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B-52 Arc Light Operations Chapter VIII B-52 Arc Light Operations Of all the Air Force weapons em­ of the huge bombers collided during ployed during the war in southeast the course of aerial refueling and both Asia, none had a more devastating plunged in flames into the Pacific. effect on the enemy than the B-52 Eight of 12 crewmen died. The results Stratofortress. Originally built in the of this mission proved difficult to 1950's as the nation's long range, come by and were fragmentary at deep penetration nuclear bomber, the best. Three Special Forces teams sent B-52 demonstrated awesome conven­ into the jungle area could find little tional power against Communist target damage before enemy snipers forces and military facilities in the two drove them out of the area. Shortly Vietnams, Laos, and Cambodia. In the after the strike, numerous newspaper early 1960's, as U.S. involvement in editorials severely criticized govern­ Southeast Asia grew, the Air Force ment officials for the operation's insig­ modified some of the big bombers for nificant results and the apparent in­ conventional warfare by installing congruity of " ... swatting flies with external racks capable of carrying 24 sledgehammers." General Westmore­ bombs and increasing the internal land, however, was well-satisfied, load from 9 to 27 bombs. Thus, in toto, pointing out that the bombs had been the modified B-52 could carry 51 of on target and the strike " very disrup­ the 500-pound or 750-pound bombs. tive" to the Viet Cong. As a final touch, the bomber's white Secretary of Defense McNamara, and highly visible nuclear blast reflec­ speaking before a Senate subcommit­ tive underside was repainted black to tee on the subject, provided the ra­ make it undetectable by the naked tionale behind the decision to use B- eye at high altitude. 52's over area targets: The Air Force flew its first B-52 We are faced with very, very heavy strike against the Communists on 18 jungle in certain portions of South June 1965. The aircraft participating in Vietnam, jungle so heavy that it is impossible to find an aiming point in this initial Arc Light strike-elements it. We know some of these jungles of the 2d and 320th Bombardment are used by the Vietcong for base Wings-had deployed to Andersen camps and for storage areas . ..Yo u AFB, Guam, from the United States on can imagine that without an ability to 17 February. The target was a suspect­ find an aiming point there, there is only one way of bombing it and that ed Viet Cong base north of Saigon in is with a random pattern ... .With the Binh Duong province containing siza­ force we had (B-52's) trained as it ble forces spread out over a large was in pattern bombing... the mili­ area. Earlier strikes at this type of tar­ tary commanders felt-and I believe get using tactical aircraft in saturation this was a proper use of the weapons­ that these strikes would destroy cer­ pattern bombing had proved unpro­ tain of the Viet Cong base areas, and, ductive. Thus the reason for the as a matter of fact , they did .. ..T here switch to the B-52. is no other feasible way of doing it. A flight of 8-52 bombers as There were several unfortunate We propose to continue. seen from the cockpit of another Stratofortress. aspects to this first B-52 mission. Two During the first few months of 149 operations, SAC responded to strike southeast slopes of the mountains. requests received from MACV, which Successive Arc Light strikes, together had to be approved by CINCPAC and with tactical aircraft sorties (almost the JCS. Once the MACV staff learned 400 sorties combined) and artillery fire how to use the big bomber effectively helped turn the enemy back. In all, the and results of the first few missions B-52's flew 96 sorties and dropped revealed extremely accurate bombing, 1,795 tons of bombs in support of the Westmoreland became convinced of 1st Cavalry. the B-52's worth and noted that it was In December, the B-52's were called " here to stay." Washington authorities in again, on this occasion in support still had reservations and placed se­ of Third Marine Amphibious Force (Ill vere controls on B-52 employment. MAF) operations (Harvest Moon) in One such control called for approval the northern portion of South Viet­ in Washington, sometimes at the nam. The Marines had joined ARVN White House level, of all proposed tar­ troops about 20 miles south of Da gets. In time, as Arc Light operations Nang to repel an advancing enemy expanded, approval authority was force. When Lt. Gen. Lewis W. Walt, Ill delegated below the Washington lev­ MAF commander, asked for air sup­ el, but the White House, Office of the port, Westmoreland noted the availa­ Secretary of Defense, and the JCS bility of B-52's. Walt then proposed their continued to receive information cop­ use against a large scale enemy build­ ies of all requests. There were other up of supplies and reinforcements in a Arc Light restrictions which remained rear area. On 12 December the Marine in effect throughout the war. These general observed the first B-52 strike were primarily measures to safeguard from a helicopter 1,000 feet aloft in the noncombatants and religious shrines vicinity of the target area. Walt subse­ in target areas. quently wired SAC's commander: " We are more than impressed with the re­ Supporting the Ground Forces sults; we are delighted. The timing was precise, the bombing accurate, In November 1965, the B-52's di­ and the overall effort awesome to rectly supported American ground behold." forces for the first time. The 1st Air On 13 and14 December the B-52's Cavalry Division-after repelling an at­ delivered additional strikes which tack in the area of the Special Forces were just as impressive. General Walt camp at Plei Me in the Central High­ subsequently remarked that the big lands- pursued the retreating Viet bombers had provided " not quite Cong in a mop-up operation near Plei­ close air support but just next to it." ku . On the 14th the division drove the Marine reconnaissance patrols harried enemy into the la Drang Val­ combed the area after the first strike ley. There, near the Cambodian border and discovered between 50 and 60 along the foothills of the Chu Phong enemy dead. The bombing also un­ mountains, the American troops un­ covered a storage area consisting of a covered a secret base area containing series of caves and bunkers. two regular NVA regiments and addi­ In October 1965 the Air Force began tional Viet Cong units. The enemy at­ further modification of the B-52- to tempted to overwhelm their pursuers increase internal loading from 27 to 84 with repeated counterattacks. As of the 500- or 750-pound bombs. The fierce ground fighting continued, on modified Stratoforts went operational 16 November a hurriedly dispatched in March 1966 and were involved in force of 18 B-52's poured 344 tons of the first Arc Light mission across the bombs on enemy positions along the DMZ into North Vietnam. On 11 April 150 and again on the 26th, they struck the the area and were directly responsible Mu Gia pass, the mountainous funnel for increasing numbers of Viet Cong through which NVA men and materiel troops defecting. In support of Bir­ passed on the way to the northern mingham, the B-52's flew 162 so rties reaches of the Ho Chi Minh trail. and dropped 3, 118 tons of ordnance, During the first strike, the largest sin­ including 220 tons of anti-personnel gle Arc Light attack to date and the munitions. The first two strikes alone largest bombing operation since World destroyed 14 Viet Cong base camps, War II, the B-52's dropped some 600 435 buildings and huts, 1,267 tons of tons of bombs. rice, and other materiel. The following Concurrently with deployment of 10 strikes between 30 April and 9 May the modified B-52, the Air Force in­ constituted the heaviest B-52 support stalled Combat Skyspot, a ground-di­ to a ground operation to that time. rected bombing system, in South Viet­ Some 6 months later, War Zone C nam . The system employed existing again became the scene of another SAC mobile ground radar guidance major search and destroy operation units and permitted MACV's targeting (Attleboro) which drew B-52 support. section considerably more latitude Beginning 8 November, the B-52 's in because selection of targets would no 200 sorties dropped more than 4,000 longer depend on a nearby, prominent tons of ordnance during the next 17 geographical feature; they had only to days. Evaluation of the bombing re­ be within range of Combat Skyspot sults proved difficult, although MACV equipment. Using the radar, a control­ reported numerous hits on the Com­ ler would direct the bombers along a munist headquarters and the death of designated route to a bomb drop at least one top leader. point, providing enroute corrected Ammunition stores and deeply dug headings and speed as needed. Then, enemy trenches and tunnels we re at the proper moment, the pilot re­ primary B-52 targets in support of ceived a signal to release his bombs. Operation Cedar Falls, conducted dur­ Combat Skyspot not only provided ing 8-26 January 1967. Cedar Fal ls flexibility in targeting, but its accuracy involved a concentrated ground as­ soon surpassed that of the previously sault upon an enemy stronghold cov­ used radar synchronous bombing.
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