ORIGIN OF SHAFTER, WHALEN. AND LAZY X RANCH LAKE BASINS, ANDREWS COUNTY, TEXAS

by ROGER M. DOCKERY, B.S.

A THESIS

IN

GEOLOGY

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Approved

Accepted

December 1989 C^'^ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. C.C. Reeves, Jr., for providing this project and for his friendship, advice and guidance, to Dr. S.E. Cebull and Dr. A.D. Jacka for their advice and serving as committee members, and to Dr. G.B. Asquith for his helpful advice.

I would like to thank the Midland Energy Library tor providing data used for this project, and the Texas Tech Department of Geosciences for financial support. Thanks to Judy Vincent and Dan McCrummen for their helpful suggestions.

I am very grateful to my parents for their never- ending love and support, without their support I could not have completed this project.

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Location and Description of

Study Area 1 Purpose of Study 5 Method of Study 6 Previous Studies 7 II. REGIONAL GEOLOGY 14 Structure 14 Stratigraphy 18 III. GEOLOGY OF SHAFTER, WHALEN, AND LAZY X

RANCH BASINS 25

Permian Salt Dissolution 26

Structural Displacement in the Triassic 42 Structural Displacement on the Base of the Ogallala Formation 51 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY 62

APPENDICES A. SHAFTER LAKE WELL LOCATIONS 69 B . WHALEN LAKE WELL LOCATIONS 7 5 C. LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION WELL LOCATIONS 79 111 LIST OF FIGURES

Index map of the Southern High Plains showing the location of Andrews County, Texas. (After Finley and Gustavson, 1981) 2 Index map of Andrews County, Texas, showing the locations of Shafter Lake, Whalen Lake and I the Lazy X Ranch Depression 3 n. Stratigraphic column showing formations examined and stratigraphic positions of marker beds f correlated in the study area 8 t 4. Map of Permian salt dissolution limits in the Texas Panhandle. (Copied from Gustavson et al., 1980) 11 5. Index map of the major structural features of West Texas. Asterisk (*) indicates location of the study area 15 |i 6. Well location map of the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 27 7. North-South cross section of the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas 28 I 8. East-West cross section of the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas 29 9. Structure map on the Rustler Formation in the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 31 10. Well location map of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 32 11. North-South cross section of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas 33 12. East-West cross section of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County. Texas 34

iv 13. Structure map on the Rustler Formation in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area....36

14. Well location map of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area 37 l^. North-South cross setion of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas 38 16. East-West cross section of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas 40

17. Structure map on the Rustler Formation in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County. Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area 41 18. Structure map on Marker Bed #4 in the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 43 19. Structure map on Marker Bed #5 in the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 44

20. Structure map on Marker Bed #4 in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 47 21. Structure map on Marker Bed #5 in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 48 22. Structure map on Marker Bed #4 in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area 49 23. Structure map on Marker Bed #5 in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area 50

24. Structure map on the base of the Ogallala Formation in the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area 52 Structure map on the base of the Ogallala ]5. Formation in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area , 53

26. Structure map on the base of the Ogallala Formation in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area 55

VI CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Location and Description of Study Area

Andrews County, Texas, lies in the southern part of the Southern High Plains of West Texas (Fig. 1). The specific study areas of Shafter Lake, Whalen Lake, and the Lazy X Ranch Depression, are all located west of Andrews in Andrews County, Texas (Fig. 2). The Southern High Plains, also known as the Llano Estacado, is the eroded remnant of a vast piediment alluvial plain which formed on the eastern slope of the southern Rocky Mountains during Tertiary time. Bordered on the north by the Canadian River valley, on the east by the "Caprock" Escarpment, on the west by the Mescalero Escarpment, and on the south by the Edwards Plateau, the essentially flat, plateau-like surface of the Southern High Plains has an average southeasterly slope of approximately 8 to 10 feet per mile. Local relief is provided by tens of thousands of natural depressions with maximum relief occuring around the larger saline lake basins where sand dunes have accumulated along the downwind flanks.

The Southern High Plains is a semi-arid region with an average precipitation of 18 to 20 inches per year, but

1 OHJ

/'. l;.;-;-:J «oulMrnHlgl

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Figure 1. Index map of the Southern High Plains showing the location of Andrews County, Texas. (After Finley and Gustavson, 1981) X

>1 CJ> N c ro •« J 5 0 O x: x; W J-) »n n c ro ro X 0) (U E- ^ ro . J >i 4J c C (U 3 r-l 0 ro u s: 3: m 5 * (U 0) ;j ii -o ro c J < j-i U-4 0) 0 JJ w a ro ro J= E w X «-i C cj 0 0 T! •H c m O M C tn 0 Q) -H Ul . JJ c rs ro o U Q

Climatic conditions for Andrews County (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey, 1974) are considered cool-temperate and dry with low precipitation and high evaporation. Average precipitation is approximately 13.89 inches per year, the majority falling between April and October. Evaporation is reported by the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey (1974) to be approximately 58 inches greater than the annual precipitation.

The Shafter Lake Basin is located approximately 6.8 miles north and 4.5 miles west of Andrews, Texas (Fig. 2). The Whalen Lake Basin is located approximately 5.9 miles north and 14.8 miles west of Andrews (Fig. 2), and about 9.8 miles west of the Shafter Basin. The Lazy X Ranch Depression, named for the Lazy X Ranch, is located about 6.1 miles due west of Andrews and approximately 6.8 miles south of the Shafter Lake Basin (Fig. 2). However, whereas both the Shafter and Whalen basins contain saline playas, the Lazy X Ranch Basin is covered by the entisol of the Krade soil series, and the aridisols of the Blakeney, Conger, and Ratliff soil series (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey, 1974), no lacustrine playa is obvious.

Purpose of Study

Approximately 17,000 small playa lake basins, which intermittently contain freshwater during climatically wet periods, exist on the Texas portion of the Southern High Plains of West Texas (Parks, 1967). Also present throughout the West Texas and eastern New Mexico area are at least 44 larger lake basins (Reeves, 1989) which tend to contain salty water and/or salt encrusted playas. Wood and Jones (1988) classify these basins as saline based on high pH values and high concentrations of sulfate and chloride; however, studies show that pH values are seldom over 8.0, thus the term "saline" is preferred.

Recent studies (Gustavson and others, 1980; Reeves and Temple, 1986; Reeves, 1989) of the large saline basins reveal that some are underlain by areas of deep- seated Permian salt dissolution. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to determine if Shafter, Whalen, and the smaller Lazy X Ranch basins in Andrews County, Texas, are surficial manifestations reflecting the dissolution 6 of underlying Permian salt beds or simply the result of surficial weathering processes.

Method of Study

The three study sites (Shafter, Whalen, and the Lazy X Ranch) are all located in, or surrounded by, producing oil fields, thus the availability of geophysical logs provides excellent control for subsurface mapping. The North Andrews and Shafter Lake oil fields are located in the Shafter Basin, the Fullerton oil field is located in the Whalen Basin, and the Deep Rock and Andrews oil fields are located in the Lazy X Ranch Basin.

Structure maps and cross-sections of the three basin areas were constructed, using geophysical logs, to determine if dissolution and collapse of underlying strata has occurred. Cross sections were drawn at large scale (vertical exaggeration of 80) to assist in measurement of any small amounts of dissolution and structural subsidence which may be present.

Correlation of formations was based mainly on the response of gamma ray-neutron logs. Structural maps were constructed on top of the Permian Rustler Formation, on marker beds (MB) within the Triassic section, and on the base of the Ogallala Formation. The base of the Ogallala (top of MB #1) was based on data from the Texas Department of Water Resources (1981). Upper Permian and 7 Triassic formation tops were based on stratigraphic data from Byerley (1957), Henderson and Hills (1957), Keener (1957), Van Den Bark (1957), Williams (1957), and Zimmerman (1957).

North-south and east-west cross sections were constructed for each of the basins. The tops of seven

marker beds (MB #1 through MB #7) were correlated in the Triassic section as were the Permian Dewey Lake, Rustler, Salado, Tansill, and Yates formations (Fig. 3).

Previous Studies Gilbert (1895), noting the removal of fine sediment from basins and subsequent deposition as dunes along basin margins, suggested that High Plains lake basins were formed and subsequently altered by wind deflation.

Johnson (1901) proposed two processes for basin formation on the High Plains. For the smaller, near- circular basins, Johnson (1901) suggested formation due to infiltrating water which periodically ponds in the basin resulting in mechanical compaction of sediment as well as chemical solution of soluble particles. Johnson (1901) also theorized that the larger, irregularly shaped basins were formed because of dissolution of underlying

Permian salts followed by collapse of solution caverns and overlying strata. SYSTEM FORMATION f MARKER BED TERTIARY OOALLALA

CRETACEOUS MARKER BED 1 ? TRIASSIC MARKER BED 2

MARKER BED 3

MARKER BED 4

TRIASSIC MARKER BED 5

MARKER BED 6

MARKER BED 7

DEWEY LAKE

RUSTLER

PERMIAN SALADO

TANSILL

YATES

Figure 3. Stratigraphic column showing formations examined and stratigraphic positions of marker beds correlated in the study area. Evans and Meade (1945) suggested that some lake

basins on the Southern High Plains probably formed by

subsidence; however, they concluded the most probable

cause was deflation because of the ever-present dune

ridges associated with the basins. Judson (1950),

studying depressions in eastern New Mexico, reached the

conclusion that shallow depressions: ... are formed not by collapse into the underground or by differential subsidence in the Tertiary deposits, but by a combination of leaching and wind deflation throughout Pleistocene time.

Reeves (1966) and Reeves and Parry (1969) also thought that most small playa basins were the result of deflation as evidenced by the fringing dunes. Reeves and Parry (1969) also stated that the larger basins may have elongated perpendicular to prevailing wind directions due to "end current" erosion. Later, Reeves (1971) theorized that although most small playa lake basins resulted from deflation, natural depositional lows in the Pleistocene sands or natural depressions on the "caprock" caliche and/or solution of the caliche where it is exposed, could have also been formational factors.

Recent studies, especially in the Texas Panhandle, have concentrated on dissolution and related collapse features associated with the upper Permian evaporite sequence (Permian salts). Studies by Gustavson and others (1980), Gustavson and Budnik (1985), Gustavson and 10 Finely (1985), and Gustavson (1986) have revealed large areas of upper Permian salt dissolution, particularly in the Salado and Seven Rivers Formations. The dissolution of the Salado and Seven Rivers formations (revealed by structural lows on the overlying Alibates Formation) and the development of the Canadian River Valley along a dissolution-induced structural trough (Gustavson, 1986), all indicate Permian salt dissolution has been a long active process beneath the northern part of the Southern High Plains, and particularly in the area north of the Canadian River Valley.

Gustavson and others (1980) mapped the Salado "salt"

Formation dissolution limits, defining a boundary extending from Cochran County northeastward to the northwest corner of Floyd County, and then southward into eastern Crosby County (Fig. 4). However, Reeves and

Temple (1986) and Reeves (1989) documented areas of salt dissolution in the interior of the Southern High Plains, south of the limits mapped by Gustavson and others

(1980), refering to these as "point-source" dissolution areas.

Osterkamp and Wood (1987) theorized, ...playa development and enlargement occurs by (a) carbonate dissolution by groundwater in unsaturated zones, (b) piping of water and fine clastic material toward the zone of saturation, and (c) eluviation by groundwater of dissolved and particulate matter. 11

j li;;_/(L::l-.i, |cocm«"^OV|* KXXHT

) PolMdlttoMlon

Figure 4. Map of Permian salt dissolution limits in the Texas Panhandle. (Copied from Gustavson et al., 1980) 12 Caran and Dubar (1987) have also supported the theory of playa formation as a result of dissolution of near surface carbonates; however, neither study suggests that localized dissolution of near-surface carbonates could initiate dissolution of deeper underlying Permian salt beds. Reeves (1989) has recently proposed "... a progressive sequential evolution..." for the playa lake basins of the Southern High Plains. Reeves (1989) terms the youngest, immature basins (i.e., "playa lakes"), which are generally near-circular in shape and with topograghic relief of only 10 to 15 feet. Type I basins. With time Type I basins develop, by the combined process of near-surface carbonate dissolution (as suggested by Wood and Osterkamp, 1987) and deflation, into Type II basins. Type II basins, because of the deflation, are flanked by fringing dunes and, due to near-surface dissolution, contain thicker lacustrine sections than Type I basins: relief is in the neighborhood of 25 to 50 feet.

Type III basins, representing old, well-developed basins, are much larger than Type I and Type II basins, usually covering more than 3 mi^. Type III basins develop from select Type II basins which are fortuitously located over areas where fractures are well developed in underlying Triassic and/or Cretaceous sections. The 13 fractures allow the infiltration of overlying groundwater which eventually leads to dissolution of the deep-seated Permian salt beds. Thus, Type III basins contain very thick lacustrine sections and, due to their extensive age, usually have two flanking dune trends. Most Type III basins have elongate shapes, and topograghic relief i in the order of 30 to 100 feet. Texas Tech University

Institute for Studies in Pragmaticism 304K Library/Lubbock, Texas 79409/(806) 742-3128 Telefax: (806) 742-1920/BITNET: BXOKY @ TTUVMl

25 June 1992 Dr- E. Dale Cluff Director of Libraries Campus Dear Dale: You may recall last year that you agreed to correct the Library's listing in the campus phone book to remove the erroneous entry for the Institute — it should not appear at all under the Library. But as it turned out, it was too late to accomplish it last year, and you promised to remove it in this year's listing. I Just spoke with Ms. Conway in Communication Services, and I understand the Institute listing is still in the Library's listing submitted for the forthcoming directory. Therefore, would you please confirm to Ms. Conway in writing right away that the Institute listing is to be deleted from within the Library's listing? I have also asked Mary Drake in Research Services to revise the listing for the Institute within "Centers and Institutes," and I also recommended to Mary that this Institute should also have a separate entry, as some institutes already have. Actually, I think all institutes and centers should appear both in "Centers and Institutes" as well as individually. Some of our the best work on campus is done in these organizations, and we should make every opportunity to put them before the public, or to aid the public to access them.

Cordially, ^4^7^ Kenneth Laine Ketner Copies: Dean Winer, Mary Drake, Kathleen Harris, Tammy Conway

25 Jure 1992 Dr. duff: Ketrsr — ja^ 1 15

TX. to mlimi

N.U TX.

^oj^

• STUDYAKEA

Figure 5. Index map of the major structural features of West Texas. Asterisk (*) indicates location of the study area. 16 The Central Basin Platform, which trends northwest- southeast across West Texas into southeastern New Mexico (Fig. 5), is approximately 150 miles long and 45 miles wide (Marshall, 1956). According to Galley (1968), "the Central Basin Platform was constructed on a base that is of tectonic origin, a complex of faulted uplifts..." Hills (1970) theorized the deformation of the Central Basin Platform to be the result of eastward continental movement in late Paleozoic time. The Delaware Basin, a north-south trending, elongate basin that extends for about 200 miles along the western margin of the Central Basin Platform (Fig. 5), has a depth of approximately 20,000 feet. The Midland Basin, located along the eastern flank of the Central Basin Platform (Fig. 5) parallels the platform for about 200 miles; however, the Midland Basin is much shallower than the Delaware Basin, having a depth of only 4000 to 5000 feet (NUS Corporation, 1983) .

By the end of the Pennsylvanian period a rejuvenation of Mississippian folding and faulting occurred, and the Central Basin Platform was further uplifted and exposed to erosion (Huffington, 1951, Stipp, 1956, and Marshall, 1956). After folding, faulting, and erosion of pre-Permian stata the area again subsided and Permian seas advanced across the region (Huffington, 1951). 17 King and others (1942) theorized that "the structure of Permian rocks has not been greatly modified by post- Permian deformation except in the mountains of the Trans- Pecos region, where they are locally involved in the Tertiary folds and more generally cut by Tertiary normal faults..." Harrington (1963), however, theorized that local deformation of upper Permian beds resulted from supratenuous folds as fault blocks subsided at different rates, giving the impression of simple rejuvenation of horizontal compression.

According to Huffington (1951) the Permian Basin area again subsided during the Triassic period. A major change in the geography of the Permian Basin took place after the Triassic period, the area evolving from a basin surrounded by highlands to a relatively flat surface which sloped to the southwest (Huffington, 1951). Uplift also occurred at the end of Cretaceous time due to mountain building in New Mexico and the Trans-Pecos area of West Texas (Huffington, 1951). Ward (1989, personal communication) suggested that local structural deformation of the upper Permian and Triassic section may have resulted from rejuvenation of previous structures during the late Cretaceous mountain building events. 18 Stratiqraqhv The Precambrian Texas Craton is a mass of plutonic rocks extending from central Texas into southeastern New Mexico (Flawn, 1956). Local patches of alteration occur along the eastern edge of the Central Basin Platform region in Andrews County, Texas (Flawn, 1954 and 1956). Throughout early and middle Paleozoic time marine transgressions and regressions, accompanied by tectonic activity, occurred in the Permian Basin region, resulting in thick sedimentary sequences. Sediments of pre- Mississippian age consist principally of carbonates and sandstones, Mississippian strata are dominated by shale and limestone (Galley, 1958), and post-Mississippian-pre- Triassic sediments are mainly marine shales, carbonates, sandstones, and evaporites. Subsequent to Mississippian folding, erosion removed Mississippian and older strata along the Central Basin Platform (Stipp, 1956); thus, Pennsylvanian strata often overlie Devonian and older strata. Pennsylvanian sediments consist mainly of interbedded marine shale, sandstone, and limstones (Galley, 1958).

During early Permian time (Wolfcampian) the Permian Basin was a subsiding area surrounded by the Central Basin and Diablo Platforms on which thick sequences of carbonates accumulated (Galley, 1958). However, by Guadalupian time, the combination of falling sea levels 19 and reef growth isolated much of the Permian Basin from the open sea, salinity increased, and deposition was dominated by evaporite deposits (King, 1942). Upper Guadalupian strata (the Whitehorse Group) consist of the Grayburg, Queen, Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill formations (Giesey and Fulk, 1941; King and others, 1942). The Grayburg Formation is basically dolomite with red and gray sandstone and small amounts of anhydrite (Jones, 1953). The overlying Queen Formation consists of red and gray sandstone with interbedded dolomite (Jones, 1953), with halite and anhydrite reported in some localities (Mear, 1968), and the overlying Seven Rivers Formation is principally an evaporite section of alternating layers of anhydrite and salt with red sandstone, shale, and in some localities small amounts of dolomite (Giesey and Fulk, 1941; Jones, 1953) .

The Yates Formation, overlying the Seven Rivers, consists of fine red sand containing large, rounded, frosted grains with thin beds of anhydrite, salt and red shale (Giesey and Fulk, 1941). Mear and Yarbrough (1961) theorized that the Yates Formation was deposited, "in a shallow, back-reef evaporating basin." The clastic material of the Yates Formation was derived from the southern and eastern shelves, streams deposited the clastic material near shore, which was then distributed 20 across the relatively shallow lagoonal basin by water currents and wave action. Near the end of Guadalupian time the southern and eastern shelves no longer provided clastic material to the basin and evaporite depostion again dominated (Mear and Yarbrough, 1961). The Tansill Formation, the upper most formation of the Whitehorse Group which marks the end of Guadalupian time, consists of anhydrite, red shale and sandstone, and thin beds of salt (Giesey and Fulk, 1941). The earliest Ochoan unit, the Salado Formation, consists mainly of salt and anhydrite with small amounts of dolomite and thin beds of red sand and polyhalite (Giesey and Fulk, 1941; Jones, 1953). The Salado Formation was deposited as a regionally thick and extensive evaporite unit in intertidal and supratidal environments (McGillis and Presley, 1981). The overlying Rustler Formation consists of anhydrite, salt, and red sand (Giesey and Fulk, 1941) with some dolomite and a basal zone of sand, conglomerate and variegated shale (Jones, 1953). The Rustler Formation is the equivalent of the Alibates Formation in the Texas Panhandle and was deposited in an intertidal to supratidal environment (McGillis and Presley, 1981). Overlying the Rustler Formation is the Dewey Lake Formation which consists of medium-grained red sandstone with interbedded sandy shales and small amounts of 21 gypsum, (Giesey and Fulk, 1941) and gypsum and anhydrite cements (Jones, 1953). The Dewey Lake Formation marks the end of Permian deposition in the Permian Basin.

The Triassic Dockum Group in the West Texas area consists of the Tecovas, Santa Rosa, and Chinle formations (Giesey and Fulk, 1941) which consist mainly

of dark red shales and red sandstones (Giesey and Fulk, 1941). Jones (1953) considered the depositional evironment of the Dockum Group to be terrestrial and fluvial with local lake deposits and dune sands. Recently May and Lehman (1989) determined that the Dockum section in the Texas Panhandle consists of non-marine red beds of fluvial origin with minor aeolian and pond deposits, which are representative of the Tecovas and Trujillo formations.

Cretaceous strata of the Comanche Series, containing the Trinity, Fredericksburg, and Washita groups, unconformablly overlie the Triassic Dockum Group. The Trinity Group is represented by the Paluxy Sand, a white to purple unconslidated, well-sorted quartz sand (Brand, 1953). The Fredericksburg Group consists of the Walnut,

Camanche Peak, Edwards, and Kiamichi formations. The Walnut Formation consists of light gray limestone, shale, and sandstone (Brand, 1953), overlain by the massive light gray limestone and interbedded shale of the 22 Comanche Peak Formation (Brand, 1953) . The overlying Edwards Formation consists of massive light gray to grayish-yellow limestone (Brand, 1953) which becomes

increasingly sandy to the north. The Kiamichi Formation

consists of dark gray to yellowish-brown shale with thin limestone and sandstone beds (Brand, 1953).

The Washita Group, marking the end of Cretaceous deposition, is composed of the Duck Creek Formation, a yellow shale unit with thin layers of yellowish-brown limestone (Brand, 1953).

After depositon and withdrawal of the Cretaceous seas erosion removed parts of the Cretaceous section over much of the Southern High Plains (Brand, 1953). In fact, Giesey and Fulk (1941) report that the entire Cretaceous section, except for the "basement" sand (Paluxy sand), is absent from the North Cowden Oil Field, Ector County, Texas.

The Ogallala Formation of the Southern High Plains, deposited on the Cretaceous erosional surface, consists of fluvial gravel, sand, silt, and clay (Reeves, 1972), the top of which is marked by the massive "caprock" caliche (Reeves, 1976). Seni (1980) suggested that the

Ogallala Formation resulted from the merging of alluvial fans of different ages; however. Reeves (1984) proposed the Ogallala to be a series of coalescent fans of the same age. 23 The late Tertiary-early Quaternary deposits of the Southern High Plains have been divided into the Blanco

(Pliocene) and Tule formations (Reeves, 1976). According

to Pierce (1973) the Blanco beds were deposited under

arid to semi-arid conditions during late Pliocene or

early Pleistocene time, accumulating slowly in a playa lake environment. The Blanco beds consist of near-white sands, silts, and clays with some gravel and carbonate lentils (Reeves, 1976), as where the Tule Formation consists of light colored sands, greenish bentonitic

clay, some thin beds of lacustrine carbonate, volcanic ash, and lenses of sand and gravel (Reeves, 1976).

Late Quaternary sediments consist of the Blackwater

Draw, Double Lakes, and Tahoka formations. The Blackwater Draw Formation, originally termed the "cover sands" (Frye and Leonard, 1957) is aeolian in origin, consisting of yellow-red (SYR 5/6, 4/6) to reddish-yellow

(5YR 4/4, 3/4) sands which increase in thickness to the northeast (Reeves, 1976). Reeves (1976) considered the Blackwater Draw Formation to be of Illinoian age, overlying the Tule Formation and underlying the Double

Lakes Formation. However, Gustavson and Holliday (1985) suggest extending the name to all aeolian sands which have accumulated during post-Ogallala time on the Southern High Plains. 24 The early Wisconsin sediments of the Double Lakes Formation, named for the section in the Double Lakes Basin in Lynn County, Texas (Reeves, 1976), consist of dark olive gray (5GY 4/1) to olive gray (5GY 6/1) dense clay with zones of epsomite and gypsum crystals (Reeves,

1976) . The Tahoka Formation (Evans and Meade, 1945) represents sediments which accumulated in the last permanent lakes sustained on the Southern High Plains during late Pleistocene time. Depending on facies (near- shore or offshore), the Tahoka Formation may consist of sand, gravel, gypsum, carbonate lenses, and/or black to blue-gray clay (Reeves, 1976).

The most recent widespread deposits on the Southern High Plains are aeolian and range in thickness from 20 to 40 feet (Evans and Meade, 1945). However, in topographically low Type I and Type II playa basins the black (2.5Y 2/1) lacustrine Randall soil has accumulated. Radiocarbon dates show the Randall Clay has accumulated over the last 10,000 years (Blackstock, 1979; Osterkamp, 1987; Reeves, 1989). CHAPTER III GEOLOGY OF SHAFTER, WHALEN, AND LAZY X RANCH BASINS

The most recent studies of lake basins on the

Southern High Plains, which are similar to the Shafter,

Whalen, and Lazy X Ranch basins, suggest the basins could have originated from dissolution of deep-seated Permian salt beds (Gustavson and others, 1980; Gustavson and

Finely, 1985; Temple, 1986; Reeves and Temple, 1986;

Howard, 1987; and Ateiga, 1989), from eluviation and carbonate solution in near-surface sediments (Wood and

Osterkamp, 1987; Osterkamp and Wood, 1987), or from a progressive, long-term process of groundwater infiltration along fracture zones, leading to localized eluviation, structural subsidence and eventually dissolution of underlying Permian salt beds (Reeves,

1989) . The Shafter Lake Basin in Andrews County, Texas (Fig. 2), is elliptically-shaped with an area of approximately 23 square miles and relief of approximately 125 feet. The present round to rectangular-shaped playa has an area of approximateky 2 square miles.

The Whalen Lake Basin, approximately 14.8 miles northwest of Andrews, Texas (Fig. 2), has an area of approximately 8 square miles with a present playa of 25 26 approximately 0.5 square miles and basin relief of

approximatley 70 feet. The basin and present playa are

round to rectangular in shape.

The Lazy X Ranch Depression west of Andrews in

Andrews County, Texaa (Fig. 2), is a rectangular-shaped

depression with no discernable playa deposits. The

depression has an area of approximatley 2 square miles

and relief of approximately 35 feet.

Permian Salt Dissolution Shafter Basin. Eighty-eight geophysical logs were used to construct structural cross sections and structural maps beneath the Shafter Lake Basin (Fig. 6). The N-S cross section (Fig. 7) shows an irregular surface, with approximatley 50 feet of relief, on top of the Rustler Anhydrite. As much as 60 feet of the Rustler Formation is missing in well #2 (between wells #8 and #41S) and approximately 50 feet of thinning occurs in well #1S between well #28S and #94. Examination of the gamma ray logs; however, indicates that thinning of the Rustler occurs within the formation, thus may be due to an intraformational unconformity rather than dissolution. The E-W cross section of the Shafter Lake Basin (Fig. 8) does not show an irregular surface on top of the Rustler Anhydrite, but it does reveal irregular thinning. tec 0) o en en o ro QJ •J CO i^ lu o a lu 5 a•J. 0) 0) ii (-1 < o ro o J ro u u

u-l TD ro 0) x; -i-i o x:

r-» u_i E-t O a • ro tn E ro

C Q) O E-« -H ro Q) ro >i J-I u -u ro o c 3 0 ro i-i U ro s 3: S o a; )-i "^? • "O Ucl u »-. •uJ < u. •J i-i » s•^ UJ 3 ro 10 i -H J-I .c UJ ro jj Figure 7. North-South cross section of the Shafter Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. jisa,

JM

ection of the Shafter Lake Figure 8. East-West cross s Basin area, Andrews County, Texas 30 For example, the Rustler is approximately 70 feet thick in well #19S, which is approximately 70 feet thinner than in well #3, and 105 feet thinner than in well #66. The section also shows an anticlinal structure beneath the western portion of the Shafter basin which is the anticlinal trap of the Shafter Lake and Deep Rock oil fields (Zimmerman, 1957).

The structural map on top of the Rustler Formation in the Shafter Lake area (Fig. 9) shows no closed depressions, suggesting that the irregular Rustler I surface on the N-S cross section (Fig. 7) may be

indicative of incipient dissolution and closely spaced well control.

Whalen Basin. Structural cross sections and maps for the Whalen Lake Basin were constructed from 54 geophysical logs (Fig. 10). The N-S cross section (Fig. 11) shows approximately 45 feet of structural relief (draping) on the Rustler Formation, 65 feet on top of the Tansill Formation and 75 feet on top of the Yates Formation. This upward decrease in structural relief thru the section is indicative of a dissolution cavity (Ege, 1984), probably in the underlying Seven Rivers and/or San Andres formations.

The E-W cross section of the Whalen Lake Basin (Fig. 12) does not show structural relief on the upper 31

* OJ o J= ^ i-l . ^ o C (1) fX o • 1 .J •H .C E-i -.J n U Ui 0 •H . • o n th e Rustle r Forma t Andrew s County , Texa h e presen t play a area . 0. ro ro 3 Eon lu J-I j-> c oj ro = h- U 0) oa 3 c m =3 •U -H 0) c u en J-I to 3 ro D< ^ U CO o o •"-> J-I Ul ^ K 0) 5 ro c; < o c^. ro a: u. Jj UJ cr Q) C -a K u t. ^ a U- •J 3 >-i J-J »o D> ro -i-J a: -rt .= 0 '•'i cs U- W ^3 32

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WHALEN LAKE

WELL LOCATION MAP • CONTROL POINT Figure 10. Well location map of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area. OwT«m« Bmy Left 1 mile

DATUU • SEA LEVet. Figure 11. North-South cross section of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. IL W 1JW ew

WHAUCH LAKE BASIN

jum

I mile Cmmn%a Kmf Lo^s

DATVU ' S£A LCYtL Figure 12. East-West cross section of the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. 35 permain section but does show the Rustler Formation i thinning to the east, being approximately 95 feet thinner

f in well #15 than in well #52 at the west end of the section. Maximum thinning occurs between wells #296 and jfl5, where approximately 40 feet of the Rustler is missing within the section. Thinning of the Rustler Formation in the Whalen Basin area is interpreted as intrafromational unconformity rather than dissolution. The E-W cross section also shows the anticlinal structure

of the Shafter Lake and Deep Rock oil fields. The structural map on top of the Rustler Formation in the Whalen Lake area (Fig. 13) reveals a depression I beneath the present Whalen Lake playa. Examination of

the geophysical logs indicates that the structural relief r probably results from underlying dissolution in the Seven Rivers and San Andres formations (Fig. 12).

Lazy X Ranch Depression. Fifty-five geophysical logs were used to construct structural cross sections and structural maps beneath the Lazy X Ranch Depression (Fig. 14) . The N-S cross section (Fig. 15) reveals 40 feet of structural relief on top of the Rustler Formation, approximatley 50 feet on the Tansill Formation

and approximately 60 feet on the Yates Formation.

The Rustler Formation thins to the south beneath the Lazy X Ranch Basin, maximum thinning occurs at well #130 where the Rustler is only approximately 100 feet thick. Mwwiiffiii.TaciKftfc'ygpftfl]*^'^^

36

13(1 8.000 It.

WHALEN LAKE C.I.-25'

BUSTLER FORMATION STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION Figure 13. Structure map on the Rustler Formation in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area. 37

.»!. 3L*

2tC^

38L

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LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION

WELL LOCATION MAP • CONTROL POINT

Figure 14. Well location map of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area. II. lOS (JO -HOfl

7900

JSOC

-?'pg

nod

J mil* OATtlW • SEA J.EVEI. Figure 15. North-South cross setion of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. 39 The E-W cross section (Fig. 16) shows approximately

5 feet of structural relief on the Rustler Anhydrite

liich is reflected into the overlying Dewey Lake

ormation. However, the top of the Salado shows less -vidence of "sagging" than the Rustler, and the iinderlying Tansill and Yates formations show none of the "sagging" seen on the Rustler Anhydrite. Thinning of the Rustler Formation beneath the basin also shows on the E-W cross section. In well #19L the Rustler is 100 feet thick, but is 165 feet thick in well #146 at the west end of the cross section. Thinning of the Rustler is interpreted as intraformational

•unconformity rather than dissolution. The E-W cross

section also shows an anticlinal structure beneath the western portion of the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, steeply dipping to the east. This structure is related

to the anticlinal structure to the north of the Lazy X

Basin, between the Shafter and Whalen basins.

The structure map on the Rustler Formation beneath

ithe Lazy X Ranch Depression (Fig. 17) reveals no closed i depressions or troughing that would indicate point source J dissolution or extensive dissolution of the Permian salts

in the area. jpet oePHtsstom

Fiaure 16. East-West cross section of Depression area, Andrews County, Texas 40

of the Lazy X Ranch as.

1 41

LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION C.L = 20'

RUSTLER FORMATION STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION

Figure 17. Structure map on the Rustler Formation in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area. 42 Structural Displacement in the Triassic Shafter Basin. Triassic Marker Bed (MB) #4 exhibits approximately 125 feet of structural relief beneath the Shafter Basin with approximatley 35 feet of relief occurring on the underlying Triassic (MB) #5 (Fig. 10).

Each of the Triassic marker beds (MB #2 through MB #7) exhibit irregular surfaces beneath the Shafter Basin (Fig- 7). The amount of structural relief ranges from approximately 25 feet on MB #7 (Fig. 7) to approximately 80 feet on MB #3 in the upper Triassic with maximum relief of 145 feet on MB #4 (Fig. 8).

Structure maps of Triassic Marker Beds #4 and #5 (Figs. 18 & 19) show structurally closed depressions beneath the Shafter Lake Basin. The elongate nature of the closed depressions associated with a broad trough across the northern half of the map may indicate paleo- drainage, however, the trough is not reflected by underlying Marker Bed #5 (Fig. 19). The structural depressions on MB #5 are small circular features directly beneath the depressions on MB #4 and are below the outer margins of the present Shafter playa. Because these depressions become smaller and shallower with depth, and are not reflected on the structure map of the underlying Rustler Formation (Fig. 9), they may represent either erosional topography or the manifestation of some process working from the surface downward. 43

J-I ro 0) g ro J-I »^ s: ro t en o CM o 0) 0) j= -JJ O ^ O c n •H 0) » E-t 13 • 0) en CQ ro

J-I Q) 0) E-i • i: ro J-I ' OJ ro >i jj 2: •'-' ro c 3 ro o o >i u ro D. r-i ro en a E » 0. Q) J-J C J.< TD Q) lu en c ij < 0) u J-I ej 3 J-I ro C QJ 0). Uj CO i-( j:: <0 ro -u

-J Q • c en a: Ul CO -H XJ ca ^ J-I 43

Ul 0) 4-> ro u-l 0) o ro J-I ^ j= ro ^ en to o T) OJ o a 0) Mj II X JJ fcj >J J-) XJ (J -J 0 ^ •cH •o • 0) •tr r^ = H n • 0) en CQ ro

U 0) a t-i • j< ro J-I ' 0) a >i ti zz J-; ro c 3 ro o O >i u ro r-l roa en a E s a. 0) XJ t Q) J-^ c S J-I "O < Q) => U J-I o 3 - a, ^1 ro c3 J-) a; o Ul •- CO JH J= iC «0 ro XJ «t 'f -J Q • c en 0: lu CO H XJ Ul CD r-l en c h. c ro

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i-i 0) Q) EH • X ro JH > (V ro >i ^^ S XJ ro c ro C 3 o o u ro a rH ro en O. E 3 »? (D XJ Q) l^ C J-I Ti 0) UJ en X3J C 0) tc U < 3 - D. o J-, ro XJ O CD CO i-l Si 10 ro XJ

Q CTl c en Ul »H r-• Q en ro 0) tc 0) ro CO Ul JH 0) 3 J-I ec K*o Di a 3 -r-( ca 0) U. J J-I 45 Reeves (personal communication, 1987-1989:1989) discovered similar structural depressions (at the top of the Triassic section) beneath several small playa lake basins in Deaf Smith County, Texas, but no data on the underlying Permian salt section was available. Thus, the mapped depressions were considered either representative of topography on the Triassic unconformity or as possible manifestations of underlying structural subsidence caused by deeper salt dissolution. Regional dips of the Triassic section beneath the Shafter Lake Basin (Fig. 10) reflect the anticlinal structure of the Shafter Lake and Deep Rock oil fields (Zimmerman, 1957). Whalen Basin. The N-S and E-W cross sections (Figs. 13 & 14) of the Whalen Basin reveal Triassic structural depressions directly beneath the present Whalen playa. The E-W cross section (Fig. 14) shows approximately 115 feet of relief on MB #4, yet approximately 300 feet below MB #4 underlying MB #5 shows relief of only 50 feet. As at Shafter Lake, structural displacement within the Triassic section decreases downward.

The N-S cross section (Fig. 13) of the Whalen Basin area shows structural displacement in the upper Triassic section of approximately 90 feet on top of MB #3, decreasing to approximatley 60 feet on MB #7. The 46 structure map on MB #4 (Fig. 20) shows two structurally closed depressions beneath the present surface basin. One depression is directly beneath the present (Whalen) playa covering approximatley the area of the playa, with the larger of the two depressions being located somewhat southeast of the present playa. However, the structure map on Triassic MB #5 (Fig. 21) of the Whalen Basin shows no closed depression but, a trough-like feature is seen beneath the present (Whalen) playa.

Lazy X Ranch Depression. The N-S cross section of the Lazy X Ranch Depression (Fig. 15) shows structural displacement throughout the Triassic section. Displacement is approximately 95 feet on MB #3 in the upper part of the Triassic section and approximately 40 feet on Triassic MB #7 in the lower part of the section.

Structural relief is also shown on the E-W cross section of the Lazy X Ranch Depression (Fig. 16) . Displacement is approximately 55 feet on MB #3 decreasing downward in the section to approximately 20 feet on MB #7 in the lower Triassic. The anticlinal structure is associated with the uplifted area to the north between the Shafter and Whalen basins.

The structure map of MB #4 (Fig. 22) shows a very small closed depression beneath the surface depression; however, the structure map of MB #5 (Fig. 23) shows no closed depressions associated with the Lazy X Ranch 47

WHALEN LAKE C.I.--25'

MARKER BED 4 STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION Figure 20. Structure map on Marker Bed #4 in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area. 48

N t

B.OOO It.

WHALEN LAKE C.l. = 25'

MARKER BED 5 STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION Figure 21. Structure map on Marker Bed #5 in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area. 49

•2176

B.OOO It.

LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION C.L = 20'

MARKER BED 4 STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION

Figure 22. Structure map on Marker Bed #4 in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area. 50

LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION C.L-20'

UARKER BED 5 STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION Figure 23. Structure map on Marker Bed #5 in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area. 51 repression. Both horizons show only a trough-like area

beneath the present surface depression.

Structural Displacement on the Base of the Ogallala Formation

Shafter Basin. The N-S and E-W cross sections of the Shafter Basin (Figs. 9 & 10) both show either

structural or topographic relief at the base of the Ogallala Formation. Approximately 80 feet of relief on the Cretaceous-Ogallala contact directly beneath the Shafter Basin is associated with three structural depressions (Fig. 24). The largest, elongate northeast to southwest, is offset northeast of the present Shafter playa, but the two smaller depressions are located directly beneath the margins of the present Shafter playa.

Whalen Basin. Cross sections of the Whalen Basin area (Figs. 13 & 14) show approximately 80 feet of structural relief on the base of the Ogallala Formation (top of Marker Bed #1). This is associated with a large elliptical-shaped depression, (elongate north to south) directly beneath the present playa (Fig. 25). The anticlinal structure of the Shafter Lake and Deep Rock oil fields east of Whalen Lake is also evident on the base of the Ogallala Formation on the E-W cross section. 52 53

WHALEN LAKE C.L-20'

BASE ol OGALLALA STRUCTURE MAP • WELL LOCATION Fiaure 25. Structure map on the base of the Ogallala Formation in the Whalen Lake Basin area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present playa area. 54 Lazy X Ranch Depression. The E-W cross section of the Lazy X Ranch Depression (Fig. 16) shows approximately 60 feet of relief at the base of the Ogallala Formation. This is associated with a single, closed depression beneath the northern portion of the present surface depression (Fig. 26). 55

^J3: 3i;

B.OOO It.

LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION C.L -• 20 •

BASEotOGALLALA STRUCTURE MAP WELL LOCATION Figure 26. Structure map on the base of the Ogallala Formation in the Lazy X Ranch Depression area, Andrews County, Texas. The dotted area represents the present basin area. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The Shafter and Whalen basins, although of different size, are strikingly similar and would be expected to exhibit a similar geologic history. Both basins contain salt-encrusted playas, are flanked by (at least) two sets of deflation dunes, and contain outcrops of the late Quaternary Tahoka Formation. The Lazy X Ranch Depression, however, has no obvious playa, contains no known Tahoka deposits, and is flanked by only one deflation dune; thus appears to be the youngest of the three basins.

Table 1 presents a summary of the geologic characteristics of the post-Pennsylvanian section associated with the Shafter, Whalen and Lazy X basins in Andrews County, Texas. Basically, cross sections beneath all three basins reflect the anticlinal structure of the nearby Shafter Lake and Deep Rock oil fields. In the North Cowden Field, about 25 miles south of the study area, folding is recorded in the lower Triassic section (Giesey and Fulk, 1941); thus some of the displacement of

lower Triassic marker beds in the study area could reflect structural rejuvenation associated with the J ate Cretaceous Laramide event.

56 57

Table 1. Summay of the geologic characteristics of the post-Pennsylvanian sections associated with the Shafter, Whalen and Lazy X Ranch basins, Andrews County, Texas.

SHAFTER WHALEN LAZY X BASIK AREA: 23 •!• a >!• 2 Bl> PLAYA AREA: a Bi> C.5 Hl> no playa BASIN RELIEF: 125 ft. 70 ft. 35 ft. CLOSEn DEPREBSIONB: TERTIARY yes yas yes TRIASSIC yes yes yes PERMIAN no yas no CENOZOIC SECTION: Structural closure on base o{ Ogallala 80 It. 80 ft. 60 ft. Foraation CENOZOIC-HESOZOIC: Structural Diap. MARKER BED 11 SO £t. 80 ft. 60 ft. MARKER BED 12 70 ft. 80 ft. 55 ft. TRIASSIC SECTION: Structural Disp. MARKER BED 13 145 ft. 90 ft. 95 ft. MARKER BED 14 125 ft. 60 ft. 75 ft. MARKER BED 15 35 ft. 55 ft. 80 ft. MARKER BED 16 15 ft. 65 ft. 50 ft. MARKER BED 17 20 ft. 60 ft. 40 ft. Dlsp. decrsasaa yes yes yes downward

RUSTLEP rORMATION: Irragular Thinning yas yes yes Top MoBbar Missing no no no ApparanC Diap. 50 ft. 45 ft. 40 ft: 58 Irregular thinning of the Rustler Formation is not believed to be genetically related to the overlying

basins because such thinning also occurs in adjacent areas. McGillis and Presley (1981) described the

depositional environment of the Alibates Formation (the

Palo Duro Basin equivalent of the Rustler Formation) as

an intertidal to supratidal environment. Powers (1984)

interpreted the Rustler environment as "...a sabkha interacting with saline to fresh-water mud flats." In such depositional environments it is assumed that periods of non-deposition, and even erosion and/or localized dissolution of Rustler sediments, occurred throughout Rustler time. Thus, thinning in the Rustler section is considered the probable result of either intraformational unconformities or localized incipient dissolution which has not affected overlying beds. Five distinct marker beds (#3-7) were correlated through the Triassic section. The fact that significant displacement occurs only beneath the lake basin playa areas (Figs. 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, & 16), and that the amount of displacement tends to decrease with depth (Table 1), suggests that either dissolution due to infiltrating playa water, or piping and attendant eluviation along probable fractures associated with the Shafter Lake-Deep Rock Anticline, is working its way downward. Examination of the sample log ISL, (L.Z. Brown, Univ. 14-3 #2, Sec. 59 3, Blk. 14 Univ. Land Survey) (Fig. 6) located in the Shafter Lake oil field, approximately 2 miles southwest of the Shafter Lake playa, shows only red shale, sandstone and minimal gypsum in the Triassic section. Therefore, dissolution of soluble beds in the Triassic section is not considered a viable process for the origin and development of the investigated lake basins.

The probable influence of structure on the geographic locations of lake basins on the Southern High Plains was first suggested by Reeves (1970). Finley and Gustavson (1981), using satellite imagery, confirmed Reeves' suggestion, finding that "...a 300 degree to 320 degree lineament orientation is most prominent and is defined by aligned playa lake depressions and surface drainage...." Later, Osterkamp and Wood (1987) documented apparent fracture control of playa lake basins for three different areas on the Southern High Plains. Thus, a long-term process of seepage of surface water into and along fractures, which locally causes piping and eluviation, resulting in structural subsidence, is proposed as the most reasonable cause of the structural displacement found in the Triassic section beneath each of the subject basins. Eventually, as Reeves (1989) suggests, dissolution of deep Permian salt beds, leading to a larger subsidence area, may occur. 60 Closed depressions and apparent structure on the base of the Ogallala Formation/top of the Cretaceous section is interpreted primarily as the result of post- Cretaceous erosion. The Trinity Group Paluxy (Antlers) Sandstone is the only Cretaceous Formation at the Shafter and Whalen basins (Brand, 1953). Whereas, approximately seven miles south of the Shafter Basin, Fredericksberg Group sediments are present (Henderson and Hills, 1957); thus suggesting that a more complete Cretaceous section was deposited in the area and later removed. Figures 24, 25, and 26 show that large enclosed depressions are either directly beneath or immediately adjacent to all three playa areas, indicating that the present playas (and basins) reflect antecedent topography. Therefore, it is suggested that when such basins have fortuitously formed over local fracture zones in the underlying Triassic section (which undoubtedly relate to the Shafter Lake-Deep Rock anticlinal structure), deep infiltration of playa lake water has occurred. Osterkamp and Wood (1987) and Wood and Osterkamp (1987) have suggested that the small playa lake basins on the Southern High Plains have developed by the infiltration of particulate, organically rich lake waters. The organic debris is oxidized and the resulting CO2 and water form carbonic acid which dissolves formational carbonate, leading to piping, eluviation and 61 subsequent local subsidence. The Osterkamp and Wood (1987)/Wood and Osterkamp (1987) method of playa basin formation is particularly applicable for the Ogallala

Formation which contains several caliche zones and sands that are commonly cemented with up to 40% calcium carbonate. However, the Triassic section in the study area apparently contains little dissolved salt or carbonate.

Based on the amount of displacement beneath each of the basins on the mapped Triassic marker beds, the Shafter Basin appears to be the oldest of the three, having the largest displacement, the largest playa and the largest basin. The Triassic marker beds beneath the

Whalen Basin and the Lazy X Ranch Depression exhibit about the same amount of displacement, but the Lazy X has only a small drainage basin, has not yet developed a recognizable playa and has only one recognizable flanking dune, thus is considered the youngest of the three basins. These relative ages are based on the assumptions that; 1) groundwater infiltrates at the same rate at all three basins, 2) structural depressions beneath the basins are the result of basin formation, and 3) basin fill has occurred at the same rate at each location. BIBLIOGRAPHY

eiga, A. A., 1989, Geomorphic evidence of Permian Salt dissolution, Hockley and Cochran Counties, Texas: Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Tech University, 120 p. Lackstock, D. A., 1979, Soil Survey of Lubbock County, Texas: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

rand, J. P-r 1953, Cretaceous of the Llano Estacado of Texas: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations no. 20, 55p. (yerley, L. G., Jr., 1957, Parker Field, Andrews County, Texas, iji Occurrence of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Publication no. 5716, pp. 252-258.

Caran, S. C. and Dubar, J. R., 1987, Playas of the Texas Southern High Plains—Evidence concerning their origin and development: Symposium on the Quaternary Blackwater Draw and Tertiary Ogallala Formations, (abst.), p. 6.

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Finley, R. T. and Gustavson, T. C, 1981, Lineament analysis based on Landst imagery, Texas Panhandle: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geologic Circular 81-5, 37 p. Flawn, P. T., 1954, Texas basement rocks: A progress report: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 900-912. Flawn, P. T., 1956, Basement rocks of Texas and southeast New Mexico: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5605, 261 p.

62 63 Frye, J. C. and Leonard, A. B., 1957, Studies of cenozoic geology along eastern margin of Texas High Plains, Armstrong to Howard counties: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations no. 32, 62 p.

Galley, J. E., 1958, Oil and geology in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico, ±n Habitat of Oil: American Association of Pertoleum Geologists, pp. 395-446.

Galley, J. E., 1968, Some principles of tectonics in the Permian Basin, in. Basins of the Southwest (a symposium) vol. 1 , pp. 5-20.

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Gilbert, G. K-, 1895, Lake basins created by wind erosion: Journal of Geology, vol. 3, pp. 47-49. Gustavson, T. C, 1986, Geomorphic development of the Canadian River Valley, Texas Panhandle: an example of regional salt dissolution and subsidence: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 97, pp. 459-472.

Gustavson, T. C. and Budnik, R. T., 1985, Structural influences on geomorphic processes and physiographic features, Texas Panhandle: Technical issues in siting a nuclear-waste repository: Geology, vol. 13, pp. 173-176. Gustavson, T. C. and Finley, R. J., 1985, Late Cenozoic geomorphic evolution of the Texas Panhandle and Northeastern New Mexico: Case studies of structural controls on regional drainage development: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations no. 148, 42 p.

Gustavson, T. C, Finley, R. J., and McGillis, K. A., 1980, Regional dissolution of Permian salt in the Anadarko, Dalhart, and Palo Duro basins of the Texas Panhandle: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations no. 106, 40 p. 64 Gustavson, T. C. and Holliday, V. T., 1985, Depositional architecture of the Quaternary Blackwater Draw and Tertiary Ogallala formations, Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology (draft), 60 p.

Harrington, H. W., 1963, Opinion of structural mechanics of the Central Basin Platform area. West Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2023-2038.

Henderson, W. D. and Hills, J. M., 1957, Fuhrman-Mascho Field, Andrews County, Texas, in. Occurrences of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5716. pp. 126-131. Hills, J. M., 1970, Late Paleozoic structural directions in southern Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1809-1827.

Howard, K. S., 1987, Surficial manifestations of deep- seated salt dissolution near Loco Hills, New Mexico: M.S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, 68 p.

Huffington, R. M., 1951, Introduction to the petroleum geology of the Permian Basin of West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico: Prepared by A Committee of the West Texas Geological Society, 51 p. Johnson, W. D., 1901, The High Plains and their utilization: U.S. Geological Survey 21st Annual Report, 1890-1900, part 4, pp. 601-741. Jones, T. S., 1953, Stratigraphy of the Permian Basin of West Texas: Stratigraphic Problems Committee of West Texas Geological Society, 63 p.

Judson, S., 1950, Depressions of the northern portion of the Southern High Plains of Eastern New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 61, pp. 253-274.

Keener, M. H. L., 1957, Dollarhide Field, Andrews County, Texas, iji Occurrence of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5716, pp. 126-131. 65 King, P. B., 1942, Permian of West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 535-763.

King, R. E., Bates, R. L., Hills, J. M. , Martin, B. G., and Sarce, J. T., 1942, Resume of geology of the south Permian Basin, Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 53, pp. 539-560.

Marshall, L. M., Jr., 1956, Geology of the Central Basin Platform: Oil and Gas Journal (abst.), vol. 54, no. 55. p. 285.

May, B. A. and Lehman, T. M., 1989, Sedimentology of Dockum Group (Triassic), Texas Panhandle (abst.): American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 73, no. 2, p. 255.

McGillis, K. A. and Presley, M. W., 1981, Tansill, Salado, and Alibates Formations: Upper Permian evaporite/carbonate strata of the Texas Panhandle: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geologic Circular 81-8, 31 pp. Mear, C. E., 1968, Upper Permian sediments in southeastern Permian Basin, Texas: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, no. 88, pp. 349- 358.

Mear, C. E. and Yarbrough, D. V., 1961, Yates Formation in southern Permian Basin of West Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1545-1556.

NUS Corporation, 1983. Environmental characterization of bedded salt formations and overlying areas of the Permian Basin; A Technical Report. Osterkamp, W. R., 1987, Gentry Playa: Origin by hydrologic processes, in, Tei-tiary and Quaternary stratigraphy of parts of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, Guidebook (draft): T. C. Gustavson, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, pp. 53-56. Osterkamp, W- R. and Wood, W. W,, 1987, Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part I. Hydrologic, geomorphic, and geologic evidence for their development: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 99, pp. 215-223. 66 Parks, D. L., 1967, Benefits and costs of playa lake modification in the Texas High Plains: M.S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, 134 p. Pierce, H. G., 1973. The Blanco Beds: Mineralogy and paleoecology of an ancient playa: M.S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, 93 p.

Powers, D. W., 1984, Depositional environments and dissolution in the Rustler Formation (Permian), southeastern New Mexico: Geological Society of America 97th Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, p. 627.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1965, Chronology of West Texas pluvial lake dunes: Journal of Geology, vol. 73, pp. 504-508.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1966, Pluvial lake basins of West Texas: Journal of Geology, vol. 74, pp. 269-291.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1970, Drainage pattern analysis. Southern High Plains, West Texas and eastern New Mexico, iri The Ogallala Aquifer Symposium: R.B. Mattox and W.D. Miller, eds. ICASALS Special Report 39, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 58-71.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1971, Relations of caliche to small natural depressions. Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 82, pp. 1983-1988.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1972, Tertiary-Quaternary stratigraphy and geomorphology of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico, dji 23rd Field Conference, New Mexico Geological Society, East-Central New Mexico, Guidebook, pp. 108-117.

Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1976, Quaternary stratigraphy and geologic history of Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico, in. Quaternary Stratigraphy of North America: W. C. Mahaney ed. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Strondsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 213-234. Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1984, The Ogallala depositional mystery: Proceedings of the Ogallala Aquifer Symposium II, Texas Tech University Water Resources Center: George A. Whetston, ed. pp. 129-156. 67 Reeves, C. C, Jr., 1989. Evidence for sequential development of lake basins. Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico: Texas Tech University, (unpublished), 74 p.

Reeves, C. C, Jr. and Parry, W. T., 1969, Age and morphology of small lake basins. Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico: Texas Journal of Science, vol. 20, pp. 349-354.

Reeves, C. C, Jr. and Temple, J. M., 1986, Permian salt dissolution, alkaline lake basins, and nuclear-waste storage. Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico: Geology, vol. 14, pp. 939-942.

Seni, S. J., 1980, Sand-body geometry and depositional systems, Ogallala Formation, Texas: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations no. 105, 36 p. Stipp, T. F., 1956, Major structural features and geologic history of southeastern New Mexico, in. A symposium of oil and gas fields of Southeastern New Mexico: T. F. Stipp, ed. Roswell Geological Society, pp. 17-20.

Temple, M. J., 1986, Permian salt dissolution related to alkaline basins. Southern High Plains, Texas: M.S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, 80 p.

Texas Department of Water Resources, 1981, Evaluating the ground-water resources of the High Plains of Texas. Final Report vol. 4, Basic data for southern third of region LP-173.

United States Department of Agriculture, 1974, Soil Survey of Andrews County, Texas, 45 p. Van Den Bark, E., 1957, Embar Field, Andrews County, Texas, iji Occurrence of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5716, pp. 110-115. Williams, J. L., 1957, Emma Field, Andrews County, Texas, in Occurrence of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5716, pp. 116- 119. 68 Wood, W. W. and Jones, B. F., 1988, Origin of solutes in saline lakes and springs on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: U. S. Geological Survey, State of Texas Report of Investigations (draft, unpublished) 26 p.

Wood, W. W. and Osterkamp, W. R., 1987, Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance argument for their development: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 99. pp. 224-230.

Zimmerman, J. B., 1957, Shafter Lake- Deep Rock Field, Andrews County, Texas, in. Occurrence of Oil and Gas in West Texas: Frank A. Herald, ed. University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Publication no. 5716, pp. 307-318. APPENDIX A SHAFTER LAKE WELL LOCATIONS

MAP COMPANY LOCATION ELEVATION No. & WELL (FEET)

IS Cities Service Oil Seel 3145 Co. Reed "B" #3 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey

2S Magnolia Petr. Co. Sec.11 3144 State Perry #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 3S Goldston Oil Corp. Sec.11 3115 Stimson #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 4S Skelly Oil Co. Sec.13 3173 J.M. Stephenson #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 5S Shell Oil Co. Sec.11 3154 Crews #2 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey

6S Shell Oil Co. Sec.11 3175 Crews #3 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 7S Toklan Prod. Co. Sec.11 3163 #1 Crews-Mast Blk.A-36 PSL Survey OS Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.22 3141 Co. J.S. Means #14 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 9S Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.13 3154 Co. J.S. Means #89 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey

IDS Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.8 3159 Co. J.S. Means #6 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey lis The Texas Co. Sec.16 3178 F.E. Gardner #9 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey

12S Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.19 3136 Co. J.S. Means #12 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 13S R.B. Stallworth Jr. Sec.15 3151 et al. M.M. Fisher Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Estate B #1

69 70 14S Sam D. Ayres Sec.15 3147 E.R. Cress Est. #4 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 15S Cities Service Oil Sec.15 3103 Co. Ogdon #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 16S White Eagle Oil Co. Sec.17 3175 Lumac Drilling Co. Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Savage #1

17S White Eagle Oil Co. Sec.17 3154 Lumac Drilling Co. Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Savage #3

IBS Sam D. Ayres Sec.15 3144 E.R. Cress Est. B #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 19S R.B. Stallworth Jr. Sec.9 3117 et al. M.M. Fisher Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Est. D #1

20S N.G. Penrose Inc. Sec.8 3161 Fisher #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 21S Landa Oil Co. Sec.21 3232 Ewell Jones #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 22S E.W. Anguish Sec.24 3212 Armstrong #2 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 23S Falcon Oil Corp. Sec.12 3195 Irwin #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 24S White Eagle Oil Co. Sec.7 3197 Univ. Well 1-7 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 25S Choya Drilling Co. Sec.6 3178 Frank Waters #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Fisher 26S Ada Oil Co. Sec.16 3161 M.M. Fisher Est. #1-A Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 27S Dalport Oil Corp. Sec.14 3141 Crews Est. #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 28S Cities Service Oil Sec.10 3105 Co. Reed #B-8 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 29S Cities Service Oil Sec.10 3146 Co. Reed B-5 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 71 30S The Texas Co. Sec.12 3164 J.E.C. Mast NCT-1 #2 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 31S Tenneco Oil Co. Sec.2 3199 Savage-Fisher #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 32S Sinclair Oil & Gas Co.Sec.14 3251 Univ. 170 #2 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 33S Texas Crude Oil Co. Sec.10 3123 E. Crews Mast et al. Blk.A-36 PSL Survey #1-10 34S Cities Service Oil Co.Sec.11 3199 Univ. BF #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 35S United Energy Corp. Sec.2 3210 Univ. #2 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 36S Kay Kimbell Sec.5 3202 Univ. #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 37S Texaco Incorp. Sec.4 3162 State of Texas H #3 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 38S Ashmun & Hilliard Sec.23 3258 #3 LTD. Univ. #1-23 Blk.13 Univ- Land Survey 39S E.V. Whitewell & Ard Seel 3198 Drilling Co. G.T. Blk.A-36 PSL Survey Hall #1 40S McGrath & Smith Sec.6 3181 F.F, Gardner #3 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 41S Mitchell & Scott Sec.5 3171 Univ. 2A #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 42S The Texas Co. Sec.5 3162 State of Texas BE #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 43S B.B. Carter Drilling Sec.7 3191 Co. Univ. 4B #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 44S Stanolind Oil & Gas Sec.3 3192 Co. Univ. BE #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 45S Theo Hamm Brewing Co. Sec.18 3195 Univ. #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 72 2 Mitchell & Scott Sec.6 3186 Univ, 3A #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 3 Western Drilling Co. Sec.9 3145 M.M. Fisher A #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 4 Feimont Oil Co. Sec.23 3181 Elizabeth Armstrong Blk.A-36 PSL Survey #1

8 Ralph Lowe Sec.5 3195 Deep Rock #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 10 Sun Oil Co. Sec.23 3169 Means #B-3 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 17 W.H. Black Sec.9 3147 J.S. Means #1 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 30 Sinclair-Prairie Oil Sec.13 3144 Co. Stevenson #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 51A Oklahoma Oil Co. Sec.14 3112 State PSL #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 66 Cities Service Oil Sec.10 3100 Co. Reed B-1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 67 Continental Oil Co. Sec.25 3216 Univ. C-25-1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 73 Phillips Pet. Co. Sec.36 3259 Univ. T-#l Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 78 Vega Corp. Sec.5 3190 F.E. Gardner #1 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 94 Miles Kernaghan Jr. Sec.19 3199 Univ. B #4 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 96 Lemac Drilling Co. Sec.18 3168 Fullerton #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 110 US Smelting Refg. & Sec.4 3150 Mining Co. Sutphen #1 Blk.A-45 PSL Survey 126 Inca Drilling Co. Sec.6 3196 Ogden #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 127 McAlster Fuel Co. Sec.4 3153 M.M. Fisher #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 73 132 Skelly Oil Co. Sec.24 3185 H.P- Chesley #2 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 136 Texas Pacific Oil Co, Sec.22 3254 Univ. Z #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 174 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.19 3202 Nola Fisher C #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 175 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.19 3197 Nola Fisher G #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 176 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.20 3226 H.M. Parks #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 177 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.22 3207 A.W. Pattillos #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 178 Landa Oil Co. Sec.20 3230 H.M. Parks #3 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 186 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.25 3225 Nola Fisher #3 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey 192 Sun Oil Co. Sec.2 3134 Means G #3 Blk.A-45 PSL Survey 194 Ambassador Oil Corp. Sec.5 3178 Fisher D #4 Blk.A-45 PSL Survey 195 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.5 3207 Fisher E #1 Blk.A-45 PSL Survey 201 F. Kirk Johnson Sec.19 3222 Nola Fisher C #2 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 202 Western Drilling Co. Sec.18 3189 Fullerton #2 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 203 Union Sulphur & Oil Sec.3 3194 Corp. Fisher #1 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 204 Midwest Oil Corp. Sec.27 3195 J.L. Bennett #11 Blk.A-36 PSL Survey 208 Hamman Oil & Refg. Sec.19 3226 Co. J.L. Crump #1 Blk.A-33 PSL Survey 287 Miles Kernaghan Jr. Sec.19 3211 Univ. A #4 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey 288 Miles Kernaghan Jr. Sec.19 3202 74 Univ. A #3 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey

289 Miles Kernaghan Jr. Sec.24 3216 Univ. B #2 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey

290 Sinclair-Prairie Oil Seel 3194 Co. Univ. 141-#1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey

?.91 Sinclair-Praiie Oil Seel 3188 Co. Univ. 143 #1 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey

292 Miles Kernaghan Jr. Sec.16 3196 Univ. A #6 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey

294 Gulf Oil Corp. See24 3237 Texas QQ-#3 WO-D Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey

296 Phillips Pet. Co. Sec.26 3220 Texas Univ. X #1 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey

;197 Gulf Oil Corp. Sec.24 3230 5-E Texas QQ Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey

-100 F. Kirk Johnson See25 3222 Nola Fisher #1 Blk.A-35 PSL Survey .503 Gulf Oil Corp. Seel4 3272 Univ. KK-#1 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey

.)06 Sinclair-Prairie Oil Sec.24 3221 Co. Univ- 154-#4 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey ISL L.Z. Brown Sec. 3 3213 Univ. 14-3 #2 Blk.14 Univ. Land Survey APPENDIX B WHALEN LAKE WELL LOCATIONS

MAP COMPANY LOCATION ELEVATION No. & WELL (FEET) IW Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. See 16 3249 Lotus Oil Co. E #1 Blk, A-48 PSL Survey 2W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. See 30 3299 University CC #2 Blk, 13 Univ- Land Survey 3W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec. 20 3310 University 0-4 Blk, 13 Univ. Land Survey

4W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec. 3303 E.T. Brooks #2 Blk,.A-4 8 PSL Survey

5W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec.,1 7 3256 Lotus "C" #2 Blk,,A-4 8 PSL Survey 6W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec.,1 8 3209 Lotus "F" #1 Blk,,A-4 8 PSL Survey 7W Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec. 24 3256 Lotus "D" #3 Blk,.A-4 8 PSL Survey

8W Whitehall Oil Co. Sec. 3272 E.T. Brooks #4 Blk,,A-4 8 PSL Survey

9W Graridge Corp. Sec.,3 2 3313 University #3-32 Blk,.1 3 Univ. Land Survey low The Denver Co. Sec.,1 1 3315 Marshall #1 Blk,,A-4 8 PSL Survey

IIW Pan Am. Pet. Corp. Sec.,3 0 3274 Univ. Consolidated Blk,,1 3 Univ. Land Survey IV #8

12W Whitehall Oil Co. Sec.16 3243 Lotus #1 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 13W J.C. Williamson Sec.16 3207 Lotus 2-A Blk.A--48 PSL Survey

75 76 14W Feimont Oil Corp. See23 3277 Lotus "A" #1 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 15W Whitehall Oil Co. Sec.l6 3267 Lotus #4 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 16W Whitehall Oil Co. Sec.l6 3223 Lotus #3 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 17W Graridge Corp. Sec.l7 3208 PSL "17" #1 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 18W Whitehall Oil Co. See9 3289 Brooks #3 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 19W Whitehall Oil Co. Sec.l7 3228 Lotus #7 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 30W J.C. Williamson Sec.18 3236 Lotus "C" #1 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 9 Mid-Continent Pet. Sec.10 3274 Corp. Univ.9 #10 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 14 Hill, Meeker & Sec.7 3275 Aldrich et al. Blk.A-48 PSL Survey Bryant Link #1

15 Los Nietos Co. Sec 28 3272 Univ- B-#l Blk .13 Univ. Land Survey

34 Southern Minerals Sec 11 3256 Corp. Univ. A-#l Blk 13 Univ. Land Survey

44 Wilshire Oil Co. Sec 16 3286 G.N. Cox #33-16 Blk A-33 PSL Survey 45 Stanolind Oil&Gas Co, Sec 40 3294 Univ. XX #1 Blk 13 Univ. Land Survey 52 Spartan Drilling Co. Sec 13 3319 CR. Thomas #1 Blk A-48 PSL Survey 98 Sunray Mid-Cont. Oil Sec 42 3282 Co. Univ. 15 N-1 Blk 13 Univ. Land Survey 99 Sunray Mid-Cont. Oil Sec. 19 3312 Co. Univ. "9" #3 Blk 13 Univ. Land Survey 100 Sunray DX Oil Co. See 21 3287 Univ. #10-3 Blk 13 Univ. Land Survey 77

103 Anadarko Prod. Co. Sec.10 3308 Univ- C #2 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 112 Sunray Mid-Cont. Oil Sec.17 3245 Co. Lotus #9 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey

113 Sunray Mid-Cont. Oil Sec.29 3274 Co. Univ. 11 #2 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 117 Ambassador Oil Corp. Seel 3274 Univ- #1 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 134 Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.2 3272 Co. Fullerton Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey Clearfork Unit #58-1

135 J.M. Huber Corp. Sec.2 3270 Monterrey-Univ. #3 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 141 Ashmun & Hilliard Sec.l6 3298 Univ- #1C Blk.13 Univ- Land Survey 169 Ashmun & Hillard Sec.21 3275 #3 Ltd. Univ. #4-A Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 179 L.R. French Jr. Sec.16 3278 Cox #1 Blk.A-33 PSL Survey 180 Monterey Oil Co. Sec.44 3281 111-4 Blk.13 Univ- Land Survey 183 Humble Oil & Refg. Sec.11 3258 Co. Fullerton Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey Clearfork Unit #73-1

263 Stanolind Oil & Gas Sec.17 3245 Co. Lotus C-#6 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey 264 Stanolind Oil & Gas Sec.8 3306 Co. Bryant Link #10 Blk.A-48 PSL Survey

265 Stanolind Oil & Gas Sec.24 3254 Co. Lotus #D-2 Blk.A-48 PLS Survey

293 Monterey Oil Co. Sec.9 3285 Fullerton Clearfork Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey Unit 70-2 296 Sunray Mid-Cont. Oil Sec.29 3281 Co. Univ. 11 #9 Blk.13 Univ. Land Survey 78

298 Frank & George Sec.32 3274 Frankel Univ. I-#4 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey

299 Mid-Cont. Pet. Corp. Sec.l8 3292 Univ. 8 #7 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey 301 Stanolind Oil & Gas Sec.45 3272 Co. Univ. MM #2 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey 302 Stanolind Oil & Gas See 31 3261 Co. Univ. PP #3 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey

304 Monterey Oil Co. See8 3304 Fullerton 67-4 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey 305 Monterey Oil Co. Sec.17 3303 Tract 78 #1 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey 307 J.C. Barnes Sec.39 3239 Ramsland Univ. #1 Blk.13 Univ Land Survey APPENDIX C LAZY X RANCH DEPRESSION WELL LOCATIONS

MAP COMPANY LOCATION ELEVATION No. & WELL (FEET)

IL Hanco Oil & Gas Sec.l9 3215 Craddock "B" No.2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 2L Atlantic Refining Sec. 3 3194 Sheppard Est.#3 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

3L Los Neitos Co. Sec.l4 3196 Easter No.l Blk.A-43 PSL Survey

4L Magnolia Pet. Co. Sec.2 3188 Elizabeth Armstrong#2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

5L Atlantic Refining Co. Seel 3188 Armstrong No.l Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 6L Ralph Lowe Sec.21 3171 Southland Royalty "B" Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 2-P

7L Garland A. Smith SeelO 3185 Hayden Myles No.l Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 8L Ralph Lowe Sec. 4 3207 Sloan#2 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 9L Lario Oil & Gas Co, See 4 3163 Lario No.6 Slaon Blk.A-43 PSL Survey lOL Pan American Pet. Sec.23 3185 Lula Carter #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey IIL ARD Drilling Co. Sec.l3 3183 Katherine Iverson Blk.A-43 PSL Survey A #1

12L Ralph Lowe See 4 3200 Sloan #1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 13L P.A. Doheny Sec.7 3186 Perkins No.l Blk.A-43 PSL Survey

79 80 14L J.Howard Marshall Seel 3210 J.E. Parker #1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 15L Sinclair Oil & Gas Sec.2 3208 M.P. Walker #1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 16L Woodley Pet. Co. & Seel3 3193 Signal Oil & Gas Blk.A-43 PSL Survey Katherine Iverson B#l

17L Garland A. Smith Seel5 3195 W.T. Ford #3 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 18L Tripplehorn Pet. Seel5 3192 J.W. Gowens #5 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 19L Cities Service Oil See22 3177 Co. King"B" #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 20L Stanolind Oil&Gas Sec. 5 3182 L.T. Davis #2 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 21L Union Oil&Gas of LA. Sec. 3 3205 Hayden Miles 1-A Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 23L Tripplehorn Pet. See24 3210 Kuykendall-Humble #6 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 24L Tripplehorn Pet. See 24 3208 Kuykendall-Humble #5 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 25L Cities Services Oil Sec.22 3155 Co. Miles #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 26L Humble Oil&Refg. Co. Sec.ll 3190 Georgia B. King #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 27L Ralph Lowe Sec.l2 3165 Miles 1-E Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 28L Ralph Lowe Sec.ll 3172 Humble-King #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 29L Cities Service Oil Sec.l2 3175 Co. Miles B #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 30L Cities Service Oil Sec.22 3168 Co. Miles #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 31L Hanco Oil&Gas Co. Sec.13 3198 Craddock #3 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 81

32L Garland A. Smith Seel2 3187 Miles #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 33L Cities Service Oil Sec.l4 3203 Co. Logan Parker B #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 34L Hamman Oil&Ref. Co. Sec.l3 3180 R.A. Toon #4 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 35L E. Constantine Jr. See 4 3186 Mathis #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 36L Midwest Oil Co. Sec.20 3196 Deep Rock #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 37L Hamman Oil&Ref. Co. Sec.l3 3187 R.A. Toon #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 38L Woodley Pet. Co. SeelO 3196 Parker F-1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey

8 Ralph Lowe Sec. 5 3195 Deep Rock #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 27 Signal Oil&Gas Co. Sec.ll 3191 Jones #2 Blk.A-42 PSL Survey

48 Stanolind Oil&Gas Co. Sec.l9 3182 H.M. Ford #1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey

86 Plateau Oil Co. Sec.2 3216 Corrigan #2 Blk.A-42 PSL Survey

101 Nearburg & Ingram Seel 3198 Rector #1 Blk.A-42 PSL Survey 102 Pan Am. Pet. Corp. SeelO 3200 E.F. King #4 Blk.A-42 PSL Survey 106 L.F. Oil Co. Sec. 5 3185 Coffman #1 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 114 Union Oil Co. CA. Sec.l4 3189 Easter #12 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 126 Inca Drilling Co. Sec. 6 3196 Ogden #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

130 L.F. Oil Co. Sec. 6 3194 B.S. Walker #2 Blk.A-43 PSL Survey 82 146 Bill Roden Sec.l7 3221 Cont. Lindley #2 Blk.A-47 PSL Survey

184 Sinclair Oil&Gas Co. Sec.16 3208 Ora Cobb #2 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

185 The Texas Co. Sec.l5 3204 J.E. Parker H-1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey 187 Magnolia Pet. Co. Seel7 3200 Frank Clark #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

188 Honolulu Oil Corp. Sec.18 3199 Parker C-1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

189 Ralph Lowe Sec.31 3149 Southland Royalty #1 Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

190 Lario Oil&Gas Co. Seel2 3160 Hayden Miles 1-B Blk.A-46 PSL Survey

280 Monterey Oil Co. See7 3193 B.O. Parker 31-7 Blk.A-44 PSL Survey PERMISSION TO COPY

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