (111) plane. These integration of Silicon and Chalcogenide nanoparticles exhibited strong emission has been due to the effective collaboration at 2.2µm, and thus potential to be used between different CUDOS nodes using a Fig. 3: Raman spectra of the polished as a mid-infrared laser medium. These common technical “language”, through the Ge27Ga4S69 nanoparticles were then doped into IPKISS design framework. This strategy has chalcogenide glasses and drawn into a fibre resulted in the successful demonstration of

the broad band for Ge27Ga4S69 glasses. Fig. 4 .Brillouin lasing in planar As2S3 All the spectra from random positions over resonator (a) Schematic of the hybrid ring geometry. The related research is still in resonator structure. (b) RF beat of the back the same surface exhibit almost identical progress. reflected pump and lasing signal. The beat Raman profiles in terms of the positions of occurs at precisely 7.60 GHz. The measured The vision of the hybrid integration flagship the Raman peaks although the intensities linewidth is less than 5 MHz, (c) Brillouin lasing project has been to combine materials with while monitoring the ring resonance position. of these peaks are slightly different. This unique properties in functional devices. This Both the pump and generated Stokes are demonstrates that the homogeneous hybridisation of Silicon and Chalcogenide aligned to cavity resonances. distribution of the crystals can be formed was the focal point of 2016. Hybrid chips in S-rich glass-ceramics from the surface a number of technologies with more rapid of Silicon from IMEC Foundry service and to the interior via composition design. The turn-around time and greater precision ANU-laser chalcogenide were fabricated in present approach opens a new frontier for while maintaining flexibility and enabling several iterations. Grating couplers to couple control of the growth of the different crystals different steps in the design, fabrication light into the structure were fabricated in in chalcogenide glass-ceramics. and characterisation to be conducted at Silicon. The As2S3 waveguide was printed 2+ different nodes. One prominent example is Transition metal ions (Cr ) doped into on the Silicon platform in a compact form the demonstration of silicon-chalcogenide ZnS and ZnSe nanoparticles using pulsed factor smaller than a square millimetre. With hybridization for SBS with record SBS laser ablation of ceramic target in liquids this approach record Brillouin amplification gain and the first demonstration of an were created with an aim to produce in a silicon circuit (18.5 dB net gain) was SBS laser as described in the previous nanoparticles with uniform distribution obtained [4]. Furthermore, a ring resonator section. The silicon layer was designed by of size. The particle size, structure and was made in similar manner, as presented the Sydney node and fabricated at IMEC Hybrid Integration Continued

Fig. 5: Phononic crystal band structure - lines lithium niobate locally with silicon nitride, In order to theoretically investigate the are simulations, dots are experimental results following emerging standards. band structure of the silicon photonic (left); SEM image of the phononic crystal with a pillar period of 300 nm (right). The sub-micron domain engineering plasmonic crystal, a full-wave finite element method of using patterned chromium and method was used. Fig. 7(a) shows the CMOS foundry. Then the chalcogenide laser irradiation was further optimised band structure of the silicon photonic layer was designed at Sydney University and used for creating a monolithic GHz plasmonic crystal for TE-like mode along with IPKISS chalcogenide technology phononic crystal in lithium niobate the Γ-M direction with the transmission definition provided by RMIT. The designs (Fig. 5)[5]. Further, first tests of using a sub- stop-band marked in light green. Fig. 7(b) were realized at ANU and RMIT nodes. The micron domain pattern for the formation shows the top-view and cross-section final chips were tested at Sydney node of nano-plasmonic structures by photo- view of the energy distribution for hybrid for SBS performance. Different stages of chemical deposition of silver look promising. modes in a unit cell at position “A” on the this project were captured within IPKISS to lower stop-band edge in Fig. 7(a). Devices Nanoscale plasmonic structures can enable effective design exchange between were fabricated using electron beam offer unique functionality due to extreme different teams at different physical lithography and the measured transmission sub-wavelength optical confinement, locations. spectra are shown in Fig. 7(c). The results but the realization of complex plasmonic provide evidence of the realization of the Fabrication of thin-film lithium niobate circuits is hampered by high waveguides by directly etching the lithium propagation losses. Hybrid niobate has proved challenging due to 50 approaches can potentially overcome this limitation, but only a few practical approaches based on either single or few element arrays of nanoantenna on dielectric nanowire have been experimentally demonstrated. We demonstrated a two- dimensional hybrid photonic plasmonic crystal interfaced with a standard silicon photonic platform which is shown in Fig. 6. Off resonance, we observed low loss propagation through our structure, Fig. 7: Silicon photonic plasmonic crystals while on resonance we observed strong band structure characteristics (a-b) and measured stop-band (c) propagation suppression and intense Fig. 6: Schematic representations (a, c) and concentration of light into a dense lattice photonic plasmonic crystal on a silicon SEM image (b) of silicon photonic plasmonic of nanoscale hot-spots on the surface crystals platform. This opens a new frontier for providing clear evidence of a hybrid integrated plasmonics surface crystals photonic plasmonic crystal band-gap. This which combines dispersion engineering the formation of lithium fluoride during the fully integrated approach is compatible electromagnetic crystals with properties dry etching process, which led to rough with established silicon-on-insulator (SOI) that can achieved with plasmonic crystals. waveguide sidewalls. The focus shifted then fabrication techniques and constitutes on modifying the waveguide fabrication a significant step toward harnessing method, pursuing the formation of plasmonic functionality within SOI photonic waveguides by optical loading the thin-film circuits. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 51

Project Leader Highlights Khu Vu • Quasi-single mode As2S3 ridge waveguide with low loss (0.2dB/cm), hard cladding (SiO2) and quasi single mode for more robust high power, high gain Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. • Net SBS amplification of 18.5dB has been achieved in Silicon- Chalcogenide hybrid structure. This is a 20 fold improvement on previous results in Silicon only. • Demonstration of the first on-chip SBS ring laser in a Silicon integrated circuit Khu Vu received the B.Sc. degree from Monash University, Melbourne, • Demonstration of an on-chip coherent photonic-phononic Australia, in 2002 and the B.Sc. degree (hons) from The Australian National memory where both amplitude and phase of light pulses can University, Canberra, Australia, in 2003. He moved to Southampton to be stored and recovered in nanosecond time scale study at the Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC), the University of • Improved loss (0.2dB/cm) periodically-poled lithium niobate Southampton, UK. He graduated with M.Phil degree in 2006. He worked waveguides with high efficiency second harmonic generation; on development of high-power pulse fiber laser amplifiers for the thesis. currently used in Tb/s project Khu Vu received the PhD qualification at the Laser Physics Centre, The • A low loss (0.15dB/cm) GeSiO2 platform is now available for Australian National University, working on Tellurite waveguide fabrication. hybridization in applications that require low nonlinear passive He is working as a postdoc research fellow. optical circuitry. • New fabrication facilities opened including the RMIT MNRF and the Sydney Nanoscience Hub. • The RMIT REME plug-in is now available in the new version of Deputy Project Leader IKISS from LUCEDA Alvaro Casas-Bedoya • Australian Silicon Photonics launched as national fabrication service

Future Directions The focus of the hybrid integration flagship project will be on the Silicon-Chalcogenide platform. Great progress has been made over the last couple of years. To enable multiple, rapid iterations, RMIT will fabricate a high-quality Silicon photonic platform with similar performance to IMEC ePIXfab but with a turn-around time of only few weeks. This will enable several iterations of hybrid chalcogenide chips to be realised in 2017, establishing this as a Alvaro Casas-Bedoya received his PhD in Physics from the University of mature process available to the Australian research community. Sydney in 2013. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow and the This will be a major legacy of the Hybrid Integration program. SPIE Student Chapter Advisor in CUDOS. He received a double degree MSc in Photonics (through the Erasmus Mundus program) with distinction level References from St Andrews & Heriot-Watt universities in Scotland (2008) and Gent & [1] A. Choudhary, B. Morrison, I. Aryanfar, S. Shahnia, M. Pagani, Y. Liu, K. Vu, S. VUB Universities in Belgium (2009). He obtained his B.Sc. (Physics) (Hons) Madden, D. Marpaung, and B. J. Eggleton, “Advanced microwave photonic signal from Universidad del Valle in Colombia (2005). His research interests are processing with giant on-chip Brillouin gain,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, (2016) based on Silicon-On-Insulator photonic sensing architectures and Silicon DOI:10.1109/JLT.2016.2613558 (Invited) [2] B.Stiller, M. Merklein, K. Vu, S. Madden, and B. Eggleton, “A coherent on-chip optical optomechanics. He is an active member of international societies and memory: storing amplitude and phase as acoustic phonons”, Nonlinear Photonics belongs to the membership OSA council. 2016, Sydney, Australia (2016), JW6A.1 [3] XinyuYang, Mingjie Zhang, Kunlun Yan, Liyuan Han, Qin Xu, Haitao Liu, Rongping Wang, “Controllable formation of the crystalline phases in Ge-Ga-S chalcogenide glass-ceramics” Journal of American Ceramic Society (2016) DOI: 10.1111/ jace.1449298 [4] A. Casas-Bedoya, B. Morrison, G. Ren, K. Vu, A. Zarifi, T. Nguyen, D. Choi, D. Marpaung, S. Madden, A. Mitchell, and B. J. Eggleton, "Net Brillouin gain of 18.5 dB in a hybrid silicon chip," in Frontiers in Optics 2016, Rochester, US, FF2B.8 [5] D. Yudistira, A. Boes, B. Graczykowski, F. Alzina, L. Y. Yeo, C. M. Sotomayor Torres, and A. Mitchell, “Nanoscale pillar hypersonic surface phononic crystals,” Phys Rev B, vol. 94, no. 9, pp. 094304–6, Sep. (2016) Mid-Infrared Photonics

Science Leader: Early in 2016 the decision was made to move the Mid-infrared (MIR) Flagship project to Steve Madden, +61 2 6125 8574, “graduated” status and thereby cease it as a Flagship project. This decision was made for [email protected] a number of reasons. First, almost all of the original science goals had been accomplished. Researchers: Two remaining goals were interconnected and it was clear that these would not be achieved Martin Ams, MQ due to major staff movements at the partner institution related to these. Alex Arriola, MQ Duk-Yong Choi, ANU Nick Cvetojevic, MQ Second, the focus in the project was moving One relates to the geometry of the waveguide Tomonori Hu, USyd towards commercialisation and several much over cladding which results in a parasitic rib Darren Hudson, USyd Harry Kenchington-Goldsmith, ANU more directed work areas solely within individual waveguide encompassing the waveguide core. Barry Luther-Davies, ANU CUDOS nodes thereby losing the Flagship As this is much larger than the core mode Steve Madden, ANU multi-node approach. Lastly, staff movements it is much easier to excite and becomes an Neetesh Singh, USyd and PhD graduations reduced the staffing obstruction to making reliable measurements. Rongping Wang, ANU on the project significantly. Consequently, no Several methods were trialled to eliminate this Yu Yi, ANU milestones were set for the project, and this including a reflowable cladding (successful but Partner and Associate Investigators: report captures most of what actually happened requires a high thermal expansion substrate to Roel Baets, University of Ghent in the individual nodes during 2016. avoid cracking, currently under trial), and coating Joss Bland-Hawthorn, University of Sydney with a strong absorber (graphene suspension Andrew Brawley, Silanna Progress tried – mixed results, not trying graphene in a Christian Grillet, CNRS Thomas Krauss, York University Work areas in 2016 were restricted to MIR polymer matrix). The other issue was that we Dave Moss, Swinburne University astrophotonics, rare earth doped planar have a significant absorption amounting to a Peter Tuthill, University of Sydney devices, MIR supercontinuum generation, and waveguide loss of ~2dB/cm right at the centre commercialisation activities. 2016 saw the first of the desired band (4.03 microns). This turns major outcomes in the MIR astrophotonics out to be from Sulphur-Hydrogen bonds in the program with a PhD student now dedicated cladding glass as a significant proportion of the exclusively to this program at ANU. The major power flow is in the cladding. We are awaiting focus was on developing MIR chip based the arrival of a batch of purified cladding glass to interferometric beam combiners for a MIR overcome this. version of the “Dragonfly” terrestrial system Working MMI couplers and interferometers were for exoplanet hunting. This requires high however built in 2106. Testing on the MMIs 52 performance wide bandwidth coupler networks indicated spectral responses matching the to combine multiple samples of light from theoretical predictions, and an interferometric the telescope pupil plane and to controllably testing rig to explore the full beam combiner interfere these to null out the star light leaving performance is currently under construction. the much weaker planet light visible. Extensive Figure 1 shows examples of measured spectra simulation showed that multimode interference- and a photomicrograph of the complete nuller based (MMI) devices were the best design device. choice for this purpose after factoring in Work also continued in the project on direct real world fabrication tolerances. A series of laser writing into bulk chalcogenide glasses performance projections were made based on aimed at building the 3-D pupil remapper the known tolerances and an optimised design. required for an MIR Dragonfly. Steady The waveguide technology required to build improvements in performance have been devices was also developed through 2016, obtained, but further work remains to achieve and a couple of performance limiting factors the required waveguide parameters. identified. One relates to the geometry of the waveguide over cladding which results in a parasitic rib waveguide encompassing the waveguide core. As this is much larger than the core mode it is much easier to excite and becomes an obstruction to making reliable measurements. Several methods were trialled to eliminate this including a reflowable cladding (successful but requires a high thermal expansion substrate to avoid cracking, currently under trial), and coating Figure 1 - Predicted vs measured MIR MMI with a strong absorber (graphene suspension performance and image of fabricated nuller chip tried – mixed results, not trying graphene in a CUDOS Annual Report 2016 53 Mid-Infrared Photonics

Figure 2 - Measured enhancement factor for Erbium doped GeGaSe waveguide with contours of population inversion shown indicating >50% inversion

polymer matrix). The other issue was that turns out for unpolarised systems, in the have not yet been probed, this result was we have a significant absorption amounting polarisation of the output. The normal a major step forwards in the field. However, to a waveguide loss of ~2dB/cm right method to deal with such variations in in the demonstration it was clear that there at the centre of the desired band (4.03 spectroscopic measurements is to tap was sufficient photo-induced absorption in microns). This turns out to be from Sulphur- off a part of the source power after the the host glass to cancel the expected gain. A Hydrogen bonds in the cladding glass as a spectrometer but before the sample and use change to the host glass composition is most significant proportion of the power flow is in this to normalise the source. likely required. Suitable candidates have the cladding. We are awaiting the arrival of a This tap off requires an angled plate which been identified and work is ongoing to source batch of purified cladding glass to overcome has a polarisation sensitive splitting ratio. these materials. this. Hence random polarisation fluctuations Lastly, collaborations with PI Christian Grillet Working MMI couplers and interferometers on the source result in noise on the from CNRS continued with the successful low were however built in 2106. Testing on normalisation signal which cannot be loss testing of SiGe and Ge on Si waveguides the MMIs indicated spectral responses removed. Going to a single polarisation in the MIR, with a paper forthcoming soon. matching the theoretical predictions, and an source eliminates this and enables low noise Commercialisation efforts continued apace, interferometric testing rig to explore the full measurements. This was verified by passing with one of the major highlights being ANU’s beam combiner performance is currently the single polarisation supercontinuum Hotlight Systems’ development of a fully under construction. Figure 1 shows examples through a monochromator, tapping it with a automated commercially packaged tunable of measured spectra and a photomicrograph 45 degree beamsplitter plate, and then after version of the MIR OPA that was exhibited of the complete nuller device. measuring the absorption of a polystyrene at the Photonics West trade exhibition in Work also continued in the project on direct sample, comparing this to the spectrum for February 2016. A number of system quotes laser writing into bulk chalcogenide glasses the same sample off a commercial FTIR were issued to researchers who are seeking aimed at building the 3-D pupil remapper spectrometer. The results were spectrally grant based funding for the purchase, and required for an MIR Dragonfly. Steady identical with the supercontinuum result we keenly await the outcomes. Further improvements in performance have been showing good noise performance and ~105 development of the platform resulted in the obtained, but further work remains to achieve times the brightness, thereby verifying the generation of 55fs pulses having almost 2 the required waveguide parameters. predicted performance improvements with cycle duration and almost transform-limited single polarisation operation. In the planar supercontinuum generation performance, a broadband version, and a project, 2016 saw the graduation of the Research into rare earth doped chalcogenide system currently in development for 2 and PhD student undertaking much of the work waveguides also continued, again with the 3 photon microscopy from the same unit. on the project. The main outcomes for PhD student on this project graduating in the The system was also qualified several other 2016 related to the generation of the first later part of the year. The major outcome pump lasers to broaden its applicability. polarised supercontinuum generated by a for 2016 was the demonstration of up to Hotlight Systems also won an A$200,000 carefully tailored waveguide which only had potentially 55% inversion in an Erbium doped Commercialisation Australia Accelerating anomalous dispersion in the TM mode. The chalcogenide waveguide for the first time as Commercialisation grant late in 2016 to importance of this achievement relates to shown in Figure 2. enable further system development. the shot to shot noise generated in pulsed This enables useful gain for the first time MIRIAD Technologies also span out of supercontinua. Here, minor fluctuations in in an Erbium doped chalcogenide planar Sydney University in 2016 as a self-standing the pump pulse power results in significant device, conclusively demonstrating that lasing start-up. The company has a number of changes in the spectrum and also as it should be possible. Whilst the MIR transitions Beta test units in the field and is currently Mid-Infrared Photonics Continued

in negotiations with several customers over the supply of tens of • Further product refinement and development units each. • Spectrometer units currently in several universities as beta testers Highlights • In negotiations with industrial users for >30 units Chalcogenide devices • Demonstrated for the first time that sufficient inversion can be generated in Erbium doped chalcogenide to make a viable laser, ultimately in the MIR up to perhaps 5 microns. • Showed that planar supercontinuum sources have an intrinsic advantage over fibre equivalents in that low polarisation noise is possible enabling high accuracy shot by shot normalisation of the spectrum to get low measurement noise. • Showed by extensive simulation that highly fabrication tolerant couplers and high performance telescope nulling chips can be made in MIR using chalcogenides with real world tolerances for astronomy applications (just published in Optics Express). • Experimentally demonstrated the first broadband high performance couplers for nulling applications at 4 microns; there were multiple press releases on this in December 2016 with Newspaper, TV, radio and internet coverage. Silicon waveguide devices • Demonstrated heavy water sensing using silicon on Sapphire waveguides • Made extensive measurements on high performance Si-Ge on Si and Ge on Si waveguide devices in conjunction with PI Grillet (paper in preparation) Hotlight Systems

54 • Launched fully tunable version of MIROPA, our femtosecond high average power Mid-IR Optical Parametric Amplifier at Photonics West trade show. More than 5 quotes now in the field awaiting first order acceptance • Developed MIROPA-B, a spectrally broadened output version spanning 3-5 microns • Developed MIROPA-SC, version providing 50fs pulses (~2 cycles) at 3.6 microns • Won A$200k Accelerating Commercialisation grant • Engineered system to work with Coherent Chamelon system pumps • Research complete for NIR output version optimised to deliver light for 2 and 3 photon microscopy in a single unit for the first time. Demonstrator under construction. MIRIAD Technologies • MIRIAD formally spun out of Sydney University CUDOS Annual Report 2016 55

Project Leader Future Directions until mid 2016 The project whilst no longer a flagship continues apace. MIR Darren Hudson astrophotonics is a clear future direction with collaborations increasing beyond the initial target areas, and with a student engaged for the next two years. There are also clear opportunities for further system integration including low noise waveguide detectors, waveguide up-tapers to ease coupling of the chip to the telescope, on-chip phase shifters and photometric taps for fringe locking, etc. We expect to perform some on-sky testing late in 2017, and will be in the race for fabricating devices for the CHARA and MYSTIC international programs. Rare earth doped devices are still required. A new PhD Darren Hudson received the PhD degree in physics from the University student has just been engaged on the project, firstly of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado (USA) in 2009. His doctoral research to complete work on getting the doping right so that explored the creation of novel mode-locked fiber lasers and applications theoretically limited inversion can be achieved, and then involving ultrafast optics. In 2010 he joined CUDOS as a postdoctoral moving on to looking at the MIR transitions in Erbium and fellow working on the Mid-IR Flagship project. His research in CUDOS hopefully Praseodymium with the goal of making a 3.5-5.5 has focused on nonlinear optics in the Mid-IR, the characterisation micron on chip laser. This will be crucial for future on chip and development of Mid-IR compatible waveguide technology, and the sensing efforts and will also form the basis for an on-chip mode locked pump source for supercontinuum generation, development of high-performance Mid-IR fibre lasers. In 2012 he received or frequency comb generation for dual comb spectroscopy. an ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award for a research project to Lastly, commercialisation efforts will continue. In addition extend mode-locked fiber lasers to the Mid-IR spectral region. to the developments listed above there are also opportunities to broaden the product portfolios particularly in instrumentation and full systems. These will be explored in Deputy Project Leader 2017 and beyond. until mid 2016 Nick Cvetojevic

Nick Cvetojevic completed his PhD degree at Macquarie University (Australia) in advanced photonic instrumentation for astronomy. He joined the CUDOS Mid-IR project in 2013 as a joint University of Sydney and Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO) research associate, leading the development of on-chip MIR photonic circuitry for the next generation of astronomical instrumentation. This technology is being deployed on some of the largest telescopes on Earth and will directly take images of alien solar systems at the crucible of planetary creation. Nick is involved with a wide range of astrophotonic devices under development, including photonic spectrographs for the detection of habitable Earth-like planets around distant stars, photoniclantern implementation on telescopes, and state-of-the-art photonic interferometers for ultra-high resolution imaging. On-chip Nanoplasmonics

Science Leader: Nanoplasmonics is the study and use of optically driven and coupled oscillations of the Min Gu, +61 3 9925 2128, free electron cloud at the boundary of dielectric and conductive media. The On-chip [email protected] Nanoplasmonics project aims to investigate and develop two- and three-dimensional Project Leader: nanoplasmonic structures for application to compact and sensitive on-chip photonics. Ben Cumming, +61 3 9925 1185, [email protected] Towards this endeavour, the project is focusing (NV) centres. The project also further developed on three tiered levels of nanoplasmonics its nanoplasmonics-enhanced graphene Deputy Project Leader: research that will enhance knowledge within this photodetectors, demonstrating photocurrent Michael J. A. Smith, +61 2 9036 9430, [email protected] key research area and provide opportunity for detection from a free-space optical signal. commercialisation of nanofabrication techniques and functional nanoplasmonic devices. The A summary of the key achievements in 2016 Researchers: three areas are: is as follows: Zahraa Al-Baiaty, Swin Andreas Boes, RMIT - Fundamental understanding: Gaining Polarisation-independent enhanced David Coutts, MQ knowledge and understanding of key scattering demonstrated in asymmetric Ben Cumming, RMIT plasmonic phenomena such as the plasmonic trimers Judith Dawes, MQ Caitlin Fisher, USyd quantum and chiral properties of plasmonic Generally, a highly asymmetric nanostructure Elena Goi, Swin nanostructures. will exhibit a dramatic variation of optical Min Gu, RMIT - On-chip functionality: Investigating and extinction with polarisation. This asymmetry Ben Hopkins, ANU demonstrating plasmonics enhanced in the polarisation response inherently Darren Hudson, USyd reduces the optical efficiency of a structure Andrey Miroshnichenko, ANU functionality including on-chip nonlinear Martijn de Sterke, USyd photon generation, manipulation and under unpolarised light, and limits what can Yuri Kivshar, ANU detection. be achieved with polarisation control of the Alireza Maleki, MQ near-field. An ideal structure would be one that - Plasmonic integration: Developing plasmonic Ross McPhedran, USyd preserves optical extinction over all polarisations Arnan Mitchell, RMIT circuitry for applications such as sensing via whilst simultaneously producing a variable near Dragomir Neshev, ANU the combination of compact nanoplasmonic field. Vincent Ng, MQ elements alongside low-loss photonic Andrey Poddubny, ANU components. In 2016, the On-chip Nanoplasmonics Christopher Poulton, UTS Flagship demonstrated that such a system Mike Smith, USyd WZ Wan Ismail, MQ Progress exists by tuning the gap size of a completely [1]. 56 Qiming Zhang, RMIT/Swin In 2016 the On-chip Nanoplasmonics asymmetric plasmonic trimer nanostructure project engaged in a number of fundamental Whilst typically such structures have been studied with highly sub-wavelength separation Partner Investigators: and applied research projects following its where near-field coupling dominates and a Kobus Kuipers FOM Institute AMOLF research goals from 2011-2015. The project Tony Wilson, University of Oxford also continued a transition to exciting new polarisation dependant response emerges, the projects and goals that will form part of the science vision throughout 2017. Quantitatively, the project had 10 peer reviewed journal publications fully published in 2016, with 1 additional publication accepted for publication towards the end of the year. Major publications included an experimental and theoretical demonstration of polarisation-independent enhanced scattering from an asymmetric plasmonic trimer nanostructure [1], investigations into the use of topological insulator materials for Fig. 1: Theoretical and experimental study of a enhances light scatting in photodetectors/solar- single trimer nanostructure with variable gap size cells [2], and an experimental demonstration of demonstrating broadband and polarisation invariant broadband non-interference angular momentum optical extinction. multiplexing in Science [3]. team studied the same structure with a gap Continuing on the path to new directions in size on the order of the wavelength. At these nanoplasmonics research, the project made separations, radiative coupling is present and inroads into the areas of quantum and nonlinear begins to dominate, generating new behaviour plasmonics, with work continuing on the that can be exploited. development of plasmon-detected magnetic resonance – the surface plasmon extension Specifically, the team showed both theoretically to optically detected magnetic resonance and experimentally that at an optimal gap (ODMR) - in nano-diamond nitrogen-vacancy spacing, the polarisation response could CUDOS Annual Report 2016 57

be both broadband and polarisation- presence of Thiol molecules in deionised through to the use of robust OAM qubits independent in comparison to the water. Over time, the presence of Thiol at in quantum entanglement schemes. A same structure with a smaller, deep sub the plasmonic array caused a shift in the particularly useful example is the use of both wavelength gap spacing. Through theory, transmission spectra of the array which spin and orbital angular momentum states the team also demonstrated that at each could be used as the detection metric. in multiplexed optical communications. different polarisation excitation, the near field However, such schemes often require bulky On-chip non-interference angular distribution could be varied whilst the far multiplexing and de-multiplexing equipment momentum multiplexing of broadband field optical extinction remained constant. at either end of the communication link light that limit the potential for integration of the Waveguide integrated plasmonic crystals Optical angular momentum (OAM), method. for field enhancement consisting of both the spin angular To overcome these challenges and shrink Whilst the losses of plasmonic momentum of a photon (left- and right- the size of a de-multiplexing device, the On- nanostructures reduce their suitability circularly polarised light) and the orbital chip Nanoplasmonics team looked to chiral for waveguiding in cascaded processing angular momentum (the helicity of a vortex plasmonic nanostructures [3]. By designing systems, the ability of these nanostructures or spiral beam), has proven to be an asymmetric grooves on a thin gold surface, the team were able to focus OAM beams of opposite spin to two laterally separate locations. By then designing two circular slits through the gold surface at each location, the team were then able to mode-match the orbital angular momentum to each slit such that the orbital states could be radially separated in both the near and far fields. To test the system’s capability to de- multiplex broadband OAM signals, the team fabricated an array of detectors designed to de-multiplex four OAM states. Three Fig. 2: Schematic of a plasmonic array integrated onto a SOI slab waveguide (left). An image of the wavelengths, each carrying four OAM states, plasmonic array (right). were then illuminated on the array with different intensity distributions (2D images) to tightly confine optical fields gives them use in areas such as sensing where the loss of the optical signal is an acceptable tradeoff for the gains in detection sensitivity. In 2016, the On-chip Nanoplasmonics project joined with the Hybrid Integration project to combine the best aspects of both low-loss photonic waveguide propagation and high-sensitivity plasmonic field confinement. The team fabricated a silicon on insulator slab waveguide complete with grating couplers and focusing/collection lens, between which lay an array of nanostructured plasmonic elements. These elements, on excitation, would generate strong near-field enhancement of the optical field that could be used for enhanced sensing. The team showed by transmission-based near-field scanning optical microscopy that when exciting the waveguide mode via the input grating coupler the plasmonic array could be excited, leading to strong Fig. 3: On-chip non-interference angular incredibly useful optical property across a momentum multiplexing of broadband light field enhancement. To demonstrate that diverse range of fields. Examples include the system could be used for sensing the detection of a spinning object using applications, the team then monitored the angular analogue of the Doppler Effect transmission through the waveguide in the On-chip Nanoplasmonics Continued

Highlights • Professor Min Gu was awarded the 2016 Victoria Prize for Physical Sciences. The Prize recognises the outstanding work of established Victorian scientists and the impact of their research and is administered by veski (veski.org.au) on behalf of the Victorian Government. The $50,000 prize recognizes Professor Gu’s ground-breaking research in optical data storage, which has made significant improvements to data storage systems, allowing data that would ordinarily fill a football field to now be stored on a single DVD.

Future Directions In 2017 the On-chip Nanoplasmonics project will continue its transition into exciting new areas of nanoplasmonics Fig. 4: An exfoliated graphene flake connected to electrodes for photo-generated charge carrier collection.

to demonstrate that detection of 12 individual states was possible. Surface plasmon enhanced graphene photodetectors The mid-infrared spectral regime is of 58 incredible importance, not least due to the presence of molecular ‘fingerprints’ that can be obtained through spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. However, detection of these fingerprints at low concentrations requires the use of bulky, expensive and liquid nitrogen cooled detectors. The On-Chip Nanoplasmonics team is exploring how the two-dimensional Fig. 5: New laboratories at RMIT University research. The project will particularly focus material graphene can be used as a on chiral plasmonic structures that are miniaturised and cost effective mid-infrared exfoliated graphene pieces such that capable of interacting with the optical photodetector. By leveraging graphene’s plasmon resonances could be generated angular moment states – both spin and extraordinarily broadband absorption (a surrounding the holes, and a controllable orbital – of light. The project will continue result of the gapless semiconductor nature band gap could be produced as a result of exploring control of nano-emitters at the of the Dirac cone) and its ability to support quantum confinement of photo-generated nano-scale, with the view of providing surface plasmon resonances in the mid- charge carriers between the holes. Together, efficient and controllable emission into infrared (with appropriate nanostructuring the technique would allow for broadband plasmonic or photonic systems for more and Fermi level modification), the team mid-infrared detection that could be efficient and compact sensing schemes. aims to boost photodetector responsivity integrated on mid-infrared waveguides. whilst minimising the trade-off with detector The area of nanoplasmonics integrated bandwidth. photodetectors will continue to be a point of research focus for the project, with To develop their detectors, the team the development of noble metal based will utilise Helium Ion Beam Milling to plasmonic photo detection techniques nanostructure both chemical vapour and with exotic chiral geometries suited to CUDOS Annual Report 2016 59

Project Leader direct detection of orbital angular momentum. The project will Ben Cumming also make inroads into the mid-infrared wavelength regime, exploiting the realisation of intrinsic surface plasmon polaritons in a graphene nano-mesh to reduce dark current and improve responsivity in this important spectral region. Finally, the project will progress its research into 3D gyroid nanostructures that have been shown to possess strong nonlinearities, strong and broadband circular dichroism, exceptional optical activity, and the possibility of hosting three dimensional topologically protected point degeneracies and surface states. Ben Cumming received his PhD degree in Science from Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, in 2013 and is now an early career References researcher undertaking a postdoctoral research position at RMIT University. Ben is passionate about the development, communication [1] Gabriel Geraci, Ben Hopkins, Andrey E. Miroshnichenko, Biniyam Erkihun, Dragomir N. Neshev, Yuri S. Kivshar, Stefan A. Maier, and and commercialisation of photonics. In 2011 he was general chair of Mohsen Rahmani, “Polarisation-independent enhanced scattering by the student run 4th Conference on Optics, Atoms and Laser Applications tailoring asymmetric plasmonic systems”, Nanoscale 8, 6021 (2016) (KOALA) whilst in 2012 he jointly received the Davies Collison Cave [2] Zengji Yue, Boyuan Cai, Lan Wang, Xiaolin Wang and Min Gu, Innovation Award for efforts towards the commercialisation of three- “Intrinsically core-shell plasmonic dielectric nanostructures with ultrahigh refractive index”, Science Advances 2 (3) e1501536 dimensional laser nanofabrication technology. His current research (2016); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1501536 interests include the development and implementation of hybrid three- [3] Haoran Ren, Xiangping Li, Qiming Zhang, Min Gu, “On-chip dimensional nanofabrication techniques that enable the study of novel 3D noninterference angular momentum multiplexing of broadband light”, Science 352 (6287) 805-809 (2016); doi: 10.1126/science. geometries and architectures for topological photonics and plasmonics. aaf1112

Deputy Project Leader Mike Smith

Mike Smith received his PhD in Mathematics from the University of Auckland in 2013 and joined the School of Physics at the University of Sydney in 2014 as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Metamaterials theory and computational modelling. His research interests cover a diverse range of topics in electromagnetism, acoustics and solid mechanics, including the modelling of sea ice, structured thin plates and effective medium theory. More recently he has begun projects on the control of optoacoustic effects in structured materials. Nonlinear Quantum Photonics

Science Leader: Nonlinear quantum photonics combines the techniques of nonlinear laser physics and Michael Steel, +61 2 9850 8916, photonics with the strange world of quantum phenomena. It provides an exceptional toolkit [email protected] for exploring fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, and its study is still leading to Project Leader: new technological applications. Indeed, exceptional control over individual photons promises Lukas G. Helt, +61 2 9850 6368, improvements in information security through quantum cryptography, enhanced nanoscale [email protected] fabrication technology, ultrasensitive measurement devices, and ultimately quantum Deputy Project Leader: computing. The big picture goal of the field is to bring about a “second quantum revolution” in Bryn Bell, +61 2 9036 9430 which the weird behaviour of quantum mechanics is not only understood, but directly exploited [email protected] for industrial, medical, environmental and security technologies. In this environment, the vision for the CUDOS to take advantage of the quantum information Project Team: Bryn Bell, USyd Nonlinear Quantum Photonics (NQP) project is potential of all their degrees of freedom including Andreas Boes, RMIT to develop the components of a future quantum polarisation, spatial mode, and frequency Duk-Yong Choi, ANU Internet including on-demand chip-scale photon content. In addition to the fundamental Benjamin Eggleton, USyd sources and state-of-the-art on-chip photonic conceptual and practical knowledge gained Jiakun He, USyd Luke Helt, MQ manipulators, ultimately integrating both on a throughout this project, the third focus area Iman Jizan, USyd single device. In particular, we seek to engineer concerns applications related to powerful and Yuri Kivshar, ANU devices that will improve or enable quantum secure quantum networks. Secured by the Andri Mahendra, USyd technologies and applications. fundamental laws of physics, highly-secure and Arnan Mitchell, RMIT resilient quantum communications networks Dragomir Neshev, ANU The project benefited from strong collaborations Alexander Solntsev, ANU between CUDOS nodes as well as with will eventually impact government, defence, Mike Steel, MQ international partner investigators. Recently, we business, transport systems, and emergency Andrey Sukhorukov, ANU also begun working with researchers from the and health systems. Che Wen Wu, ANU ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems Michael Withford, MQ Progress Chunle Xiong, USyd (EQuS). Work between RMIT and Macquarie Zhizhong Yan, MQ opened new doors in photon pair source Below, we highlight a number of success stories Bruce Zhang, USyd engineering [1]. Additionally, Prof John Sipe, of in 2016, driven by the vision outlined above and the University of Toronto, provided theoretical organised by the themes of Chip-Scale Photon Partner Investigators: Sources, Photon Manipulation and Processing, Igor Aharonovich, UTS insight into quantum optical processes in ring [2] 60 Joel Carpenter, UQ resonators and stimulated Brillouin scattering and Quantum Applications. Thomas Krauss, University of York [3], and work continued with A/Prof Alexei Chip-Scale Photon Sources Stefano Palomba, USyd Gilchrist on linear optical quantum operations [4]. John Sipe, University of Toronto Integrated nonlinear optical sources of photons The NQP project is broadly split into three areas. are inherently probabilistic. In fact, most of the The first is the exploration of integrated sources time a laser pulse incident on them generates of photons. Such sources are not simply smaller no photons at all. However, it turns out that versions of what is already possible with bulk photons in such sources are generated in pairs, optics, but enable greater control over device and so the detection of one is often used to parameters and output photon properties than “herald” the existence of its partner in what is possible with bulk optics. The second is the is known as a heralded single photon source. processing and manipulation of photons, so as Unfortunately, trying to improve the fraction of

Fig. 1: Photon pair generation processes with down and up arrows representing pump and generated events that contain a photon pair brings along photon frequencies, respectively: (a) an idealised additional noise in terms of events that contain process, (b) the same process with undesired noise. Bragg gratings centred at the outer generation more than a single pair of photons. To overcome frequencies of (b) reduce noise photons associated this intrinsic trade-off, in 2016 we developed with inner generation frequencies as well, resulting circuitry to actively switch heralded photons in a process much like (a). through appropriate delay lines so that they had a higher chance of appearing at a given CUDOS Annual Report 2016 61

photon pair frequency correlations. Known as joint spectral amplitudes (JSAs), these two-dimensional frequency maps give complete information about what is known about one photon of a pair upon detection of its partner (see Fig. 2). While typically only the absolute value squared of the JSA is measured, thus washing away any phase content, the NQP team devised and implemented a clever spectral interference approach to reveal this important information [9].

Quantum application Quantum communications systems are currently limited in range to a few hundred kilometres by the combination of losses in optical fibre and dark-noise in single photon detectors. This limitation can be overcome

Fig. 2: Measured vs modelled joint spectral intensities (JSIs) and joint spectral amplitudes (JSAs) using quantum relay devices to divide the in highly nonlinear fibre. The associated Schmidt number K, a measure of the number of frequency total distance up into several shorter legs modes, is better predicted with the additional information contained in the JSA. over which entangled photons can easily be shared. Local quantum interference incident laser pulse rate. Our experimental detect photons tend to work best with then extends the entanglement over the scheme used fibre-integrated optics and photons of differing spectral properties. total distance. In 2016 we designed an off-the-shelf electronic components, and Recognising that silicon photonic devices will integrated quantum relay chip (see Fig. demonstrated a significant enhancement reduce the cost and difficulty of fabricating 3), which includes two entangled sources while maintaining photon indistinguishability, quantum photonic components, in 2016 interfaced with each other, building on leading to publication in the high impact we set out to demonstrate the efficient previous work in NQP with on-chip time-bin journal Nature Communications [5]. frequency conversion of photons in a silicon entanglement. Preliminary measurements We undertook a number of theoretical investigations in 2016 as well. We developed a fast and simple algorithm for determining poling patterns for engineering frequency correlations in lithium niobate [1], proposed a scheme to circumvent spontaneously-generated Raman noise photons by making use of clever phase matching [6], and considered the effects of a periodic modulation of refractive index known as a Bragg grating on suppressing undesired photon pair generation processes [7]. Appearing in Physical Review Letters, the Bragg grating work demonstrated that a reduction of the local density of states for one photon of a photon pair reduces the generation probability of the entire pair (see Fig. 3: Photograph of the integrated quantum Fig. 1). Taken together, these results open relay chip. new avenues for photon-pair frequency platform. We showed that Raman noise is correlation engineering and could spur easily avoided in silicon and that, although experimental demonstrations as early as limited by spurious translation processes, 2017. a silicon device can enable high-contrast have shown that the various on-chip filters interference between disparate frequencies and interferometers can be configured Photon Manipulation and Processing [8], forging a path to integrated single correctly using thermal phase-shifters, A major goal of the community is the photon frequency conversion devices with allowing the first photon pairs to be efficient frequency interfacing of various additional dispersion engineering. detected. quantum communication components, as This year also marked the experimental the devices that best transmit, store, and measurement of the phase content of Nonlinear Quantum Photonics Continued

Highlights Future Directions • A USyd/MQ collaboration demonstrated the temporal In the final year of the Centre, the NQP project will continue to multiplexing of 4 modes, achieving an associated rate leverage our expertise in integrated photonics to develop solutions enhancement while preserving photon indistinguishability as for future quantum networks. Specific targets include experiments confirmed with a four-fold HOM-dip measurement[5] . to further multiplex and improve the speed and efficiency of our • The MQ team, along with international collaborators, calculated photon sources, and theory relating to detector multiplexing, the effectiveness of a Bragg grating for suppressing undesired single-photon cross-Kerr effects, and the demonstration of the first photon pairs when the stop-band is placed at the centre fully on-chip quantum relay. A stretch goal is to leverage CUDOS’s frequency of only one photon of a pair [7]. This work was featured telecommunications strength, reaching across to the Terabit on the Perimeter Institute’s website (https://insidetheperimeter. per second flagship project to investigate either quantum key ca/classical-optics-create-clean-quantum-light/). distribution or quantum parameter estimation with phase-sensitive amplification. • There has been a continued collaboration with EQuS this year [4]. References • The ANU team demonstrated highly tunable state preparation 1. J.-L. Tambasco, A. Boes, L. G. Helt, M. J. Steel, and A. Mitchell, “Domain with a single nonlinear directional coupler used for spontaneous engineering algorithm for practical and effective photon sources,” Opt. parametric downconversion. This work was published in Laser & Express 24, 19616-19626 (2016). Photonics Reviews [10]. 2. T. Onodera, M. Liscidini, J. E. Sipe, and L. G. Helt, “Parametric fluorescence • Luke Helt and Chunle Xiong won a NSW RAAP Conference in a sequence of resonators: An analogy with Dicke superradiance,” Phys. Sponsorship Program grant and hosted a workshop on nonlinear Rev. A 93, 043837 (2016). quantum photonics and its connections to larger quantum 3. J. E. Sipe and M. J. Steel, “A Hamiltonian treatment of stimulated Brillouin technology ideas. Invited speakers included Professor Terry scattering in nanoscale integrated waveguides,” New J. Phys. 18, 045004 Rudolph of Imperial College London and Professor Chao-Yang (2016). Lu of the University of Science and Technology China. The 4. T. Meany, D. N. Biggerstaff, M. A. Broome, A. Fedrizzi, M. Delanty, M. J. Steel, two-day program was well-received, and new possible research A. Gilchrist, G. D. Marshall, A. G. White, and M. J. Withford, “Engineering directions and collaborations have opened up for several integrated photonics for heralded quantum gates,” Sci. Rep. 6, 25126 attendees. Approximately 40% of attendees were students. (2016). 5. C. Xiong, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, M. J. Collins, A. Mahendra, L. G. Helt, M. J. • Zachary Chaboyer finished his PhD at MQ and has stayed on Steel, D.-Y. Choi, C. J. Chae, P. H. W. Leong, and B. J. Eggleton, “Active as a postdoc. Jiakun He finished his PhD at USyd and took a temporal multiplexing of indistinguishable heralded single photons,” Nature position with Huawei. Iman Jizan finished his Masters at USyd. Communications 7, 10853 (2016). 62 Matthew Collins returned from Pennsylvania State University and 6. D. Blay, L. G. Helt, and M. J. Steel, “Circumventing spontaneous Raman noise will begin a prestigious three-year Macquarie University Research in a correlated photon pair source,” APL Photonics 1, 091301 (2016). Fellowship beginning in 2017, the second such fellowship 7. L. G. Helt, A. M. Branczyk, M. Liscidini, and M. J. Steel, “Parasitic photon-pair secured in this flagship project, following Luke Helt in 2014. suppression via photonic stop-band engineering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 073603 (2017). 8. B. A. Bell, J. He, C. Xiong, and B. J. Eggleton, “Frequency conversion in silicon in the single photon regime,” Opt. Express 24, 5235–5242 (2016). 9. I. Jizan, B.A. Bell, L.G. Helt, A. Casas Bedoya, C. Xiong, and B.J. Eggleton, “Phase-sensitive tomography of the joint spectral amplitude of photon pair sources,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4803 (2016). 10. F. Setzpfandt, A. S. Solntsev, J. Titchener, C. W. Wu, C. Xiong, R. Schiek, T. Pertsch, D. N. Neshev, and A. A. Sukhorukov, “Tunable generation of entangled photons in a nonlinear directional coupler,” Laser Photonics Rev. 10, 131–136 (2016). CUDOS Annual Report 2016 63

Project Leader Project Leader Until mid 2016 Since mid 2016 (Deputy Project Leader until mid 2016) Chunle Xiong Luke Helt

Chunle Xiong received the PhD degree in Physics from the University Lukas G. Helt received his BASc degree in engineering science in of Bath, UK, in 2008, for his work on nonlinear optics in photonic 2007, as well as MSc and PhD degrees in physics in 2008 and 2013, crystal fibres. He then joined CUDOS at The University of Sydney as a respectively, all from the University of Toronto (Canada). In 2013 he Postdoctoral Fellow. In 2011, Chunle was promoted to Research Fellow joined the CUDOS Quantum Integrated Photonics project at Macquarie and appointed as the project leader of the CUDOS flagship project University (Australia) as a Research Associate. He has published 35 in Quantum Integrated Photonics. In 2011, Chunle was awarded a articles in highly ranked optics journals, including Laser & Photonics fellowship by the Australian Research Council under the Discovery Early Reviews and Nature Communications. Dr Helt won an Ontario Graduate Career Researcher Award scheme. He is now working on the generation Scholarship during his PhD research, and a prestigious MQ Research and manipulation of quantum states of light in integrated waveguide Fellowship while at Macquarie. His research concerns the description systems. In October 2016, Chunle joined the Quantum Optics Group led and tailoring of photon generation and manipulation in artificially by Prof. Ping Koy Lam at ANU to work on continuous variables quantum structured nonlinear optical media. communication and quantum satellites.

Deputy Project Leader Since mid 2016 Bryn Bell

Bryn Bell received his MPhys degree in Physics from Oxford University in 2009, then from 2010 to 2014 worked towards a PhD at Bristol University, studying microstructured fibre-based single photon sources and experimental quantum information. Bryn is currently a research associate at CUDOS and the University of Sydney with research interests in quantum photonics, single photon sources, and quantum information. Since 2016 he is the Deputy Project Leader of the Terabit per second Photonics Flagship program. Terabit per second Photonics

Science Leader: The Terabit per Second Photonics project is designed to identify, develop and demonstrate Arthur Lowery, +61 3 9905 3475, new photonic devices to enable continued growth in the fibre optic backbone of our [email protected] communications networks. Our science vision is to "Create world’s first energy efficient Project Leader: photonic circuits for multi-Tb/s optical processing and optical signal monitoring to allow Bill Corcoran, +61 3 9905 9699 ultrahigh bandwidth, next-generation coherent communications.", blending the unique know [email protected] how of CUDOS in photonic chip technologies and optical nonlinear effects to enable new Deputy Project Leader: signal processing technologies for fibre optic networks. Elias Giacoumidis, +61 2 9351 3953 [email protected] Communications networks underpin our colours (i.e. wavelengths) in arbitrarily defined 'connected' society, as we come to rely all-optical super-channels, powered by Australian Researchers: increasingly on telecommunications to run our wavelength-selective switch technology. We've Bill Corcoran, Monash Elias Giacoumidis, USyd lives and businesses. This is reflected in our provided the first tools for enabling spatial Steve Madden, ANU growing demands for data. Cisco Systems division multiplexing (SDM) in multi-mode fibres Arthur Lowery, Monash "Visual Network Index" predicts an annual as a potential candidate for next-generation Mark Pelusi, USyd growth of IP traffic of 22% per year between fibre infrastructure, inventing new reconfigurable Young Zhang, USyd 2015 and 2020, leading to a doubling of data optical switches and devices to characterise sent through our networks every four years. In SDM components. Partner Investigators: context, our global networks already carry over Our partners have always been crucial to our Steven Frisken, Finisar 1 zettabyte per year, which is about two hundred work, and continue to be so. Combining the Franz Kärtner, MIT & DESY, Hamburg times the estimated size of a text transcript of Thomas Krauss, University of York forces of our PI institute for Advanced Industrial Juerg Leuthold, ETH Zurich every word ever spoken. This means that by and Science Technology (AIST, Japan) and Prof. Shu Namiki, AIST 2020, at any instant the average traffic travelling Ben Eggleton's Laurate Fellowship team, Dr Leif Oxenlowe, DTU Denmark through our networks will be over 60 terabits- Mark Pelusi demonstrated the ability to self-heal per-second. All of this provides a constantly an optical frequency comb through stimulated changing and challenging environment for our Brillouin scattering, providing a new tool for labs Terabit-per-Second Photonics researchers to to enable ultrahigh-bandwidth experiments. provide innovative solutions that will allow this We continued collaborative efforts with PI Prof. capacity to increase further, year upon year. Leif Oxenloewe through his new centre Silicon The strength of CUDOS has been – and Photonics for Optical Communications (SPOC), 64 continues to be – in providing new device based at the Danish Technical University technologies to support growth in fibre optic (DTU), hosting a PhD student to probe the communication systems. Installing fibre limits of 'time-lens' technology in a system communication systems is an expensive and running at high spectral efficiency. Within the involved process. In Australia, the difficulties centre, we explored the use of the Hybrid and costs have been recently highlighted Integration project's periodically-poled lithium by the National Broadband Network (NBN) niobate (PPLN) chips for applications in fibre project, which is projected to cost over $43 communications systems, demonstrating a billion before completion. The value we add wavelength 'quantiser', and an optical pre- to key infrastructure is to provide devices sampler to enhance the performance of and technologies that can be integrated into bandwidth limited receivers. these networks at accessible points – at the At the end of 2016 the project welcomed new transmitter or receiver, or at 'nodes' along the research fellow Deming Kong to the Monash network. In this way, the Terabit-per-Second University node from the Beijing University of Photonics team looks to protect investment Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT, China). in high-capacity fibre optic links by providing options for upgrading capacity while leaving the fibre 'bones' of the network in place. This philosophy has been reflected in the activities of our project over the last 6 years. We have created devices to process optical signals with light at 1.28 Terahertz speeds, to monitor the quality of data signals as they pass through a network, and shrink these assemblies to operate on a photonic chip with a component the size of a human hair. We've made the way we use the available optical communications spectrum more efficient by using all the available CUDOS Annual Report 2016 65

Progress Brillouin scattering. The research activities of the project in These demonstrations 2016 can be broadly split into three themes: showed that high order enhanced receivers; ultrahigh-bandwidth modulation systems technologies; and optical super-channels. can be run with low- These three themes all contribute to the aim cost lasers, and even of providing new technologies to enhance eliminate the need for the capacity of fibre infrastructure, building some digital processing on research activities and capabilities held steps. Illustration of the use of optical sampling to extend the effective bandwidth of an optical both within and across the project nodes Ultrahigh-bandwidth technologies receiver. at Monash University and the University of In collaboration with AIST and Prof. Sydney. Eggleton's Laureate Fellowship team, Dr. limited by the bandwidth of electronic Enhanced receivers Mark Pelusi showed that stimulated Brillouin components. In modern communication systems, scattering (SBS) can be used to enhance We also demonstrated the somewhat information is encoded on both amplitude the properties of optical frequency combs, counter-intuitive ability to compensate for and phase of light. To receive this which are often used by the project to nonlinear cross-talk occurring between information, the received signal is referenced generate signals over multiple terahertz signals spread apart by 100's of GHz against a local laser (or local oscillator). This process leaves us with electrical signals that require further digital processing to retrieve the sent data. We investigated Kalman filters as an efficiency signal processing alternative for removing linear phase noise, showing improvements in terms of processing time and an accuracy. We also investigated novel 'support vector machines' to help suppress nonlinear phase noise in systems running at higher spectral efficiency modulation schemes, allowing for a 'software solution' to expanding data carrying capacity in systems where nonlinear effects are limiting achievable data rates.

The U. Sydney personnel from the SBS-based comb distillation team (press release: http://sydney. edu.au/news/physics/1737.html?newsstoryid=15955)

of bandwidth, with an opto-electronic of bandwidth. Here, the SBS is seeded by system with an operating bandwidth of a frequency shifted version of the comb, 1-2 GHz, in collaboration with Prof. Arthur allowing for the comb lines to be amplified, Lowery's Laureate Fellowship team. This increasing the signal to noise ratio of the 'total-intensity-directed phase modulator' comb. This was shown to enable high-order sub-system suppressed inter-channel Schematic of carrier recovery enabled by SBS 64-QAM modulation without excess phase nonlinear interactions at nodes along a fibre and polarization independent injection locking. This allows the data carried by the signal to be noise penalties. link, extending the distance optical signals referenced to the optical carrier on which it is Leveraging the PPLN chip technology of the can travel with a conceptually simple, low- imprinted. Hybrid Integration flagship, we showed that bandwidth opto-electronic device. optical sampling of a signal with ultrashort Optical super-channels Moreover, we investigated techniques to optical pulses before a receiver can enhance Modern fibre networks are increasingly using extract an optical carrier from a signal, the receiver's effective bandwidth. This can reconfigurable wavelength routing to provide in order to allow for a self-referencing then allow for a Nyquist-limited signal to be data carrying capacity where it is needed, receiver, to take a load of the required received by a photodiode with a bandwidth when it is needed. These networks use digital processing. The project investigated well below the Nyquist rate, which can allow wavelength-selective switches to route by two methods, one using injection locking for higher data transmission rates in systems wavelength (i.e. colour), slicing wavelength of a laser diode, the other using stimulated Terabit per second Photonics Continued

channels out where needed to be routed to the Australian Lightwave Infrastructure early career researcher in the Faculty of different location. This provides a challenge Test-bed (ALIRT). This represents Australia's Engineering at Monash University, across for optical super-channels, particularly first dark-fibre research network, enabling all disciplines in engineering. Monash's those based on orthogonal frequency CUDOS technologies to be tested under engineering faculty is ranked as the top for division multiplexing (OFDM), to be made 'field-trial' conditions. Through collaboration engineering in Australia, according to the compatible with the filtering inherent in with partner AARNet, we have access to Times Higher Education rankings. these networks. eight fibres of 20-km length linking research The work of Dr. Pelusi and co-authors In response, we investigated two new laboratories at Monash University, RMIT in frequency comb regeneration was techniques for reducing the spectral University and the University of Melbourne, presented as part of the post-deadline extent of OFDM-based super-channels. as well as eight 10-km long fibres between sessions for the Opto-Electronic Banded OFDM truncates the spectral Monash's Caulfield and Clayton campuses. Communication Conference (OECC) in extent of OFDM subcarriers, to allow for This provides access to 240-km of installed Japan earlier this year. These post-deadline transmission through band limiting optical optical fibre, constantly available for sessions are designed as a forum for filters. This reduced the bandwidth required research purposes. This is one of a small late-breaking, high-impact research, with for these channels, with a small overhead handful of similar capabilities world-wide. OECC the premier conference for optical to accommodate truncated spectral tails. Science Leader Prof. Arthur Lowery communications in Asia. This technology has Folded OFDM changes the frequency provided key policy feedback as part the potential to rival that of RAM Photonics basis function for the OFDM subcarriers, of a federal senate estimates panel technology, which was recently used in generating a signal with the rectangular discussing the National Broadband Network. a record breaking 2 petabit-per-second spectrum of Nyquist wavelength division The panel of 5 academics involved in transmission experiment. multiplexing, but retaining the split of data optical communications research across into separate sub-carriers. We showed that Australia provided feedback as to how Folded OFDM significantly increased the optical communications should ideally number of filtering (think: routing) stages fit into our national telecommunications a signal could pass through compared to infrastructure. A summary of this can be conventional OFDM. found at (https://theconversation.com/ expert-panel-the-state-of-the-national- Highlights broadband-network-56073), courtesy of 2016 saw the establishment of a new piece The Conversation. 66 of research infrastructure for photonics, Dr. Bill Corcoran has been named as best

The Australian Lightwave Infrastructure Research Test-Bed (ALIRT). This network links three universities and provides over 240 km or 'dark' fibre links, enabling field trials of CUDOS technology. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 67

Future Directions The project will seek to further push back limitations provided by Project Leader optical nonlinearities. In 2016, we identified that cross-channel nonlinear distortions can be characterized as low frequency Bill Corcoran (few GHz) distortions after travelling over more than a few 10s of kilometres. Additionally, we were able to recover optical carriers over similar bandwidths, so there is clear scope for carrier recovery techniques that we have established to provide compensation for optical nonlinearity. We will continue to investigate options for all-optical super- channels, looking at how 'guard-bands' in wavelength multiplexed systems can be filled with extra, or redundant, information to allow for greater robustness to filtering from optical routing. Moreover, there is scope for digital signal processing techniques Bill Corcoran received his PhD in physics from the University of Sydney to limit the effects of inter-channel interference, such as pair- in 2011. During his PhD, he demonstrated enhanced nonlinear effects in wise coding or frequency-diverse multiple-input multiple-output silicon waveguides, often utilising slow light in photonic crystals. These equalization. Linking to the theme of nonlinear transmission, it is waveguides were then successfully used for ultrahigh-bandwidth devices still unclear to what extent channel sub-banding can be used to in optical communication systems. Bill has since then completed a limit nonlinear cross-talk, and all-optical super-channels of the postdoctoral fellowship at Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg, type we previously investigated may make efficient candidates Sweden), from 2011-2013, on novel low-noise phase-sensitive optical for this application. amplifiers. Again this focused on applications for optical communication systems, specifically increasing link capacity through enhanced signal- We will continue to collaborate across centre nodes, across tonoise ratio. He is currently with the Monash University node of CUDOS centre Flagships and with PI institutes. Projects leveraging the (Melbourne, Australia), where he has begun projects targeting high Hybrid Integration flagship's PPLN platform will continue, and the spectral efficiency in long-haul fibre optic transmission systems. establishment of Australian Silicon Photonics at RMIT provides an exciting new capability for the project to leverage rapid prototyping of silicon photonic devices. The ALIRT network not only allows for our project to demonstrate 'real-world' systems, Deputy Project Leader but opens the door for collaboration with the Quantum Flagship on quantum communication projects, such as the transfer of Elias Giacoumidis coherent states between labs. We also look forward to further fruitful collaboration with PI Oxenloewe's SPOC centre and PI Namiki's Victories project at AIST. In the final year of the centre, we will continue to do as we have done for the past 6 years – push the limits of communication systems with clever photonic technologies, by successfully generating new ultrahigh-bandwidth devices for optical systems.

Dr Elias Giacoumidis received his B.Eng. (Hons) degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Wales, Cardiff, and his M.Sc. (Hons) degree in Control Systems from the University of Sheffield (EPSRC scholarship) with a distinction in the dissertation project (cellular automation for the nonlinear dynamics of the Earth’s magnetotail). In November 2011, he received his Ph.D. degree (EPSRC scholarship) from Bangor University of Wales in advanced cost-effective optical OFDM-based systems for local and access networks, working simultaneously as an Assistant Lecturer for undergraduate electronic engineering design and applications. Since April 2015 Dr Giacoumidis is working at the University of Sydney CUDOS/IPOS for the Terabit per second Photonics flagship project. 68 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 69

Education and Training Research Training

CUDOS takes its mandate to educate and train its members, in particular all postgraduate students and early-career researchers (ECRs), very seriously. The centre organises topical workshops and professional training courses in areas that are highly relevant to the centre’s research themes. It also offers ongoing mentorship to those members who are in the process of translating their research into products or contemplating commercialising their research ideas. In addition, training in entrepreneurship is an active focus area of the centre’s education and training program, particularly now as CUDOS nears the end of its funding cycle.

Enrolments/Completions CUDOS Entrepreneurship Seminar Series In 2016 a record number of 21 PhD students The overarching topic of the sixth instalment of completed their degrees and sought the popular CUDOS Entrepreneurship Seminar employment in a variety of sectors, with Series was “Lessons from Tech-Start-Ups”. many securing post-doctoral positions in both This year, we hosted three talks that were all Australia and overseas. It is pleasing to see that presented by the founders of companies which a number of these students have also joined are still in the very early stages of their lifecycles, local start-up companies. Enrolments did not but which are all well on the way to becoming meet anticipated targets for 2016 across the successful enterprises. In their talks presenters Centre. This is due to the reluctance to commit shared their experiences and unique insights 70 to funding PhD scholarships etc. beyond the with CUDOS members, while the informal Centre’s formal funding period. post-seminar gatherings (with food and drinks provided by CUDOS) allowed CUDOS members to engage with and receive personal advice from the experts.

Participants of the LabVIEW Training program

The detailed program in 2016 was:

Cibby PULIKKASERIL I wish I knew how it would feel to be a founder Founder and CTO, Baraja Pty Ltd

Steven FRISKEN Ventures in technology - Had I known back then what I CTO Finisar, Executive Director Light now know.... Innovation, CEO Cylite

Tomonori HU Start-ups in current tech boom: how to actually do it Co-founder Miriad Technologies with no investment, no time and no experience... CUDOS Annual Report 2016 71

Professional Development Opportunities and Technical Training Sponsored both by CUDOS and the University of Sydney SPIE/ OSA student chapter, and organised by Iman Aryanfar, a 3-day LabVIEW Training program was hosted at The University of Sydney. Karina Taylor who is one of only ten Certified LabVIEW Architects in Australia (the highest level of LabVIEW certification), covered a wide range of highly relevant topics during those interactive sessions. Other professional training programs offered included Software Carpentry Workshop and Python and GitHub. Based on the ‘24 hours for Entrepreneurship challenge’ which is a flagship event run in France since 2011 by the French National Association for Research and Technology and Novancia Business School, the Australian–French Entrepreneurship Challenge was held over two days in June in Canberra. CUDOS student Loris Marini was selected by a committee as one of only 70 participants Australia- wide and has been financially supported by CUDOS to attend this event.

Professional training programs offered included Software Carpentry Workshop and Python/Github Research Training Continued

Topical Workshops Outlook In 2016, CUDOS organised and sponsored two topical workshops In late 2017, CUDOS will host a workshop in communication training as well as one international conference: and resume preparation in Sydney. This workshop will be open The Topological and Nonreciprocal Photonics Workshop was for all CUDOS later stage postgraduate students and selected held on 9th November in Sydney and was organised by Andrey ECRs. Its aim is to enhance the communication skills of students Miroshnichenko (ANU), Andrea Blanco Redondo(USyd) and David in order to attain employment and in order to enable students Powell (ANU). to better engage in professional written, oral and interpersonal communication with colleagues, clients and the general public. The Quantum Photonic Connections Conference was held from The workshop will bring together three communication themes 24th - 25th November in Sydney and was organised by Luke Helt specifically tailored for physicists: oral presentations, written (Macquarie) and Chunle Xiong (USyd). documents, and visual displays, and will be presented by the The 1st Australasian Workshop on Digital Holography and international trainer Jean-Luc Doumont. Students will also have Applications of Liquid Crystal on Silicon was held on 9th September access to a professional resume writer who specialises in in Sydney. This event was co-sponsored by CUDOS and co- science. This will help students craft the perfect resume, while organised by the CUDOS administration team and the commercial a photographer will also assist with headshots for resumes and partner Finisar. professional platforms, such as LinkedIn, etc. Last year, due to overwhelming interest, one planned topical workshop was eventually expanded into a full international conference-like workshop that attracted substantial industry sponsoring and over 75 attendees. Following this great success, the second WOMBAT conference will be held in July 2017 in 72 Besançon, France. Once again, CUDOS researchers remain heavily involved in its organisation.

Quantum Photonic Connections Conference sydney

Attendees at the Topological and Attendees at the Quantum Photonic Nonreciprocal Photonics Workshop Connections Conference CUDOS Annual Report 2016 73 Student Achievements

Student Achievements 2016 CUDOS Students took out several of the prestigious prizes and awards available to the photonics community in 2016. In addition, many obtained competitive scholarships in their host institution.

STUDENT UNIVERSITY AWARD

Zahraa Al-Baiaty Swinburne / RMIT University First Place, CUDOS Outreach & Community Engagement Prize

RMIT University Higher Degree by Research Publication Grant Andreas Boes RMIT University RMIT University Prize for Research Excellence - HDR (Technology)

Haitao Chen ANU NLPC SPIE Student Chapter Officer Travel Grant

Katie Chong ANU NLPC AOS Warsash Science Communication Prize in Optics

First Place, CUDOS Student Poster Competition Blake Entwisle Macquarie University First Place, One Minute Presentation CUDOS Student Poster Competition

Best Student Paper Award, Asia Communications and Zihan Geng Monash University Photonics Conference

"Class 9" Place Winner, INCUBATE, The University of Sydney Andri Mahendra The University of Sydney Union

First Prize, Student Oral Presentation Competition, ICOOPMA SPIE Student Chapter Officer Travel Grant Moritz Merklein The University of Sydney Best Poster Award, Sao Paulo School of Advanced Science in Nanophotonics SPIE Optics and Photonics Education Scholarship

John Carver Prize (Best Talk), John Carver Seminar Series, Australian National University James Titchener ANU NLPC Australian Institute of Physics NSW Branch Award for Postgraduate Excellence in Physics

Best Oral Presentation IONS KOALA Kai Wang ANU NLPC Best Report Award, Sao Paulo School of Advanced Science in Nanophotonics

First Place, One Minute Presentation CUDOS Student Poster Michelle Whitford Macquarie University Competition

Best Report Award, Sao Paulo School of Advanced Science in Aityeh Zarifi The University of Sydney Nanophotonics Research Students

2016 Student Members of CUDOS

NAME ARC CENTRE SUPERVISOR(S) THESIS TOPIC PHD Sergei Antipov Fuerbach, Withford, Jackson Mid-Infrared Fibre Laser Sources Daniel Blay Withford, Helt Theory of Frequency State Translation and Multi-Colour Interference in the Quantum Mulitmode Regime Zachary Chaboyer Withford, Steel Reconfigurable laser-written photonic circuits for quantum application Glen Douglass Withford, Gross Femtosecond laser written integrated astronomical spectrographs Blake Entwisle Withford, Gross Investigations of infrared nerve stimulation mechanisms and application Thomas Gretzinger Withford, Gross Ultrafast laser inscribed mid-infrared astrophotonics Xiantao Jiang Fuerbach, Gross, Withford Novel saturable absorbers for integrated mode-locked MIR waveguide lasers Alireza Maleki Dawes Investigating Optical Characteristics and Applications of Plasmonic Structures

MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY MACQUARIE Vincent Ng Dawes, Coutts Nonlinear Plasmonic Coupling Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail Dawes Fluorescence spectra and lasing emission in disordered media Christoph Wieschendorf Fuerbach Pulsed waveguide lasers Michelle Whitford Withford Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Faience

MASTERS BY RESEARCH (MSc) 74 Andrew Ross-Adams TBC

PHD

UTS Sayyed Reza Mirnaziry Poulton Phonon-photon interactions in nanophotonic structures

PHD

Sahar Tabrizi Jia, Gu Multidimensional silver nanostructure fabrication via highly sensitive two photon photoreduction process based on direct laser writing

SWINBURNE Fabio Turella Gu Investigation of the biomimetic 8-srs chiral composite in dielectric material PHD Harry-Dean Kenchington Madden, Cvetojevic, Ireland Chalcogenide microcavity sensors in the mid-infrared Goldsmith Pan Ma Luther-Davies Chalcogenide microcavity sensors in the mid-infrared Ting Wang Luther-Davies Understanding and optimising the microstructure of Ge-As- ANU-LPC Se glasses for optimal device performance Kunlun Yan Madden, Luther-Davies, Wang Rare-earth doped chalcogenide waveguide amplifiers Yi Yu Luther-Davies Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation in Chalcogenides PHD Zahraa Al-Baiaty Gu Surface Plasmons Coupled with Nanodiamond for Nano- Circuitry Andreas Boes Mitchell Laser light induced domain engineering of lithium niobate for photonic and phononic applications Elena Goi Gu, Cumming Topological photonic crystals Anthony Hope Mitchell, Nguyen, Greentree Study of lateral leakage silicon devices Jingyang Peng Gu, Cumming Mid-infrared graphene photodetector enhanced by tunable RMIT intrinsic plasmons Guanghui Ren Mitchell, Nguyen Realization of planar free space based optical benches integrated on silicon-on-insulator platform

Steffen Schoenhardt TBC

Jean-Luc Tambasco Mitchell Complex Poled Lithium Niobate CUDOS Annual Report 2016 75

NAME ARC CENTRE SUPERVISOR(S) THESIS TOPIC PHD Diana Antonosyan Sukhorukov Nonlinear quantum integrated photonics Maria del Rocio Neshev Study nonlinear processes in resonant nanoparticles through Camacho Morales structured light. Haitao Chen Neshev Control of light emission from 2D material by photonic structure Katie Chong Kivshar, Miroshnichenko, Staude, Optically-Induced Magnetic Response in All-Dielectric Nanodisk Neshev Composite Structures Michael Cole Shadrivov Terahertz Metasurfaces Rui Guo Neshev Integrated nanophotonics devices Ben Hopkins Miroshnichenko Collective Resonances in Nanoparticle Oligomers

Andrei Komar Neshev, Miroshnichenko Optically induced nonlinear dynamics in liquid crystals Sergey Kruk Neshev Optical Metamaterials

ANU-NLPC Mingkai Liu Powell Nonlinear dynamics in chiral torsional metamaterials Ali Mirzaei Miroshnichenko Control of scattering and absorption in multiplayer nanowires Aleksei Slobozhaniuk Miroshnichenko Metamaterials Daria Smirnova Kivshar Graphene waveguides James Titchener Sukhorukov, Solntsev Quantum states of light in nano-structures Kai Wang Sukhorukov, Neshev, Solntsev Preparation, manipulation, and imaging of quantum photon states with all-dielectric nanostructures Lei Wang Neshev Holographic metasurfaces and nonlinear nanostrutres Che Wen Wu Neshev Integrated Quantum Optics Yair Zarate Powell Electro-elastic Metamaterials PHD Iman Aryanfar Eggleton, Marpaung Tailoring the phase and amplitude of optical signals using large Brillouin gain in photonic integrated circuits John Scott Brownless De Sterke Optics in Metamaterials Fernando Diaz Palomba, Kuhlmey Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguides for Nonlinear integrated photonics Caitlin Fisher De Sterke, McPhedran, Poulton Surface plasmon excitation by end-fire coupling in a variety of plasmonic materials Jiakun He Eggleton, Xiong Integrated Nonlinear single-photon light sources Yang Liu Eggleton Investigation and applications of on-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering Andri Mahendra Leong, Eggleton Electronic Photonic Integrated Circuits and Control Systems Loris Marini Palomba, Xiong Non Linear Quantum Plasmonics

Moritz Merklein Eggleton, Stiller On-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering Blair Morrison Eggleton, Marpaung Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Integrated Devices: Platforms and Applications Neetesh Singh Eggleton Novel nano-devices from near-IR to Mid-IR photonics

THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Bjorn Sturmberg De Sterke The optical physics of dielectric nanostructures: enabling improved photovoltaic designs Atiyeh Zarifi Eggleton Study of SBS local response using Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (BOCDA) Bruce Zhang Eggleton, Xiong Manipulate single photon in the integrated platform Young Zhang Eggleton, Xiong Quantum integrated photonics MASTERS BY RESEARCH (MSc) El-Abed Haidar Eggleton Theoretical investigation of tuning four-wave mixing phase matching condition using stimulated Brillouin scattering Iman Jizan Eggleton, Xiong Manipulation and characterisation of two photon spectral correlation states in nonlinear devices PHD Zihan Geng Lowery Optical Signal Processing for Optical Communication Systems

MONASH Jignesh Jokhakar Lowery Carrier recovery in coherent optical communication systems 76 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 77

Creating Wealth Creating Wealth

CUDOS technology can create wealth for society when translated to real world applications with transformative societal impact. There are two principal ways to achieve this: through training students and junior researchers not just with high level technical and research skills, but with the entrepreneurial nous and business skills to work in industry; and second, through the creation, protection and utilisation of intellectual property. CUDOS has had notable successes in each of these. In a number of cases our entrepreneurial researchers are actively seeking to commercialise IP they generated in the Centre.

The Centre now has a substantial the world. As an honouree Dr Gross portfolio of intellectual property. This has been invited to present a 3-minute supports an impressive number of elevator pitch at EmTech Asia in February ventures, some of which are growing 2017. He also automatically qualifies for organically as start-ups, while others are the 2017 Global List of the world’s top looking towards licensing as a route to Innovators under 35. commercialisation. Modular Photonics has exhibited at CUDOS continued to provide support Photonics West and will exhibit at ECOC for aspirational entrepreneurs through 2017 and BICSI 2017. BICSI is the support for attendance at training worldwide association for cabling design courses including the CSIRO ON program and installation professionals. and in-house course offered by host Universities. We also continued our well-received series of Entrepreneurship Seminars organised by Education and 78 Training Director Dr Alex Fuerbach of Macquarie. This year we heard presentations from Dr Steve Frisken (founder of Photonic Technologies, Engana, and Cylite), Dr Cibby Pulikkaseril Luceda Photonics, a European start-up (founder and CTO of Baraja), and Dr and a spin off from Gent University (a Tomonori Hu, a CUDOS graduate, founder CUDOS Partner Organisation) offers of Miriad Technologies. software and services for designers of Commercialisation integrated photonics circuits. RMIT has activities licensed software modules to Luceda that were developed under the CUDOS program for modelling photonic circuits in Modular non-silicon systems and is partnering with this company to enhance their library of Photonics silicon photonic components and provide industrial training and support, particularly Modular Photonics uses the direct in the Asia Pacific region. write waveguide technology developed at the Macquarie node of CUDOS to manufacture robust, high performance Australian Silicon Photonics: This mode multiplexers. This Company is also growing organically, with strong sales through Japanese distributors to major customers in that country, and sales to Europe and China. There is strong interest from the rapidly-growing Drs Cibby Pulikkaseril, Steve Frisken and market segment of data centres. This Tomoniru Hu held Entrepreneurship Seminars in 2016 business opportunity was fine-tuned and tested during participation in a CSIRO On Accelerate program. Modular Photonics’ Chief Technical venture, headquartered at RMIT but Officer Dr Simon Gross has been linked across a number of CUDOS honoured as one of the MIT Technology nodes and in partnership with Luceda, Review EmTech Asia top 10 Innovators delivers a central plank of the Centre’s Under 35. This award recognises superb vision: a silicon photonics design and technical work which promises to change nanofabrication capability in Australia. CUDOS Annual Report 2016 79

The foundry, a partnership with the Intellectual Property Australian National Fabrication Facility, The Centre has lodged 23 Records of aims to deliver photonic chips from design Invention with the Business Offices of through to fabrication in six weeks. The the Collaborating Universities since its key to achieving this rapid turnaround is commencement. There were 17 patent an industry-compliant design scalable to Miriad Technologies Pty Ltd: This filings arising from these. Seven licences mass manufacture. ASP has created and Company has been registered by two have been granted and a further 3 are supports a number of significant plug-ins CUDOS researchers to commercialise under negotiation. for the IPKISS framework to achieve this mid infrared instrumentation for spectral capability, including direct interfaces for a analysis. The company is generating cash Commercialisation Committee range of electron-beam lithography tools, through instrument sales and provision The Committee met once during the year, automated characterisation tools, and of consulting services and is scoping in November. The main topic of discussion a new comprehensive electromagnetic out opportunities with specific clients for was the Commercialisation Legacy in light simulation suite REME. large-scale industrial deployment of its of the impending end of the Centre. The In addition, the venture has developed technology. commercialisation strategy has borne unique, patented designs for key silicon fruit over the years of the Centre and photonic functional building blocks that help there are many outcomes at various designers of integrated silicon photonic stages of development that will continue subsystems marry high-capacity optical beyond the end of the Centre. We can be links with electronic processing, to deliver confident that CUDOS will leave behind dramatically improved computing power a valuable entrepreneurial and economic with an order of magnitude less energy. legacy. There was also discussion of the This development is being supported Commercialisation Prize in this final year, by an Australian Silicon Photonics staff Luxava Technologies was established and the IP Register. participating in a CSIRO On Accelerate to commercialise the patented tunable program. Commercialisation Prize microwave photonic notch filter developed at the Sydney University node of CUDOS. To emphasize the importance of Innovation The initial focus is on defence, with plans and Commercialisation we again offered to further develop the filter technology a substantial prize. In the early years of into prototypes for field testing as part of CUDOS our focus was on generation of Linkage grants and direct contract funding records of invention and patents and from defence end users. the Innovation Prize was awarded for the best such in the preceding year. Our

Hotlight Systems was established to focus is now turned to ensuring that these commercialise novel mid infrared laser innovations are exploited, so in 2016 we systems developed by the ANU node of awarded a Commercialisation Prize for a CUDOS. Hotlight Systems is developing a full commercial opportunity based on any new version of its MIROPA femtosecond CUDOS innovation to date. The selection optical parametric amplifier (OPA) as process involved a pitching contest to a a source for two and three-photon seasoned entrepreneur. It is anticipated nonlinear microscopy. Hotlight is presently that our 2017 prize will be awarded to a in negotiations with a US-based laser commercialisation venture that makes the NICSLAB: This Company, whose growth manufacturer whose laser is well-suited to best case for how the $5,000 award could is currently being accelerated through pump the Hotlight OPA. The manufacturer be used to grow their business. a University of Sydney start-up and aims to license the technology allowing it to entrepreneur program, has developed IP for sell the pump-OPA combination as a single extendable flexible power supplies. system. 80 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 81

Community Linkages & Collaborations

CUDOS as a Centre of Excellence is part of the ARC Linkage program – linkages between Six participating Universities, links between CIs at those Universities and our twelve international partner investigators and our three local industry PIs. The diversity of collaborators leads to a rich fabric of interactions between students, academic researchers and industry partners.

International Research Collaborations Publications During 2016 we strengthened our ties with two European In addition to this narrative, we have numerical indicators that institutions: The Abbe Centre of Photonics (ACP) in Jena, Germany, demonstrate the effectiveness of our research collaborations. where half a dozen CUDOS researchers attended the ACP’s Of our research output in 2016 of 102 publications in refereed annual workshop in Jena on Nano-optical systems exploiting journals, 26% featured authors from two or more CUDOS nodes nonlinear effects; second, the Institut Fresnel (Aix-Marseille while 9% had at least one of our Partner Investigators on the Université, CNRS France, and the Ecole Centrale de Marseille), author list. with whom we held a Joint Workshop held in Marseilles, France aimed at enhancing formal collaboration. Visitations and the Annual CUDOS Workshop We organised several Workshops during 2016 tightly focused on The effectiveness of the research collaboration in CUDOS is specific areas of research aimed at enhancing collaboration both measured not just by co-authored publications but by exchange within CUDOS and with key groups outside the Centre: visits, student visits to partner institutions, and – most visibly – by attendance and active participation in the CUDOS Workshop, • The Workshop on topological and non-reciprocal photonics was which continues to be attended by all CIs and a large number attended by over 40 CUDOS researchers and featured key of PIs. In 2016, PIs Baets, Frisken, Krauss, Kuipers, Namiki, international speakers Yidong Chong of Nanyang Technological Oxenlowe, Sipe, Hess and Marshall attended the CUDOS University, Singapore and Alexander Poddubny of the Ioffe Workshop at Kooindah Waters. Institute, Russia 82

CUDOS researchers attended the ACP’s annual workshop in Jena on Nano-optical systems exploiting nonlinear effects

• The Quantum Photonics Connections Conference with over 70 CUDOS regards the presence of international visiting scholars as attendees featured a strong list of six invited speakers including being of strategic importance to fostering intellectual exchange Prof. Terry Rudolph of Imperial College and the globalisation of the Centre’s profile. The table below lists • The Australasian Workshop on Digital Holography and those researchers who were hosted by the various nodes in 2016. Applications of Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) was organised by CUDOS PI Dr Steve Frisken and CUDOS researcher (now at U Qld) Dr Joel Carpenter to investigate applications of LCOS, the device technology at the heart of the Wavelength Selective Switching technology developed by Dr Frisken and commercialised by Finisar.

CUDOS held a joint workshop with the Institut Fresnel in Marseilles, France CUDOS Annual Report 2016 83

VISITOR ORGANISATION COUNTRY Dr Thomas Calmano University of Hamburg Germany Prof. Sang-Shin Lee Kwangwoon University Korea Dr Andriy Serebryannikov University of Poznan Poland Prof. Martti Kauranen Tampere University Finland Prof. Ernst-Bernhard Kley Institute of Applied Physics, IAP, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany Mr Thorsten Goebel Institute of Applied Physics, IAP, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany Prof. Mohan Srinivasarao Georgia Tech USA Prof. Yuhong Bai Light: Science and Applications China Mr Maxim Gorlach ITMO University, Saint Petersburg Russia Assoc. Prof. Deepa Venkitesh Indian Institute of Technology, Madras India Prof. Kurt Busch Humboldt University, Berlin Germany Prof. Demetrios Christodoulides University of Central Florida USA Dr Alexander N. Poddubny ITMO University Russia Dr Marco Ornigotti Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany Prof. Giuseppe Leo University Paris Diderot France Prof. Costantino De Angelis University of Brescia Italy Dr Andreas Tittl Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Switzerland Dr Marco Ornigotti Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany Prof. Dr Carsten Rockstuhl Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany Prof. Yehiam Prior Tel Aviv University Israel Prof. Sergey Polyakov Nonlinear Optical Interactions on the Nanoscale USA Prof. Ulf Peschel Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany Prof. Roland Schiek Institute of Applied Physics, Regensburg Germany Dr Mikhail Noginov Norfolk University USA Prof. Rafael Piestun University of Colorado, Boulder USA Prof. Anders O. Bjarklev Denmark Technical University Denmark Prof. Jand Hvolbaek Denmark Technical University Denmark Dr Guillermo Martin Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble France Prof. James Leger University of Minnesota USA Assistant Prof. Maiken Mikkelsen Duke University USA Mr Samuele Grandi Imperial College, London UK Prof. Shanhui Fan Stanford Universtity USA Dr Arya Fallahi Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Germany Dr Colin McKinstrie University of Rochester USA Prof. Radan Slavik Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of South Hampton UK Prof. Gerd Keiser Northeastern University USA Dr Wei Geng Huawei Technologies China Dr Yunchuan Kong Huawei Technologies China

Industry and end-user focused collaborations Our collaborations with end users and industry partners are directed towards either the development of technology, or towards the refinement of specific opportunities. One area where both of these are being carried forward is the development of a narrow band pass, ultra-broad band microwave photonic filter. Evaluation of this for radar and electronic warfare applications is being undertaken jointly with the US Army Laboratory, while negotiations for further development work are underway with international and Australian companies specialising in microwave instrumentation. The CUDOS spin off companies – Miriad, Hotlight, Modular Photonics, and Australian Silicon Photonics in particular – continue to enjoy close collaborative relationships with CUDOS. In the case of Australian Silicon Photonics, the industrial collaboration with Belgian company Luceda is complemented by the close on-going The Quantum flagship project team at the University of relationship between our Partner Investigators at Gent University Sydney hosted visitors from Huawei Technologies in April and CUDOS CIs at RMIT, Sydney, and ANU. 2016 Outreach & Public Awareness

Outreach School Outreach subjects and opportunities for University study to students from schools through the CUDOS’s outreach mission is to promote Many of the Centre’s students and staff NSW Riverina, Central and Western districts, and present CUDOS, its researchers contribute to school outreach events, and they wrote a blog on their experiences and its research activities to the general including presentations and workshops for in each location. CUDOS, the Optical Society public, school students and teachers, school students at schools in metropolitan of America and MQ Photonics Research and to relevant government, professional and regional areas, and on campus, and in Centre sponsored this trip. and industry organisations with overall coordination by the CUDOS Outreach and Education and Training Committee. During 2016, students and staff of CUDOS gave a variety of presentations and workshops in schools, public events, and industry forums.

Delivering Outreach Engagement with the community, government and industry has been achieved in many ways: such as the CUDOS website, social media, blogs, press releases, regional or metropolitan school visits and hands- on photonics workshops, development of outreach materials and activities, industry CUDOS students and staff contribute to school outreach events 84 or government briefings, public lectures and events, and other mechanisms. particular, presentations to school teachers. CUDOS participation at Science Teachers The members of the CUDOS Outreach and These have included the National Youth Association of NSW (STANSW) conferences Education and Training Committee represent Science Forum in Canberra and Macquarie has been valuable in raising our profile with their node at meetings, for example, during Science Experience and Macquarie teachers, and promoting the opportunities the CUDOS workshop. The committee also Astronomy Open Night. communicates via email. The members are Some of the individual school presentations listed below. and activities included workshops on Dr Alvaro Casas-Bedoya, the University of photonics, the laser telephone, laser Sydney minigolf, the laser harp, laser graffiti, Dr Benjamin Cumming, RMIT metamaterials and optical cloaking. Prof Judith Dawes, Macquarie, (co-chair) These have been offered to refugee Dr Kokou Dossou, UTS and indigenous school students in Dr Alex Fuerbach, Macquarie, (co-chair) disadvantaged areas, as well as for science Dr Bill Corcoran, Monash enrichment activities offered to many school Dr David Powell, ANU NLPC students during local school visits. Two Dr Khu Vu, ANU Laser CUDOS students drew on a proud CUDOS tradition of optics presentations in remote areas. Daniel Blay and Blake Entwisle undertook a 1800 km road trip, “Light up the Outback” to present CUDOS work on photonics, the importance of studying STEM Dr David Powell explained 'The Invisible Man' on the ABC Radio Science Show

for schools to host a presentation or workshop by CUDOS members. Some CUDOS staff and students have become “Scientists in Residence” at local schools – visiting schools, assisting in Science lessons, and giving talks on science, optics and careers under the auspices of a scheme managed by CSIRO.

'Light Up the Outback' Tour CUDOS Annual Report 2016 85

Public Awareness CUDOS is committed to the public communication of and engagement with science, in general, and its research. Over the six years of the Centre, CUDOS staff and students have extended beyond peer-reviewed publishing and now communicate their results directly to the greater public. Examples of awareness and engagement include radio and on-line interviews, university events, community meetings, industry briefings and the use of social and online media that allow researchers and the public to connect from a distance.

Industry, Government and Business Community Briefings Senior CUDOS Researchers participated in a variety of events that involved briefings to government and industry bodies. Prof Arthur Lowery provided key policy feedback as part of a Federal Senate Estimates panel discussing the National Broadband Network. The panel comprised academics involved in optical communications research across Australia, and provided feedback as to how optical communications should ideally fit into our national telecommunications infrastructure. In his new role as Director of the Micro Nano Research Facility, Prof Arnan Mitchell gave a presentation to Information Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering (ITEE) Victoria on scientific and biomedical breakthroughs and how that can provide a strategic bridge between fundamental science and industry. Dr Amol Choudhary was part of delegation to the Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai, to foster collaborative links and also debriefed the First Secretary (Education) at the Australian High Commission, New Delhi about the centre’s research.

Public Talks CUDOS recognises that Public lectures are integral in building the Centre’s reputation in the Community by showcasing the academic achievements of its staff, and in helping members of the public engage with the work of CUDOS by creating a wider awareness of the latest developments in science. Prof Eggleton was able to take his work to the people through Reddit’s Askscience (a very popular social news site) and through their AskMeAnything series, members of the public were able to ask questions of Prof Eggleton Prof Eggleton was able to take his work to the people through Reddit’s in real time. Askscience Dr David Powell spoke about cloaking and invisibility on the ABC Student Networking Science Show, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of The CUDOS Workshop provides a great opportunity for students Herbert George Wells, the first popular communicator of scientific from different nodes of CUDOS to meet and learn more about ideas. different research areas. A dedicated student session was arranged in the 2016 CUDOS Workshop to facilitate students from Dr Alex Arriola gave a talk to over 150 members of the public at different nodes to get to know each other, and student poster Macquarie University’s Astronomy Open night. sessions enabled students to present their work to the wider Australia's first facility built for nanoscience, The Sydney group. At a national level, the student-led and student-focussed Nanoscience Hub housing the Australian Institute of Nanoscale Australian and New Zealand Optics conference, KOALA, was held in Science and Technology (AINST), was officially opened in April. As 2016 in Melbourne. Some CUDOS students were on the organising one of only three AINST flagship projects, CUDOS has purpose built committee and others attended the meeting. CUDOS sponsored research labs in the facility. The Sydney node of CUDOS leveraged the event. Each year, KOALA moves to a different venue/city with a on the publicity surrounding the launch to promote CUDOS and new local committee of students volunteering to organise it. explain photonics to a wider audience with media coverage in The Australian, The Sydney Morning Herald and Channel 7 news. Professor Eggleton also conducted interviews on ABC 24 hr weekend news and ABC radio and wrote an opinion piece Outreach & Public Awareness

published in The Conversation about the and online on Business Insider Australia. www.cudos. org.au for 15,647 sessions. future impact of nanophotonics. The next most popular stories were the By far the largest proportion of visitors was ‘New telescope chip offers clear view of from Australia (54%), with those from the Traditional Media alien planets’ story from the ANU Laser United States following at 8% and United CUDOS achieved 20 news stories in the Physics Centre node and the ‘launch of Kingdom at 5%. 33 news items were media, with 15 of these stories generated the Australian Institute for Nanoscale published on the webpage. through media releases. In total, there Science and Technology (AINST)’ from the In recognition that Social media is now one were 99 news items about CUDOS in the University of Sydney node. Media coverage of, if not the main channel of communication news media. The most popular story was was overwhelmingly via online news (90%) to external stakeholder groups, the Centre about the ‘ANU invention to inspire new with print media (6%) and TV/Video (4%) has been continuing to develop its online night-vision specs’ from the ANU Nonlinear accounting for the rest. media presence over the last year across Physics Centre node in late December a range of different channels. The Centre Social and Online Media 2016. The story was published on at least has a presence on YouTube, Twitter, and 16 global news outlets, like New Scientist, In 2016, 9,880 people (61% who were Facebook. Sydney Morning Herald (in both online and new) visited print format)

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Media coverage of CUDOS at the Sydney Nanoscience Hub launch CUDOS Annual Report 2016 87

Public Recognition 2016 has been marked by the recognition of many Centre members’ achievements, thus cementing CUDOS’ position as a flagship of Australian science and the national authority on photonics support them. • Professor Min Gu was honoured with the Victorian Government’s most prestigious science and innovation prize for his pioneering contributions to physical sciences and the impact of his research to the community. Prof Gu received the $50,000 Victoria Prize for Physical Sciences, recognising his ground-breaking research in optical data storage. • Professor Benjamin Eggleton was admitted to the Australian Academy of Science as a Fellow, recognition not just of his research contributions to photonics, but international recognition for the Centre as a whole. • Dr Simon Gross was named as one of ten honourees of the regional MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 for Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Taiwan, in recognition of his outstanding research and entrepreneurial talents • Prof Andrey A. Sukhorukov was named an OSA Fellow for pioneering contributions to nonlinear and quantum integrated photonics. • Dr Tomonori Hu was awarded the University of Sydney Rita and John Cornforth Medal for PhD achievement, one of six Graduate Medals awarded by the University to celebrate outstanding new graduates and their achievements. Dr Hu received the prize for his outstanding • Dr Andrea Blanco Redondo was awarded Professor Min Gu received his Victoria Prize academic achievements and contribution the highly competitive AOS Geoff from Hon Philip Dalidakis MP, Victorian to the University of Sydney and wider Minister for Innovation, Small Business & Opat Early Career Researcher Prize in Trade, photo: veski. community. recognition of her research contribution • Dr Bill Corcoran was named as best to the field of optics. Dr Blanco Redondo Early Career Researcher in the Faculty of was also awarded the University of Engineering at Monash University, across Sydney Professor Harry Messel Research all disciplines in engineering. Fellowship. In 2016 the University • Dr Alvaro Casas-Bedoya was appointed was specifically looking to recruit an an OSA 2016 Ambassador; a program “exceptional female candidate” to the that connects dynamic, emerging leaders Fellowship. Dr Blanco Redondo was in optics and photonics with communities selected from a cohort of high-achieving of students and young professionals and successful researchers from within worldwide. and outside the University. 88 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 89

Publications Publications

1. E. Agrell, M. Karlsson, A. R. Chraplyvy, D. J. Richardson, P. M. 19. B. Corcoran, C. Zhu, J. Schroder, L. M. Zhuang, B. Foo, M. Krummrich, P. Winzer, K. Roberts, J. K. Fischer, S. J. Savory, B. Burla, W. P. Beeker, A. Leinse, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, and A. J. Lowery, J. Eggleton, M. Secondini, F. R. Kschischang, A. Lord, J. Prat, I. "Multipass Performance of a Chip-Enhanced WSS for Nyquist-WDM Tomkos, J. E. Bowers, S. Srinivasan, M. Brandt-Pearce, and N. Gisin, Sub-Band Switching," Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, 1824- "Roadmap of optical communications," Journal of Optics 18 (2016). 1830 (2016). 2. S. Antipov, M. Ams, R. J. Williams, E. Magi, M. J. Withford, and A. 20. B. Corcoran, C. Zhu, B. H. Song, and A. J. Lowery, "Folded Fuerbach, "Direct infrared femtosecond laser inscription of chirped orthogonal frequency division multiplexing," Optics Express 24, fiber Bragg gratings," Optics Express 24, 30-40 (2016). 29671-29682 (2016). 3. S. Antipov, D. D. Hudson, A. Fuerbach, and S. D. Jackson, 21. F. J. Diaz, T. Hatakeyama, J. Rho, Y. Wang, K. O'Brien, X. Zhang, C. "High-power mid-infrared femtosecond fiber laser in the water vapor M. de Sterke, B. T. Kuhlmey, and S. Palomba, "Sensitive method for transmission window," Optica 3, 1373-1376 (2016). measuring third order nonlinearities in compact dielectric and hybrid plasmonic waveguides," Optics Express 24, 545-554 (2016). 4. I. Aryanfar, A. Choudhary, S. Shahnia, M. Pagani, Y. Liu, D. Marpaung, and B. J. Eggleton, "Signal interference RF photonic 22. F. J. Diaz, G. Y. Li, C. M. de Sterke, B. T. Kuhlmey, and S. Palomba, bandstop filter," Optics Express 24, 14995-15004 (2016). "Kerr effect in hybrid plasmonic waveguides," Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics 33, 957-962 (2016). 5. S. Atakaramians, and B. T. Kuhlmey, "Compact air-cavity resonators within a metamaterial waveguide," Optics Letters 41, 23. Y. H. Ding, V. Kamchevska, K. Dalgaard, F. H. Ye, R. Asif, S. 3379-3382 (2016). Gross, M. J. Withford, M. Galili, T. Morioka, and L. K. Oxenlowe, "Reconfigurable SDM Switching Using Novel Silicon Photonic 6. B. A. Bell, J. K. He, C. L. Xiong, and B. J. Eggleton, "Frequency Integrated Circuit," Scientific Reports 6 (2016). conversion in silicon in the single photon regime," Optics Express 24, 5235-5242 (2016). 24. K. B. Dossou, C. G. Poulton, and L. C. Botten, "Effective impedance modeling of metamaterial structures," Journal of the 7. K. J. Berean, V. Sivan, I. Khodasevych, A. Boes, E. Della Gaspera, Optical Society of America a-Optics Image Science and Vision 33, M. R. Field, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Mitchell, and G. Rosengarten, 361-372 (2016). "Laser-Induced Dewetting for Precise Local Generation ofAu Nanostructures for Tunable Solar Absorption," Advanced Optical 25. C. Fisher, L. C. Botten, C. G. Poulton, R. C. McPhedran, and C. M. 90 Materials 4, 1247-1254 (2016). de Sterke, “End-fire coupling efficiencies of surface plasmons for silver, gold, and plasmonic nitride compounds," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33, 8. A. Blanco-Redondo, I. Andonegui, M. J. Collins, G. Harari, Y. 1044-1054 (2016). Lumer, M. C. Rechtsman, B. J. Eggleton, and M. Segev, "Topological Optical Waveguiding in Silicon and the Transition between Topological 26. B. Foo, B. Corcoran, C. Zhu, and A. J. Lowery, "Distributed and Trivial Defect States," Physical Review Letters 116 (2016). Nonlinearity Compensation of Dual-Polarization Signals Using Optoelectronics," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, 2141-2144 9. A. Blanco-Redondo, C. M. de Sterke, J. E. Sipe, T. F. Krauss, (2016). B. J. Eggleton, and C. Husko, "Pure-quartic solitons," Nature Communications 7 (2016). 27. Z. S. Gan, M. D. Turner, and M. Gu, "Biomimetic gyroid nanostructures exceeding their natural origins," Science Advances 2 10. D. R. Blay, L. G. Helt, and M. J. Steel, "Circumventing spontaneous (2016). Raman noise in a correlated photon pair source," APL Photonics 1 (2016). 28. G. Geraci, B. Hopkins, A. E. Miroshnichenko, B. Erkihun, D. N. Neshev, Y. S. Kivshar, S. A. Maier, and M. Rahmani, "Polarisation- 11. T. F. S. Buttner, C. G. Poulton, M. J. Steel, D. D. Hudson, and B. J. independent enhanced scattering by tailoring asymmetric plasmonic Eggleton, "Phase-locking in cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering," systems," Nanoscale 8, 6021-6027 (2016). New Journal of Physics 18 (2016). 29. E. Giacoumidis, S. Mhatli, T. Nguyen, S. T. Le, I. Aldaya, M. E. 12. J. Carpenter, B. J. Eggleton, and J. Schroder, "Complete McCarthy, A. D. Ellis, and B. J. Eggleton, "Comparison of DSP-based spatiotemporal characterization and optical transfer matrix inversion nonlinear equalizers for intra-channel nonlinearity compensation in of a 420 mode fiber," Optics Letters 41, 5580-5583 (2016). coherent optical OFDM," Optics Letters 41, 2509-2512 (2016). 13. J. Carpenter, B. J. Eggleton, and J. Schroder, "Polarization- 30. E. Giacoumidis, A. Perentos, and I. Aldaya, "Performance resolved cross-correlated (C-2) imaging of a photonic bandgap fiber," improvement of cascaded dispersion compensation based Optics Express 24, 27785-27790 (2016). fiber Bragg gratings by smart selection," Microwave and Optical 14. X. Chen, P. Karpinski, V. Shvedov, B. Wang, J. Trull, C. Cojocaru, Technology Letters 58, 2954-2957 (2016). A. Boes, A. Mitchell, W. Krolikowski, and Y. Sheng, "Two-dimensional 31. E. Goi, B. S. Mashford, B. P. Cumming, and M. Gu, "Tuning the domain structures in Lithium Niobate via domain inversion with Refractive Index in Gyroid Photonic Crystals via Lead-Chalcogenide ultrafast light," Photonics Letters of Poland 8, 33-35 (2016). Nanocrystal Coating," Advanced Optical Materials 4, 226-230 15. X. Chen, P. Karpinski, V. Shvedov, A. Boes, A. Mitchell, W. (2016). Krolikowski, and Y. Sheng, "Quasi-phase matching via femtosecond 32. R. Guo, E. Rusak, I. Staude, J. Dominguez, M. Decker, C. laser-induced domain inversion in lithium niobate waveguides," Rockstuhl, I. Brener, D. N. Neshev, and Y. S. Kivshar, "Multipolar Optics Letters 41, 2410-2413 (2016). Coupling in Hybrid Metal Dielectric Metasurfaces," ACS Photonics 3, 16. A. Choudhary, I. Aryanfar, S. Shahnia, B. Morrison, K. Vu, S. 349-353 (2016). Madden, B. Luther-Davies, D. Marpaung, and B. J. Eggleton, "Tailoring 33. W. Guo, B. Zhang, C. C. Zhai, S. S. Qi, Y. Yu, A. P. Yang, L. Li, Z. of the Brillouin gain for on-chip widely tunable and reconfigurable Y. Yang, R. P. Wang, D. Y. Tang, G. M. Tao, and B. Luther-Davies, broadband microwave photonic filters," Optics Letters 41, 436-439 "Fabrication and Application of Small Core Chalcogenide Glass Fibers (2016). in Nonlinear Optics," Journal of Inorganic Materials 31, 180-184 17. A. Choudhary, B. Morrison, I. Aryanfar, S. Shahnia, M. Pagani, Y. (2016). Liu, K. Vu, S. Madden, D. Marpaung, and B. J. Eggleton, "Advanced 34. M. S. Habib, A. Tuniz, K. J. Kaltenecker, Q. Chateiller, I. Perrin, Integrated Microwave Signal Processing With Giant On-Chip Brillouin S. Atakaramians, S. C. Fleming, A. Argyros, and B. T. Kuhlmey, Gain," Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, 846-854 (2017). "Removing image artefacts in wire array matamaterials," Optics 18. M. A. Cole, D. A. Powell, and I. V. Shadrivov, "Strong terahertz Express 24, 17989-18002 (2016). absorption in all-dielectric Huygens' metasurfaces," Nanotechnology 27 (2016). CUDOS Annual Report 2016 91

35. A. P. Hope, T. G. Nguyen, A. Mitchell, and W. Bogaerts, 53. M. Liscidini, J. E. Sipe, and L. G. Helt, "Continuous wave "Quantitative Analysis of TM Lateral Leakage in Foundry Fabricated photon pair generation in silicon-on-insultator waveguides and ring Silicon Rib Waveguides," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, 493- resonators and erratum: comment," Optics Express 24, 9130-9131 496 (2016). (2016). 36. B. Hopkins, A. N. Poddubny, A. E. Miroshnichenko, and Y. S. 54. L. M. Liu, Y. Zarate, H. T. Hattori, D. N. Neshev, I. V. Shadrivov, Kivshar, "Circular dichroism induced by Fano resonances in planar and D. A. Powell, "Terahertz focusing of multiple wavelengths by chiral oligomers," Laser & Photonics Reviews 10, 137-146 (2016). graphene metasurfaces," Applied Physics Letters 108 (2016). 37. C. Husko, M. Wulf, S. Lefrancois, S. Combrie, G. Lehoucq, A. 55. T. Liu, A. S. Solntsev, A. Boes, T. Nguyen, C. Will, A. Mitchell, D. De Rossi, B. J. Eggleton, and L. 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J. Madden, B. J. Eggleton, and D. telecom wavelengths in a lithium niobate waveguide for quantum Marpaung, "Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement using communication with Yb+ trapped ions," Journal of Optics 18 (2016). four-wave mixing in a chalcogenide chip," Optics Communications 373, 100-104 (2016). 49. S. S. Kruk, Z. J. Wong, E. Pshenay-Severin, K. O'Brien, D. N. Neshev, Y. S. Kivshar, and X. Zhang, "Magnetic hyperbolic optical 68. J. J. Pei, X. Gai, J. Yang, X. B. Wang, Z. F. Yu, D. Y. Choi, B. metamaterials," Nature Communications 7 (2016). Luther-Davies, and Y. R. Lu, "Producing air-stable monolayers of phosphorene and their defect engineering," Nature Communications 50. M. Lapine, R. C. McPhedran, and C. G. Poulton, "Slow 7 (2016). convergence to effective medium in finite discrete metamaterials," Physical Review B 93 (2016). 69. E. Popov, A. L. Fehrembach, and R. C. McPhedran, "Almost- total absorption of light in thin, biperiodic, weakly-absorbing 51. H. S. Li, S. 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71. F. Setzpfandt, A. S. Solntsev, J. Titchener, C. W. Wu, C. L. Xiong, 87. L. Wang, A. S. Shorokhov, P. N. Melentiev, S. Kruk, M. Decker, C. R. Schiek, T. Pertsch, D. N. Neshev, and A. A. Sukhorukov, "Tunable Helgert, F. Setzpfandt, A. A. Fedyanin, Y. S. Kivshar, and D. N. Neshev, generation of entangled photons in a nonlinear directional coupler," "Multipolar Third-Harmonic Generation in Fishnet Metamaterials," Laser & Photonics Reviews 10, 131-136 (2016). ACS Photonics 3, 1494-1499 (2016). 72. A. S. Shorokhov, E. V. Melik-Gaykazyan, D. A. Smirnova, 88. C. Xiong, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, M. J. Collins, A. Mahendra, L. G. Helt, B. Hopkins, K. E. Chong, D. Y. Choi, M. R. Shcherbakov, A. E. M. J. Steel, D. Y. Choi, C. J. Chae, P. H. W. Leong, and B. J. Eggleton, Miroshnichenko, D. N. Neshev, A. A. Fedyanin, and Y. S. Kivshar, "Active temporal multiplexing of indistinguishable heralded single "Multifold Enhancement of Third-Harmonic Generation in Dielectric photons," Nature Communications 7 (2016). Nanoparticles Driven by Magnetic Fano Resonances," Nano Letters 16, 4857-4861 (2016). 89. C. L. Xiong, B. Bell, and B. J. Eggleton, "CMOS-compatible photonic devices for single-photon generation," Nanophotonics 5, 73. N. Singh, A. Casas-Bedoya, D. D. Hudson, A. Read, E. Magi, and 427-439 (2016). B. J. Eggleton, "Mid-IR absorption sensing of heavy water using a silicon-on-sapphire waveguide," Optics Letters 41, 5776-5779 90. K. L. Yan, K. Vu, R. P. Wang, and S. Madden, "Greater than (2016). 50% inversion in Erbium doped Chalcogenide waveguides," Optics Express 24, 23304-23313 (2016). 74. J. E. Sipe, and M. J. Steel, "A Hamiltonian treatment of stimulated Brillouin scattering in nanoscale integrated waveguides," New Journal 91. J. Yang, Z. Wang, F. Wang, R. J. Xu, J. Tao, S. Zhang, Q. H. 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McPhedran, and C.M. de Sterke, “Total absorption of visible light in ultrathin weakly absorbing 98. X. Zhang, Y. B. Zhang, C. L. Xiong, and B. J. Eggleton, "Correlated semiconductor gratings”, Optica 3, 556-562, (2016). photon pair generation in low-loss double-stripe silicon nitride waveguides," Journal of Optics 18 (2016). 82. B. C. P. Sturmberg, K. B. Dossou, F. J. Lawrence, C. G. Poulton, R. C. McPhedran, C. M. de Sterke, and L. C. Botten, "EMUstack: 99. Y. B. Zhang, C. Husko, S. Lefrancois, I. H. Rey, T. F. Krauss, J. An open source route to insightful electromagnetic computation Schroder, and B. J. Eggleton, "Cross-phase modulation-induced via the Bloch mode scattering matrix method," Computer Physics spectral broadening in silicon waveguides," Optics Express 24, 443- Communications 202, 276-286 (2016). 451 (2016). 83. S. Tabrizi, Y. Y. Cao, B. P. Cumming, B. H. Jia, and M. Gu, 100. C. Zhu, B. H. Song, L. M. Zhuang, B. Corcoran, and A. J. 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Roeloffzen, Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, 3194-3205 (2016). M. Hoekman, B. Corcoran, and A. J. Lowery, "Nyquist-Filtering (De) Multiplexer Using a Ring Resonator Assisted Interferometer Circuit," 86. P. Vergyris, T. Meany, T. Lunghi, G. Sauder, J. Downes, M. J. Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, 1732-1738 (2016). Steel, M. J. Withford, O. Alibart, and S. Tanzilli, "On-chip generation of heralded photon-number states," Scientific Reports 6 (2016). CUDOS Annual Report 2016 93 Invited Talks & Presentations

Martin Ams M. Ams, P. Dekker, S. Gross, and M. J. Withford, “Fabricating waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) in bulk materials using ultrashort laser pulses,” Nanophotonics, Accepted September, DOI: 10.1515/ nanoph-2016-0119, 2016

Bryn Bell B. Bell, A. Blanco-Redondo, M. J. Collins, M. Rechtsman, M. Segev, and B. Eggleton, "Photon pair generation in silicon protected by topology," Photonics and Fiber Technology 2016 (ACOFT, BGPP, NP), 5-8 September 2016 B. A. Bell, J. He, C. Xiong and B. J. Eggleton, "Silicon quantum photonics for pair photon sources and wavelength conversion," 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), 8-11 August 2016 B.A. Bell, "Silicon Quantum Photonics for Single Photon Sources and Wavelength Conversion," IEEE 6th International Conference on Photonics, 14 - 16 Mar 2016

Andrea Blanco Redondo A. Blanco-Redondo, B. Bell, M. J. Collins, M. C. Rechtsman, M. Segev, and B. J. Eggleton, “Topological protection of quantum states in silicon,” Postdeadline at CLEO/QELS (paper JTh4A.1), San Jose, CA, USA, 5-10 June 2016 A. Blanco-Redondo, "Nonlinear and Topological Silicon Photonics," in Nano-optical systems exploiting nonlinear effects , Schloss Oppurg, Germany, 26 September 2016 C.A. Husko, A. Blanco-Redondo, S. Lefrancois, B. Eggleton, T. F. Krauss, M. Wulf, K. L. Kuipers, C.-W Wong, P. Colman, S. Combrie, A. De Rossi, “Solitary pulses in nanophotonic waveguides,” Nonlinear photonics (paper NTh2B.1), Sydney, Australia, 5-9 Sept. 2016 C.A. Husko, A. Blanco-Redondo, S. Lefrancois, B. Eggleton, T. F. Krauss, M. Wulf, K. L. Kuipers, C.-W Wong, P. Colman, S. Combrie, A. De Rossi, “Soliton dynamics in semiconductor photonic crystals,” SPIE Photonics Europe, Brussels, Belgium 18-22 April 2016 B. Bell, A. Blanco-Redondo, M. J Collins, M. Rechtsman, M. Segev, B. Eggleton, “Photon pair generatio in silicon preotected by topology,” Nonlinear photonics (paper NTh2A.1), Sydney, Australia, 5-9 Sept. 2016 A. Blanco-Redondo, I. Andonegui, M. J. Collins, G. Harari, Y. Lumer, M. C. Rechtsman, B. J. Eggleton, and M. Segev, “Topological optical waveguiding in silicon and beating between trivial and topological defect modes,” CLEO/QELS (paper FM3A.5), San Jose, USA, 5-10 June 2016 C. A. Husko, M. Wulf, K. L. Kuipers, T. F. Krauss, C.-W Wong, P. Colman, S. Combrie, A. De Rossi, A. Blanco-Redondo, S. Lefrancois, B. Eggleton, “Soliton dynamics in integrated photonic chips,” Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference (paper LTu5D.1), 22-26 August 2016 I. Andonegui, A. Blanco-Redondo, M. J. Collins, G. Harari, Y. Lumer, M. C. Rechtsman, B. J. Eggleton, and M. Segev, “Topological optical waveguiding in SOI structures,” International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Trento, Italy, 10-14 July 2016

Alvaro Casas Bedoya Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla Colombia. “Filtro de radio frecuencias creado por medio de dispersión estimulada de Brillouin en un chip de Silicio,” (In spanish) Universidad de Santiago, Santiago de Chile, Chile, 30 October 2016 “Filtro de radio frecuencias creado por medio de dispersión estimulada de Brillouin en un chip de Silicio,” 1 September 2016 Net Brillouin gain of 18.5 dB in a hybrid silicon chip, A Casas-Bedoya, B Morrison, G Ren, K Vu, A Zarifi, T Nguyen, D Choi, et al, Frontiers in Optics, FF2B. 8,(2016) On-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering for microwave photonic signal processing, D Marpaung, I Aryanfar, A Casas-Bedoya, A Choudhary, H Jiang, et al, Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2016

Amol Choudhary B.J. Eggleton, and A. Choudhary, “Harnessing photon-phonon interactions in nanoscale circuits for microwave and telecom photonic signal processing,” International Conference on Fibre Optics and Photonics, Kanpur, India, W4F.1, 2016 R. W Eason, D. P. Shepherd, J. I. Mackenzie, P. Hua, J. A. Grant-Jacob, S. J. Beecher, A. Choudhary, C. Grivas, A. A. Anderson, T. C. May-Smith, S. J. Barrington, K. A. Sloyan, ‘PLD growth of complex waveguide structures for applications in thin-film lasers: a 25 year retrospective,” EMRS, Warsaw, Poland, 2016 B. J. Eggleton, and A. Choudhary, “Good Vibrations: Controlling light with sound,” SPIE Optics and Photonics, San Diego, USA, 9956-39, 2016 Invited Talks & Presentations Continued

Matthew Collins Matthew J. Collins, Jack Zhang, Richard Bojko, Lukas Chrostowki, and Mikael Rechtsman, “Dirac Physics in a Planar Silicon Photonics Device,” Photonics and Fiber Technology 2016 (ACOFT, BGPP, NP), Sydney, Australia, 6 September 2016

Martijn de Sterke "Total Absorption in Structured Ultrathin Semiconductor Lay-ers," Optical Nanostructures and Advanced Materials for Photovoltaics (PV) Conference, Leipzig, Germany, 14-17 Nov 2016

Benjamin Eggleton Plenary presentation “Integrated photonic smart sensors for air-quality sensing,” Emerging Sensing Technologies Summit 2016 (ESTS'16), Melbourne, December 2016 “Inducing and harnessing photon-phonon interactions in photonic integrated circuits”, Asia Communications & Photonics Conference, Wuhan, P.R. China, November 2016 (tutorial) “Multiplexing of heralded single photonics,” Frontiers in Optics, Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Rochester, New York, October 2016 “Stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic integrated circuits”, IEEE Photonics Annual meeting, Hawaii, October 2016, Tutorial, “Harnessing Photon-phonon Interactions in Photonic Integrated (tutorial) Circuits”, OSA Latin America Optics & Photonics Conference, Medellin Colombia, August 2016 (tutorial) Keynote presentation, “Inducing and Harnessing Hypersound Acoustic Phonons in Photonic Integrated Circuits,” 2016 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN), Singapore, August 2016 Keynote presentation, “Good vibrations: controlling light with sound in phononic chips,” PECS-XII, York, UK, July 2016 “Nonlinear optical phononics: Harnessing light-sound interactions in nanoscale integrated circuits,” NUSOD 94 16th International Conference, Sydney, Australia, July 2016 “Enhancing and inhibiting Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in photonic integrated circuits,” SPIE Photonics, Europe, Brussels, Belgium, April 2016

Simon Fleming Simon C. Fleming, Alexander Argyros, Juliano Hayashi, Shicheng Xue, Geoff Barton, Boris Kuhlmey, “Metamaterials and Hyperlenses: Practical Fabrication by Fibre Drawing”, Invited Paper CI7, TecnoLaser 2016, Cuba, 29 March – 1 April 2016

Alex Fuerbach A. Fuerbach, X. Jiang, S, Gross, H. Zhang, Z. Guo, F. Rotermund, D. Yeom, M.J. Withford: “Novel nanomaterial- based saturable absorbers for ultrashort-pulsed mid-infrared waveguide chip lasers,” 18th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Trento, Italy, 2016 A. Fuerbach, S. Gross, D. Little, A. Arriola, M. Ams, P. Dekker, M. Withford: "Refractive index change mechanisms in different glasses induced by femtosecond laser irradiation", invited talk-*, SPIE/SIOM Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2016, Yokohama, Japan (2016), in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9983, 99830W-1, 2016 A. Fuerbach, S. Gross, S. Antipov, A. Arriola, M. Ams, P. Dekker, Z. Chaboyer, L. Helt, M. Steel, M. Withford: “Ultrafast laser written 3D integrated photonics components and devices,” 11th International High Power Laser Ablation & Directed Energy Symposium (HPLA/DE), Santa Fe, USA, 2016

Simon Gross S. Gross, N. Riesen, J. D. Love, Y. Sasaki, and M. J. Withford, "Monolithic Multicore Fibre Mode-Multiplexer," Paper AM5C.1, Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT), Sydney, Australia, 5 September 2016

Min Gu Keynote Address IEEE 6th International Conference on Photonics (ICP2016), Kuching, Malaysia, 14 March 2016

Plenary Addresss 11th International Laser Processing and Systems Conference (LPC 2016), Shanghai, China, 15 March 2016

Workshop on Optical Angular Momentum of Light, Sydney, Australia, 22 April 2016

Plenary Address: 25th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC2016), Chengdu, China, 21-23 May 2016

Keynote Address: International Conference on Electronic Materials (ICEM2016), Plasmonics (Keynote) and Materials for Solar Energy Conversion (Invited), Singapore, 4-8 July 2016

Keynote Address: 6th International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO 2016) , Chongqing, China, 18- 22 July 2016

The 7th International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics (META 2016), Malaga, Spain, 25-28 July 2016

Melbourne Photonics Symposium: Biophotonics in Focus, Melbourne, Australia, 9 December 2016 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 95

Darren Hudson Darren D. Hudson, "Advances in ultrafast mid-IR fiber lasers" Photonics West, San Francisco, 2016 T. Hu, S. Jackson and Darren D. Hudson, “Intense pulses at long wavelengths from ultrashort mid-IR fiber lasers,” APPC-AIP Congress, Brisbane Australia, 2016 Darren D. Hudson, “Advances in mid-IR ultrafast fiber lasers,” Asian Conference on Photonics, Hong Kong, 2016

Yuri Kivshar Keynote Address: “Topological photonics with all-dielectric nanostructures and metacrystals,” SPIE Congress San Diego, USA, 28 August - 1 September 2016 Y. Kivshar, “Recent advances in the physics of localized states,” APS March Meeting, Baltimore, USA, 14-18 March 2016 Y. Kivshar, “All-dielectric high-index resonant nanophotonics,” Physikzentrum Bad Honnef, Germany, 24-29 January 2016

Boris Kuhlmey Simon C. Fleming, Alexander Argyros, Juliano Hayashi, Shicheng Xue, Geoff Barton, Boris Kuhlmey, “Metamaterials and Hyperlenses: Practical Fabrication by Fibre Drawing”, Invited Paper CI7, TecnoLaser 2016, Cuba, 29 March – 1 April 2016

Guangyuan (Clark) Li "Figure of Merit for Kerr Nonlinear Plasmonic Waveguides", EMN Meeting on Optoelectronics, Phuket, Thailand, 12-15 April 2016 “Kerr Nonlinear Plasmonics: Figure of Merit, Limitations & Merits”, School of Physics, Wuhan University, 25 October 2016. “Plasmonics for Kerr Nonlinear Applications: Limitations and Opportunities”, Institute of Optics, Jinan University, 27 October 2016 G. Li, C. M. de Sterke, S. Palomba, “Challenges and opportunities for Kerr nonlinear plasmonics,” Department of Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 31 October 2016 G. Li, C. M. de Sterke, S. Palomba, "Kerr Nonlinear Characteristics of Plasmonic Waveguide Devices", Photonics and Fiber Technology 2016 (ACOFT, BGPP, NP, Sydney, Australia, paper JM6A.20,), 5–8 September 2016 "Kerr Nonlinear Characteristics of Plasmonic Waveguide Devices", 16th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD 2016), Sydney, pp. TuC3, 11-15 July 2016

Arthur Lowery "Electro-Photonics Invited Tutorial," Asia Communications and Photonic Conference, Wuhan, China, paper AS2I-1, November 2016

Barry Luther-Davies "Thirty Years of Nonlinear Optical Signal Processing". George Stegeman Memorial Session, Nonlinear Photonics 2016, 5-8th September 2016

“Sydney Supercontinuum generation in the mid infrared: challenges and solutions,” Advanced Architectures in Photonics, Mykonos, Greece, 25-29th September 2016

"Chalcogenide glasses for nonlinear optics and mid infrared science", MRS Spring Meeting and Exhibit, 28 March – 1 April, Phoenix, Arizona, 2016

Ross McPhedran “Surface Plasmons on Separated Particles: Homogenisation and Applications,” European Erasmus Mundus Master of Science Institut Fresnel, Universite d'Aix-Marseille, March 2016

“The Spectrum of Composite media in 2D and Energy Harvesting,” SIAM Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA, 8-12 May 2016

“Controlling Waves: 500 Million Years Ago to Tomorrow,” International Centre for Mathematical Sciences Conference: Metamaterials Beyond Photonics, Edinburgh, June 2016 (Invited Public Lecture)

“Getting the Most Out of Light Absorption with Structured Systems,” KAIST Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Symposium in Honour of Graeme Milton, Daejeon Korea, December 2016 Invited Talks & Presentations Continued

Dragomir Neshev Third Bulgarian National Congress of Physics, “Optical dielectric metasurfaces - fundamentals and applications,” Sofia, Bulgaria, 29 September - 2 October 2016

ACP-CUDOS Workshop, “Dielectric metasurfaces - fundamentals and applications,” Jena, Germany, 26 September 2016

Royal Society Meetings - New horizons for nanophotonics, “Dielectric Huygens metasurfaces - fundamentals and applications,” UK, 23-24 May 2016

Australian Workshop on the Angular Momentum of Light, “Shaping beams with Huygens metasurfaces efficient angular momentum generation”, Sydney, Australia, 22 April 2016 David Powell David A. Powell, “Resolving nanophotonic spectra with quasi-normal modes Conference,” SPIE Optics and Photonics 2016 (Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XIV), San Diego, USA, 31 August 2016 David A.Powell, Mingkai Liu, Kebin Fan, Willie J. Padilla, Xin Zhang, Boston Univ. (USA); Ilya V. Shadrivov, “Electrically tunable liquid metamaterials, ”SPIE Optics and Photonics 2016, (Metamaterials, Metadevices, and Metasystems 2016), San Diego, USA, 30 August 2016

Haoran Ren “Spatial light modulators using optical parallelism for ultrahigh-Speed nanophotonic applications,” 1st Australasian Workshop on Digital Holography and Applications of Liquid Crystal on Silicon, Sydney, Australia, 9 September 2016 “Nanophotonic manipulation of photon angular momenta for on-chip applications,” Jinan University, 1 June 2016 96 Alexander Solntsev “Quantum walks of photons on a non-linear chip,” SPIE Optics and Photonics,San Diego, USA, August 2016

Birgit Stiller Keynote Presentation: B.Stiller, M. Merklein, K. Vu, S. Madden, and B. Eggleton, “Phonon-photon interaction for on-chip light storage”, Asia Pacific Physics Conference and Australian Institute of Physics Congress (APPC-AIP Congress 2016), Brisbane, Australia, 4 - 8 December 2016 B. Stiller, M. Merklein, and B. Eggleton, “Opto-acoustic interactions in integrated photonic circuits”, EMN meeting on Photonics, Barcelona, 19-23 Sept. 2016 M. Merklein, B. Stiller and B. Eggleton “Good vibrations: harnessing photon-phonon interactions on a chip”, ICOOPMA 2016, The 7th International Conference on Optical, Optoelectronic and Photonic Materials and Applications, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 12–17 June, 2016 B. Stiller, M. Merklein, and B. Eggleton, "On-chip photonic-phononic processing", Ultrafast Bandgap Photonics, SPIE Defense and Security, Baltimore, Maryland, Unites States, 17 - 21 April 2016

Andrey Sukhorukov “PT-symmetry control with spatial and temporal modulations,” META16 Conference, Malaga, Spain, 25-28 July 2016 “On-chip nonlinear generation and quantum tomography of entangled photons,” 17-th International Conference on Laser Optics, St. Petersburg, Russia, 27 June – 1 July 2016 A. N. Poddubny, I. V. Iorsh, and A. A. Sukhorukov, “Generation of entangled quantum states in nonlinear plasmonic structures and metamaterials,” Workshop on Quantum Metamaterials & Quantum Engineering, Spetses, Greece, 20-24 June 2016 A. N. Poddubny, I. V. Iorsh, and A. A. Sukhorukov, “Generation of entangled quantum states in nonlinear plasmonic structures and metamaterials,” EMN Meeting on Quantum, Phuket, Thailand, 8-11 April 2016 “On-chip nonlinear generation and sparsity-based tomography of entangled photon pairs,” SPIE Photonics West: Advances in Photonics, of Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication, San Francisco, USA, 13-18 February 2016

Christian Wolff Wolff, C., Smith, M.J.A. “Optomechanics using COMSOL,” NUSOD Sydney, 2016 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 97 Post Deadline Presentations

1. T. Calmano, M. Ams, B. F. Johnston, P. Dekker, M. J. Withford, and C. Kränkel, “Single frequency Yb:YAG DFB waveguide laser with 2W output power,” 7th EPS-QEOD Europhoton, Post- deadline Paper PD-1.3. 2. A. Casas-Bedoya, B. Morrison, M. Pagani, D. Marpaung, B. Eggleton, “Tunable microwave notch filter enabled by SBS in silicon,” Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, LTu5D 3. M. Lapine, “Exact numerical modelling for finite samples of discrete metamaterials,” NUSOD-2016, Sydney, NSW, Australia, July 2016. 4. B. Stiller, M. Merklein, K. Vu, S. Madden, and B. Eggleton, “A coherent on-chip optical memory: storing amplitude and phase as acoustic phonons,” Nonlinear Photonics 2016, Sydney, Australia (2016), JW6A.1 5. A. Casas-Bedoya, B. Morrison, G. Ren, K. Vu, A. Zarifi, T. Nguyen, D. Choi, D. Marpaung, S. Madden, A. Mitchell, and B. J. Eggleton, "Net Brillouin gain of 18.5 dB in a hybrid silicon chip," in Frontiers in Optics 2016, Rochester, US, FF2B.8 6. M. Pelusi, A. Choudhary, T. Inoue, D. Marpaung, B. Eggleton, H.N. Tan, K. Solis-Trapala, S. Namiki, “Low noise, regeneration of optical frequency comb-lines for 64QAM enabled by SBS gain,” Proc. OECC, Niigata (Japan), PD1-3. 7. A. Blanco-Redondo, B. Bell, M. Collins, M. C. Rechtsman, M. Segev, and B. Eggleton, “Topological protection of quantum states in silicon,” CLEO: 2016 San Jose, USA, paper JTh4A.1 (2016). 98 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 99

Performance Measures, Financial Statements and Activity Plan Performance Measures & Financial Statements

Standard Performance Indicators for ARC Centres of Excellence ARC Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems

PERFORMANCE MEASURE TARGET OUTCOME RESEARCH FINDINGS Number of research outputs (A/A*) journal papers 80 102 provisional patents 3 2 Quality of research outputs Journal paper with impact factor > 6 5 12 Postdeadline presentations 5 7 Number of invited talks/papers/keynote lectures given at major 30 85 international meetings Number and nature of commentaries about the Centre’s achievements Media releases 4 15 100 Articles 4 99 RESEARCH TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Number of attended professional training courses 4 7 (orgaised by Centre) for staff and postgraduate students Number of Centre attendees at all 20 209 professional training courses Number of new postgraduate students working on core Centre research and supervised by Centre staff PhD 15 3 Masters by Research 3 1 Masters by Coursework 3 0 Number of new postdoctoral researchers recruited to the 3 9 Centre working on core Centre research Number of new Honours students working on core Centre 5 1 research and supervised by Centre staff Number of postgraduate completions and completion times, 15 21 by students working on core Centre research and supervised by Centre staff Number of Early Career Researchers 10 17 (within five years of completing PhD) working on core Centre research Number of students mentored 60 65 Number of mentoring programs 3 3 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 101

PERFORMANCE MEASURE TARGET OUTCOME INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LINKS AND NETWORKS Number of international visitors and visiting fellows 25 38 Number of national and international workshops held/organised 3 4 by the Centre Number of visits to overseas laboratories and facilities 20 70 Examples of relevant interdisciplinary research supported by the 3 3 Centre (collaboration with end-users in astronomy, environmental sensing, health science and quantum science) END-USER LINKS Number of government, industry and business community 5 4 briefings Number and nature of public awareness programs 5 4 Currency of information on the Centre’s website Updated weekly Updated daily Number of website hits 2000 15,647 Number of public talks given by Centre staff 5 7 ORGANISATIONAL SUPPORT Annual cash contributions from Collaborating Organisations 1,319,833 1,319,500 Annual in-kind contributions from Collaborating Organisations 2,742,858 2,742,858 Annual cash contributions from Partner Organisations 0 0 Annual in-kind contributions from Partner Organisations 627,909 616,573 Other research income secured by Centre staff: Number of new organisations collaborating with, 3 2 or involved in, the Centre NATIONAL BENEFIT Contribution to the National Research and Innovation Priorities Students in industry 5 4 Technology transfer 1 every 2 years 5 Industry/end-user collaboration 3 4

Centre-specific Performance Indicators for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems

PERFORMANCE MEASURE TARGET OUTCOME Cross node publications 30% 26% Publications with PIs 20% 9% Performance Measures & Financial Statements Continued

Cudos Income and Expenditure 2016

Sydney ANU Macquarie RMIT Monash UTS Total Income Carry Over 1 -224,146 -246,724 -45,261 -5,610 148,048 -2,517 -376,210 ARC Grant 1,660,274 1,191,624 315,766 468,650 208,604 127,162 3,972,080 Host Institution 560,000 385,000 101,500 173,000 60,000 40,000 1,319,500 Other ------Total Income 1,996,128 1,329,900 372,005 636,040 416,652 164,645 4,915,370 Expenditure (ARC Grant only) Salaries 1,188,719 753,930 113,096 88,478 61,239 200,255 2,405,717 Equipment 48,386 20,125 0 234,148 56,518 2,292 361,469 Travel 282,833 177,442 31,505 27,645 4,195 15,650 539,269 Consumables 66,546 276,629 0 30,182 54,693 428,050 Student Support 22,947 130,781 5,000 19,008 13,144 190,879 Printing & Pub 56,077 365 1,834 58,276 Miscellaneous 37,081 32,111 32,486 101,678

102 Total 1,702,589 1,391,017 149,601 432,312 189,789 220,031 4,085,339 Adjustment ------Carry Over -266,461 -446,117 120,904 30,728 166,863 -95,386 -489,469

1. Carry over balance shown for Sydney University differs from that in the 2015 Annual Report due to post 31 December 2015 account adjustments. Carry over balance shown for Macquarie University differs from that in the 2015 Annual Report. An audit of the account indicated that prior period closing balances were not correctly brought forward. This has been rectified in the 2016 Income & Expenditure Statement.

Income Expenditure

Miscellaneous 0.4% Host Institution Printing & Publications 0.7% support 26.8% Student Support 2.1% Salaries 58.8%

Consumables 9.5%

Travel 13%

Equipment 8.8% ARC Centre Grant 73.2 CUDOS Annual Report 2016 103 Activity Plan

Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices and with a student engaged for the next two plasmon polaritons in a graphene nano- Major directions for 2017 research include years. There are also clear opportunities for mesh to reduce dark current and improve the design of tunable metasurfaces based further system integration here including responsivity in this important spectral on approaches such as the previously low noise waveguide detectors, waveguide region. explored liquid crystal infiltration, mid- up-tapers to ease coupling of the chip Finally, the project will progress its infrared metamaterial waveguides based to the telescope, on-chip phase shifters research into 3D gyroid nanostructures on the previously developed thin-fiber and photometric taps for fringe locking, that have been shown to possess strong techniques, metamaterial interfaces for etc. We expect to perform some on-sky nonlinearities, strong and broadband circular spatial multiplexing, and fundamental testing late in 2017, and will be in the race dichroism, exceptional optical activity, and advances towards quantum metasurfaces. for fabricating devices for the CHARA and the possibility of hosting three dimensional MYSTIC international programs. We will contribute to the emerging strength topologically protected point degeneracies of all-dielectric resonant nanophotonics by Rare earth doped devices are also not going and surface states. designing and exploiting optical magnetic to cease being required. A new PhD student resonances in silicon nanoparticles, where has just been engaged on the project, firstly mode interference and new effects are to complete work on getting the doping right Nonlinear Quantum Photonics expected, with the eventual aim of achieving so that theoretically limited inversion can be In the final year of the Centre, the NQP high-quality Mie resonances. achieved, and then moving on to looking at project will continue to leverage our the MIR transitions in Erbium and hopefully We plan to advance our results in Huygens expertise in integrated photonics to develop Praseodymium with the goal of making a metasurfaces to provide broadband and solutions for future quantum networks. 3.5-5.5 micron on chip laser. This will be efficient tunable behaviour and create Specific targets include experiments to key for future on chip sensing efforts and efficient metamaterial holograms. We will further multiplex and improve the speed will also form the basis for an on-chip mode continue to explore novel nonlinear effects and efficiency of our photon sources, and locked pump source for supercontinuum in asymmetric all-dielectric metasurfaces. theory relating to detector multiplexing, generation, or frequency comb generation single-photon cross-Kerr effects, and We will further investigate the advantages for dual comb spectroscopy. the demonstration of the first fully on- of composite structures for on-chip signal Lastly, commercialisation efforts will also chip quantum relay. A stretch goal is to processing, looking into SBS enhancement continue. In addition to the developments leverage CUDOS’s telecommunications with all-silicon CMOS-compatible designs. listed above there are also opportunities to strength, reaching across to the Terabit Overall, the conclusion of the project broaden the product portfolios particularly in per second flagship project to investigate will provide substantial influence at the instrumentation and full systems. These will either quantum key distribution or quantum international scale, providing CUDOS legacy be explored in 2017 and beyond. parameter estimation with phase-sensitive and maintaining leadership in the areas amplification. of nonlinear and tunable metamaterials, optomechanical metamaterials, and all- On-Chip Nanoplasmonics dielectric metasurfaces. In 2017, the On-chip Nanoplasmonics Terabit per second Photonics project will continue its transition into The project will seek to further push back exciting new areas of nanoplasmonics limitations provided by optical nonlinearities. Hybrid Integrated research. The project will particularly focus We will continue to investigate options for The focus of the hybrid integration flagship on chiral plasmonic structures that are all-optical super-channels, looking at how project will be on the Silicon-Chalcogenide capable of interacting with the optical 'guard-bands' in wavelength multiplexed platform. To enable multiple, rapid iterations, angular moment states – both spin and systems can be filled with extra, or RMIT will fabricate a high-quality Silicon orbital – of light. The project will continue redundant, information to allow for greater photonic platform with similar performance exploring control of nano-emitters at the robustness to filtering from optical routing. to IMEC ePIXfab but with a turn-around time nano-scale, with the view of providing Moreover, there is scope for digital signal of only few weeks. This will enable several efficient and controllable emission into processing techniques to limit the effects of iterations of hybrid chalcogenide chips to plasmonic or photonic systems for more inter-channel interference, such as pair-wise be realised in 2017, establishing this as a efficient and compact sensing schemes. coding or frequency-diverse multiple-input mature process available to the Australian The area of nanoplasmonics integrated multiple-output equalization. Linking to the research community. This will be a major photodetectors will continue to be a point theme of nonlinear transmission, it is still legacy of the Hybrid Integration program. of research focus for the project, with unclear to what extent channel sub-banding the development of noble metal based can be used to limit nonlinear cross-talk, plasmonic photo detection techniques with and all-optical super-channels of the type Mid-Infrared Photonics exotic chiral geometries suited to direct we previously investigated may make The project whilst no longer a flagship detection of orbital angular momentum. efficient candidates for this application. continues apace. MIR astrophotonics is a The project will also make inroads into We will continue to collaborate across clear future direction with collaborations the mid-infrared wavelength regime, centre nodes, across centre Flagships and increasing beyond the initial target areas, exploiting the realisation of intrinsic surface with PI institutes. Projects leveraging the Activity Plan Continued

Hybrid Integration flagship's PPLN platform Creating Wealth will continue, and the establishment The commercialisation activities have of Australian Silicon Photonics at RMIT built strongly through the centre and provides an exciting new capability for the focus of our activity in 2017 will be the project to leverage rapid prototyping supporting and developing these activities of silicon photonic devices. The ALIRT to maximise the legacy at the end the end network not only allows for our project of the centre. Some of the activities have to demonstrate 'real-world' systems, already made the transition to commercial but opens the door for collaboration entities, and our extensive networks will with the Quantum Flagship on quantum assist them to explore new opportunities communication projects, such as the to grow their businesses. Other activities transfer of coherent states between labs. are yet to make the transition to stand We also look forward to further fruitful alone entities that can continue after the collaboration with PI Oxenloewe's SPOC end of the centre. Our main focus will be centre and PI Namiki's Victories project at on these activities. In some cases, this will AIST. be assisting them to finalise arrangements In the final year of the centre, we will to transfer the technology into a company. continue to do as we have done for In other cases, where the necessary R&D the past 6 years – push the limits of exceeds the remaining duration of the communication systems with clever centre we will seek other funding from photonic technologies, by successfully potential end-users to support this step. In 104 generating new ultrahigh-bandwidth every case, there is currently a viable plan devices for optical systems. for transitioning the activities during 2017.

Community Education and Training We will shape our 2017 public In the final year of the centre, the engagement program around The CUDOS Education & Training portfolio will Legacy – Continuing to make waves! host a comprehensive workshop in This provides great opportunities for communication and resume preparation, to CUDOS students and staff to participate enhance the employability of its graduates in activities including a showcase event and deliver comprehensive communication to demonstrate the impact of CUDOS skills training across a broad spectrum of research across different spheres media, specifically tailored for physicists. from commercialization of technology Our Entrepreneurship Seminar series to the training of a new generation of will continue to reinforce the notion that researchers. There will be a public lecture a PhD degree has applications beyond on Imagery in Science by Dame Athene employment in academia and does provide Donald. We will continue the school skills that are of value for other business visitation program and promote this careers. We will ensure that all students through our presence at the NSW Science are mentored to this effect. We will also Teachers Association’s various workshops. offer two topical workshops on cutting CUDOS students will participate in edge topics to round out the centre’s a training workshop to improve their successful track record in this area. communications skills. We will continue to maintain the CUDOS website and other promotional channels for our research and activities, with the aim for school students, the community and industry to learn more about photonics and our research. CUDOS | School of Physics THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY A28 | The University of Sydney | NSW | 2006 T +61 2 9351 2637 | F +61 2 9351 7726 www.cudos.org.au