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Buffalo River National Park Landscape Study

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Buffalo River National Park Landscape Study BUFFALO NATIONAL RIVER THEME IDENTIFICATION CONTEXT STUDIES AND PROPERTY EVALUATIONS SOL: N6068030063 Thomason and Associates Preservation Planners Nashville, Tennessee And Hawkins Partners Landscape Architects Nashville, Tennessee September, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Geophysical Setting and Background………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Historic Overview…...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Historic Context #1: Settlement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...20 Historic Context #2: Agriculture……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...26 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...33 Historic Context #3: Transportation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..36 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...49 Historic Context #4: Civil War………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..51 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...54 Historic Context #5: Industry…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...64 Historic Context #6: Religion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...71 Historic Context #7: Education……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….72 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...81 Historic Context #8: Recreation and Conservation…………………………………………………………………………………………………...83 Associated Property Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...95 Cultural Landscape Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...97 Individual Geographic Areas: Boxley Valley……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….101 Ponca………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..113 Erbie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...124 Pruitt………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...173 Central………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………183 A. Hasty…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….183 B. Carver…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...186 C. Mt. Hersey………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………189 D. Reddell-Hensley………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...195 E. Woolum/Richland Valley……………………………………………………………………………………………………….196 Three Bend………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….216 Eastern………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………232 Lower Buffalo Area…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………261 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..259 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……...261 THEME IDENTIFICATION, CONTEXT STUDIES, AND PROPERTY EVALUATIONS BUFFALO NATIONAL RIVER NEWTON, SEARCY, BAXTER, AND MARION COUNTIES, ARKANSAS THOMASON AND ASSOCIATES PRESERVATION PLANNERS NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SEPTEMBER 2004 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE MIDWEST REGIONAL OFFICE LIST OF CLASSIFIED STRUCTURES AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES INVENTORY Reviewed:______________________________________________________ __________________ Superintendent, Buffalo National River Date INTRODUCTION The Buffalo National River (BUFF) was established March 1, 1972 In addition to this report, final products for this project include a list and encompasses 135 miles of the 150-mile Buffalo River in of all surveyed properties, assessment of integrity, and National northwest Arkansas. The park is administered by the National Park Register status or eligibility. A total of 110 sites were inventoried Service (NPS) and was intended to preserve and protect the Buffalo within the park and each site was recorded through a Cultural River in its natural state as a free-flowing stream. As the park was Resources Inventory (CRI) form. The forms contain data on the formed, The NPS either purchased tracts within the proposed park history, architecture, and landscape elements of each site as well as boundaries or protected them through scenic easements. site plans and photographs. In addition to purchasing the land, the federal government also From these efforts, this project provides a comprehensive inventory acquired dozens of buildings and structures occupying the land. of buildings, structures, and above-ground sites within the park These included significant resources such as the Rush Historic boundaries that are fifty years old or older and the application of Mining District, the Parker-Hickman Homestead, and Cold Springs National Register criteria to each surveyed site. From this analysis, School. Absorbed within the park were also numerous nineteenth properties meeting National Register criteria can be considered as and early twentieth century dwellings and farmsteads. Some of these part of future planning efforts for the BUFF. This inventory and properties were preserved and maintained. Others were razed or assessment are part of the National Park Service’s responsibilities in abandoned. Since the 1970s, eight properties within the park have its cultural resource management under Section 110 of the National been listed on the National Register of Historic Places or have been Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. determined eligible for the National Register. This report contains a brief historic overview of the Buffalo River Valley and a summary of eight identified historic contexts within the park. Following each historic context is a review of related property types as well as a list of properties associated with those property types. The report also provides an evaluation of cultural landscapes within the park and a discussion of National Register status or eligibility of individual properties. The report examines the park’s cultural landscapes through eight geographical divisions, and individual properties are addressed within their associated areas. Only contexts associated with the above-ground resources of the park are addressed. A comprehensive analysis of all archaeological contexts was not within the scope of this study. 1 Methodology The analysis of resources within Buffalo National River includes evaluations of potential eligibility of its cultural landscapes, which This project has been completed in accordance with guidelines and are rural in character. A rural historic landscape is defined as a methodology outlined in National Register Bulletin 15, “How to “geographical area that historically has been used by people, or Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation,” and National shaped or modified by human activity, occupancy, or intervention, Register Bulletin 30, “Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting and that possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity Rural Historic Landscapes.” Published by the National Park Service, of areas of land use, vegetation, buildings and structures, roads and these bulletins provide information on how to recognize and evaluate waterways, and natural features.”1 The evidence of human use or overall National Register criteria and the specific significance of land activity is examined through eleven landscape characteristics: use and occupation in rural America. 1. Land use and activities; The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the nation's 2. Patterns of spatial organization; official list of properties significant in architecture, history, and 3. Response to the natural environment; culture. Eligible properties may be significant on a local, state, or 4. Cultural traditions; national level. The NRHP is administered by the National Park 5. Circulation networks; Service and Keeper of the Register who makes the final decision 6. Boundary demarcations; about whether a property should be listed. Properties that are eligible 7. Vegetation related to land use; for the NRHP receive the same consideration as those that are listed. 8. Buildings, structures, and objects; 9. Clusters; In order to be listed on the NRHP, a property must possess historic 10. Archaeological sites, and; significance and integrity. A property is eligible for listing on the 11. Small-scale elements. NRHP if it meets one or more of the following criteria: These eleven landscape characteristics were referenced in evaluating Criterion A: association with historic events or activities; each above-ground property during the course of this project. Criterion B: association with important persons; Criterion C: distinctive design or physical characteristics; or In order to complete this project, historical data was reviewed at the Criterion D: properties that have yielded, or may be likely to BUFF headquarters in Harrison, Arkansas. A substantial amount of yield, information about prehistory or history. cultural information is on file at this office including historical accounts, photographs, and other data. This material was accessed In addition, the property must retain integrity (i.e., its sense of time and utilized during the course of this project. Two excellent histories and place.) Integrity is composed of seven qualities, which are: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and 1 “National Register Bulletin 30, Guidelines for Evaluating and association. Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes,” (Washington DC: National Park Service, n.d.), 1-2. 2 of the BUFF and the region were utilized in this study: Let the River also identified by their associated Tract number. No archaeological
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