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Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration MU Plan

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Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration MU Plan Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Ecosystem Restoration Management Plan MIP Year 16-21, Oct. 2019 – Sept. 2025 OIP Year 13-18, Oct. 2019 – Sept. 2025 MU: Makaha Subunits I and II Overall MIP Management Goals: • Form a stable, native-dominated matrix of plant communities which support stable populations of IP taxa. • Control ungulate, rodent, arthropod, slug, snail, fire, and weed threats to support stable populations of IP taxa. Background Information Location: Northern Waianae Mountains Land Owner: Honolulu Board of Water Supply Land Managers: Oahu Army Natural Resources Program Acreage: Subunit I (MIP): 85 acres Subunit II (MIP): 15 acres Total fenced: 100 acres Elevation Range: 1,600 – 3,040 ft. Description: Makaha Valley is located on the leeward side of the northern Waianae Mountains. Precipitation from Mt. Kaala provides the headwater for an intermittent stream in the back of the valley that often flows during the winter months. The Subunit I fence is located on the southern side of the valley, facing north. The lowest line of Subunit I is approximately 200ft. in elevation above the Makaha Stream. The bottom fence line crosses four gulches leading towards the eastern fence line. The fence then travels up a moderately sloped ridge to the crest line west of the Kumaipo saddle. The top line continues west on Kamaileunu Ridge and crosses to the north side of the “no name” or Cable Puu. The fence line then continues down the steep narrow ridge of the makai line. There are several portions of the fence that use cliffs and steep gulch slopes strategically. The lower habitat is dominated by strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum, and coffee, Coffea arabica, but becomes more diverse at higher elevations, with a mix of native and non-native components. Near the top of the exclosure, the terrain gets very steep with some vertical cliff areas which host a variety of rare native plants. The Subunit II fence was completed in 2011. This fence was originally proposed to be 65 acres but was scaled down to about 15 acres. Ground surveys revealed that most of the lower half of the proposed fence was monotypic strawberry guava and coffee stands with little native components for restoration work. Beginning at the top easternmost corner of Subunit I, the Subunit II fence line goes toward Kaala along Kumaipo Saddle to a point above Three Poles with a split in between creating two separate fences. The fence then heads downward toward the Makaha Valley stream, for about 300 feet and then contours back toward the Subunit I fence. The vegetation is predominantly non-native except for a small native band that this new fence line encompasses. Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Native Vegetation Types at Makaha Waianae Vegetation Types Canopy includes: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Planchonella sandwicensis, Charpentiera spp., Pisonia spp., Psychotria spp., Mesic Antidesma platyphyllum, Myrsine spp., Psydrax odorata, Melicope spp., Hibiscus forest arnottianus, Bobea spp. and Santalum freycinetianum. Understory includes: Alyxia stellata, Bidens torta, Coprosma spp., Kadua spp., Dianella sandwichensis, Euphorbia multiformis, Doodia kunthiana, and Microlepia strigosa NOTE: For MU monitoring purposes vegetation type is mapped based on theoretical pre-disturbance vegetation. Alien species are not noted. Terrain and Vegetation Types at Makaha Two views of gulch habitat in Makaha View of mid-slope habitat Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan View of typical ridge habitat MIP/OIP Rare Resources at Makaha Organism Species Pop. Ref. Code Population Unit Management Wild/ Type Designation Reintroduction Plant Alectryon MAK-A, B, D, Makaha MFS Wild macrococcus var. E* macrococcus Plant Cenchrus MAK-B, D Makaha MFS Reintroduction agrimonioides var. agrimonioides Plant Cyanea MAK-A*, B Makaha MFS Wild and grimesiana subsp. Reintroduction obatae Plant Cyanea longiflora WAI-A Makaha MFS Wild and MAK-B Reintroduction Plant Cyanea superba MAK-A, B, C Makaha MFS Reintroduction subsp. superba Plant Dubautia MAK-E Makaha Both Wild and herbstobatae Reintroduction Plant Euphorbia herbstii MAK-A Makaha MRS Reintroduction Plant Flueggea MAK-B, D, G, Makaha MFS Wild and neowawraea H, I, K, L Reintroduction Plant Hesperomannia MAK-A, B Makaha MFS Wild and oahuensis Reintroduction Plant Kadua degeneri MAK-A Makaha MFS Reintroduction subsp. degeneri Plant Melanthera MAK-C, D Makaha MFS Wild tenuifolia Plant Phyllostegia MAK-A*, B* Makaha MFS Reintroduction kaalaensis Plant Schiedea nuttallii MAK-A Makaha MFS Reintroduction Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan MIP/OIP Rare Resources at Makaha (continued) Organism Species Pop. Ref. Code Population Unit Management Wild/ Type Designation Reintroduction Plant Schiedea obovata MAK-A, B, C Makaha MFS Reintroduction Plant Stenogyne MAK-A* Makaha MFS Reintroduction kanehoana Plant Viola MAK-B Makaha MFS Wild chamissoniana subsp. chamissoniana Snail Achatinella MAK-A, B, C, ESU-D MFS Wild mustelina D, E, F, G MFS= Manage for Stability *= Population Dead GSC= Genetic Storage Collection †=Reintroduction not yet done MRS = Manage Reintroduction for Storage Other Rare Taxa at Makaha MU Organism Type Species Federal Status Plant Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Endangered Plant Asplenium dielfalcatum Endangered Plant Chrysodracon forbesii Endangered Plant Cyanea calycina Endangered Plant Cyanea membranacea None Plant Dubautia sherffiana None Plant Gouania meyenii Endangered Plant Isodendrion laurifolium Endangered Plant Joinvillea ascendens var. ascendens Endangered Plant Korthalsella degeneri Endangered Plant Labordia cyrtandrae Endangered Plant Labordia kaalae None Plant Lobelia niihauensis Endangered Plant Melicope christophersenii Endangered Plant Melicope cornuta var. decurrens Endangered Plant Melicope makahae Endangered Plant Polyscias kavaiensis None Plant Pteralyxia macrocarpa Endangered Plant Schiedea hookeri Endangered Plant Schiedea trinervis Endangered Plant Sicyos lanceoloideus Endangered Plant Strongylodon ruber None Plant Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum None Snail Amastra spirizona None Snail Auriculella ambusta None Snail Pleuropoma oahuensis None Snail Leptachatina gracilis None Bird Chasiempis ibidis Endangered Insect Hylaeus kuakea Endangered Insect Hylaeus makaha None Insect Hylaeus ulaula None Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Rare Resources at Makaha MU Asplenium dielfalcatum Flueggea neowawraea Cyanea grimesiana subsp. obatae Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides Euphorbia herbstii Hesperomannia oahuensis Achatinella mustelina Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Locations of Rare Resources at Makaha Subunit I Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Locations of Rare Resources at Makaha Subunit II Appendix 3-3 Makaha Ecosystem Restoration Management Unit Plan Threats to MIP/OIP MFS Taxa Threat Rare Taxa Affected Management Strategy Current Status, 2019 Pigs All Across MU No animals within fence Goats All Across MU No animals within fence Weeds All Rare taxa sites primarily, Regular maintenance required several across MU secondarily times per year Black Rat, Achatinella mustelina, Across MU Trap grid maintained regularly Polynesian Alectryon macrococcus var. Rat macrococcus, Chasiempis ibidis, Cyanea grimesiana subsp. obatae, C. longiflora, C. superba subsp. superba Jackson’s Achatinella mustelina Across MU Limited to hand-removal when Chameleon possible Slugs Cyanea grimesiana subsp. Affected rare taxa sites Sluggo application once per month in obatae, C. longiflora, C. only areas clear of A. mustelina superba ssp. superba, Euphorbia herbstii, Hesperomannia oahuensis, Schiedea nutallii, S. obovata Predatory Achatinella mustelina Across MU Limited to hand-removal when seen Snails Ants Hylaeus kuakea, H. ulaula, No control Annual surveys conducted H. makaha Black Twig Flueggea neowawraea No control Monitor rare plants; no tools to Borer control in field Fire All Remove grass cover Grass control as needed throughout MU Downy Phyllostegia hirsuta No control Monitor rare plants; no tools to Mildew control in field Management History Makaha has a diverse history of management dating back to the early Polynesian era. Over the years the landscape has gone through drastic changes in vegetation due to various land uses and practices. • Early 1800’s: Makaha ahupuaa ruled by a Hawaiian chief named Kanepaiki • 1850: High Chief Paki was awarded title to the ahupuaa of Makaha through the Mahele • 1855: Chief Paki dies and the Robinson firm purchased Makaha Valley for $5000 in gold • 1880: Waianae Company incorporated; sugar plantation attempted and failed in Makaha Valley • 1883: Water rights dispute in Makaha (settled in Supreme Court ruling in 1884). • 1886: Landowner August Ahrens plants the first coffee trees in Makaha Valley as a 45-acre coffee plantation. • 1893: James Lowe also attempts to farm coffee in Makaha Valley (Makaha Coffee Company) • 1899: Chinese firm of Sing Ho Sung Company leased idle taro patches to grow rice • 1901: Makaha lands leased again to Chinese company See Sing Wai Company (lease expired 1909) • 1902: Holt heirs claimed Makaha fishery as their kuleana and became legal property owners. • 1908–1909: Sugar plantation and expansion in Makaha. • 1911: Dowsett bought up more land in Makaha in the name of Makaha Coffee Company. • 1923: Waianae Sugar Company purchased
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