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DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) Establishing a Tephrochronologic Framework for the Middle Permian (Guadalupian) Type Area and Adjacent Portions of the Delaware Basin and Northwestern Shelf, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, USA A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) In the Department of Geology Of the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences 2011 by Brian Lee Nicklen B.S. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2001 M.S. University of Cincinnati, 2003 Committee Members: Prof. Warren D. Huff (Ph.D.), Chair Prof. Carlton E. Brett (Ph.D.) Prof. Attila I. Kilinc (Ph.D.) Prof. J. Barry Maynard (Ph.D.) Dr. Gorden L. Bell Jr. Prof. Scott D. Samson (Ph.D.) Abstract DesPite being recognized for many years, bentonites in the Middle Permian (Guadalupian Series) type area of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico, have received little research attention. As these important dePosits act as geologic timelines, they can be used as tools for long distance stratigraphic correlation and high-precision radioisotopic age dating. An important Problem that these bentonites can address is the lack of temporal control for the Guadalupian. This is an important time interval for significant changes in Earth’s climate and biodiversity that include events leading uP to, and Potentially including, the first pulse of a double-Phase mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic. Also needed is better temporal constraint for key GuadaluPian global chemostratigraPhic and geomagnetic markers. In light of this, the duration of the Guadalupian stages and boundary age estimations need to be updated in order to assess cause and effect of these significant events. Refinement of the regional stratigraPhic framework of units that comprise the Guadalupian type area is also necessary. Ambiguities are Present regarding the shelf-to- basin relationships of units within the CaPitan dePositional system. Additionally, correlation of key sections of biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic significance is needed. To address these Problems, a tePhrochronologic framework was established using apatite-based geochemical bentonite correlations in conjunction with high-precision zircon U-Pb radioisotopic dating. Electron microProbe analyses of aPatite Phenocrysts indicate that a geochemical fingerPrint may be established for GuadaluPian tyPe area bentonties, allowing correlation of samples between localities. These correlations have linked several sections to the i location of the GSSP for the base of the Capitanian at Nipple Hill in GuadaluPe Mountains National Park. This fingerprinting has also led to a new shelf-to-basin timeline based on the interPreted correlation of a sample from the shelfal Yates Formation to the basinal Rader Limestone Member of the Bell Canyon Formation, Providing biostratigraPhic control for the bentonite within the Rader by extension. The calculation of new U-Pb ID-TIMS dates in the Guadalupian type area indicate the need for changes to the geologic time scale and the temporal relationshiPs of global events. These new data suggest that current estimates of the Wordian-CaPitanian boundary and probably the Roadian-Wordian boundary are too old. This extends the duration of the Wordian to c. 3 myr and decreases the duration of the CaPitanian to c. 4 myr. Results here also Provide age estimates for the Illawarra geomagnetic reversal (c. 266.5 Ma) and the onset of the Kamura cooling event (c. 262.5 Ma). The latter Provides constraint on the ProPosed within GuadaluPian (CaPitanian) mass extinction, Placing it temporally closer to the main extinction Pulse at the Permo-Triassic boundary than previously understood. ii iii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of several individuals and organizations. Each chapter has is own acknowledgements section, but I will use this sPace to elaborate and include some PeoPle who have suPPorted me personally. Warren Huff has been a tremendous advisor and I am thankful that I have been able to work so closely with him over the course of two graduate degrees. I am esPecially grateful for how understanding he has been regarding my work-life balance. Committee members Carl Brett, Attila Kilinc, Barry Maynard, and Scott Samson are thanked for guidance over the past five years. They have also provided very useful and speedy feedback on drafts of the chaPters that comprise this dissertation. Scott Samson is also acknowledged for allowing me to learn U-Pb radioisotopic techniques in his lab at Syracuse University. Gorden Bell is a member of my committee, but also a close collaborator. Any Publication resulting from this work will have his name as a co-author. He went above and beyond his duties with the National Park Service and as a committee member, and I am greatly aPPreciative of his enthusiasm, encouragement and for many fruitful discussions of the various aspects of this study. Bryan Sell is greatly appreciated for providing lodging and fine cooking in Syracuse, New York and Saint-Cergue, Switzerland. He also graciously shared the unPublished (at the time) electron microProbe aPatite data and interPretations from his dissertation. Bryan iv also Provided advice on sample PreParation, electron microProbe analysis, and U-Pb dating, for which I will be forever grateful. I would also like to thank several individuals for Providing encouragement and useful discussions along the way: Willis Tyrrell, Pete Holterhoff, Mitch Harris, Lance Lambert and his graduate students. The University of Cincinnati DePartment of Geology is a sPecial Place and I’m haPPy to have been a part of it for several years. I am thankful to my fellow graduate students, the faculty, and staff. A sPecial thanks goes to Professor Emeritus Paul Potter for encouragement and advice over the course of my time at UC. Urs Schaltegger graciously allowed me to use his laboratory at the University of Geneva. Funding for the project was provided by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (Ohio Geological Society Named Grant), the Clay Minerals Society, the Geological Society of America, and the Graduate Student Governance Association and DePartment of Geology at the University of Cincinnati. Each of these awards were specifically designated for graduate student research and I would like to exPress my gratitude to these organizations. Finally, I would like to thank my family for all of their love and suPPort; my Parents, my in-laws, and my wife Keri. I hope this work is a good contribution to science, but my children Evelyn and William are the most important things I’ve created over the past 5 years. v Preface In 1997, the Subcommission on Permian StratigraPhy Published a time scale compilation to “encourage more rigorous studies on radiometric dating within biostratigraphically well constrained sections” (PermoPhiles Issue 34, P. 2). When the A Global Time Scale 2004 was published (under the ausPices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy), only one radioisotopic age date was available to provide internal constraint for the Middle Permian (GuadaluPian Series) Portion of the time scale. This date of 265.3 ± 0.2 Ma was rePorted to be from a bentonite 20 m below the base of the CaPitanian at its GSSP and is considered to be a maximum age estimate for the base of the stage (Bowring et al. 1998). While often being treated as occurring very near the base of the Capitanian, reports of its stratigraPhic Position have been inconsistent, casting doubt on how it should influence boundary age estimates for the three component stages of the Guadalupian. As of this writing, no additional radioisotopic dates have been published, leaving this critical juncture in Earth’s history one of the least temporally constrained Portions of the geologic time scale. To address this lack of time control, a tePhrochronologic framework was established using apatite-based geochemical bentonite correlations in conjunction with high-precision zircon U-Pb radioisotopic dating. In the process of establishing the framework issues relating to the lithostratigraPhic, biostratigraPhic, and sequence stratigraPhic makeuP of GuadaluPian tyPe were addressed. ChaPter 1 begins to establish this tephrochronologic framework by identifying and geochemically correlating bentonites in the regionally extensive Manzanita Member of the vi Cherry Canyon Formation. This framework links several sections to the CaPitanian GSSP and constrains the lithostratigraphic position (Manzanita) and chronostratigraphic position (Wordian) for the tyPe sPecimen of the cyclolobid ammonoid Newellites richardsoni. Also addressed is the ProPer stratigraPhic Placement of the radioisotoPic date of Bowring and others (1998). Based on a review of published reports and a new measured section at the Capitanian GSSP presented here, the most accurate Placement is in the Manzanita Limestone. This adjusts the only radioisotopic age constraint for the base of the Capitanian lower in the Wordian Stage than previously reported. ChaPter 2 addresses longstanding ambiguities in the shelf-to-basin correlation of the Rader Limestone Member of the Bell Canyon Formation. Results of aPatite minor, trace, and rare earth element chemistry are interPreted to indicate a correlation between the lower Portion of the Rader Limestone with the Yates Formation on the shelf. SPecifically, the bentonite in the Rader is correlated to a bentonite in the Y3 high frequency sequence of Osleger and Tinker (1999), establishing a
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