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Facoltà Di Scienze Politiche Il Ruolo Della Tradizione (Turāth) Nelle Teorie Di Genere E Sessualità in Marocco. Dibattito Pe

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Facoltà Di Scienze Politiche Il Ruolo Della Tradizione (Turāth) Nelle Teorie Di Genere E Sessualità in Marocco. Dibattito Pe Facoltà di Scienze Politiche Dottorato di Ricerca in Studi Politici Ciclo XXX Il ruolo della tradizione (turāth) nelle teorie di genere e sessualità in Marocco. Dibattito per una politica sociale contemporanea Tutor Dottoranda Ch.mo Prof. Tito Marci Serena Fraiese ANNO ACCADEMICO 2017-2018 A mia madre Indice Introduzione ............................................................................................................ 1 Capitolo I Femminismo, pluralismo e identità in Marocco 1.1 Ideologia, sistema di valori e protonazionalismo in Marocco ................... 19 1.2 Modernità, tradizione e razionalità ............................................................ 22 1.3 La natura specifica della questione femminile in Marocco ....................... 33 1.4 Rapporti di genere, ideologie politiche e diritto positivo .......................... 39 1.5 I meccanismi istituzionali dell’uguaglianza di genere .............................. 58 1.6 I meccanismi storici e sociali del patriarcato ............................................ 62 Capitolo II La partecipazione politica delle donne e il bene comune in Asma Lamrabet 2.1 Biografia di Asma Lamrabet ..................................................................... 70 2.2 Il nazionalismo religioso tra globalizzazione e rinnovamento etico ......... 76 2.2.1 Riforma (iṣlāḥ) e bene comune (maṣlaḥa) ........................................ 87 2.3 Il femminismo islamico di Asma Lamrabet .............................................. 92 2.3.1 Sistema di riferimento religioso e sistema di riferimento universale 95 2.3.2 La nozione di nafs wāhida come principio di uguaglianza ............... 98 2.4 La partecipazione politica delle donne come bene comune .................... 103 2.4.1. Shūrā e democrazia ........................................................................ 107 2.4.2 La bay‘a e l’impegno politico delle donne ...................................... 110 Capitolo III Femminismo, pensiero materno e psichiatria nel pensiero di Ghita El Khayat 3.1 Biografia di Ghita El Khayat ................................................................... 118 3.2 Configurazioni spazio-tempo della donna-madre: dal matriarcato al patriarcato ...................................................................................................... 125 3.3 Il Pensiero Materno, il patriarcato e gli automatismi psicologici ............ 130 3.4 Maternità, sterilità e clonazione riproduttiva tra tradizione e innovazione ....................................................................................................................... 140 3.5 Lo spazio e il tempo dei valori morali tra tradizione e modernità........... 155 3.6 Uno sguardo attuale sull’evoluzione sociale dei valori ........................... 162 3.7 Il Marocco del culto dei santi e delle superstizioni ................................. 167 Capitolo IV La transizione sessuale in Marocco tra femminilità e mascolinità nel pensiero di Abdessamad Dialmy 4.1 Biografia di Abdessamad Dialmy ........................................................... 180 4.2 Identità di genere tra differenzialismo e costruttivismo .......................... 185 4.3 Femminilità/Mascolinità: costruzione di una identità ............................. 190 4.3.1 Sessualità in transizione .................................................................. 202 4.4 Autodeterminazione sessuale e omosessualità in Marocco ..................... 206 4.5 Diritti di genere: il fallimento della società civile marocchina tra apostasia politica e apostasia silenziosa ........................................................................ 217 Conclusioni ......................................................................................................... 224 Appendice ........................................................................................................... 232 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 423 Elenco acronimi ADFM: Association Démocratiques des Femmes du Maroc AMDF: Association Marocaine des Droits des Femmes AMLAC: Association Marocaine de Lutte contre l’Avortement Clandestin AMPF: Association Marocaine de Planning Familial APALD: Autorité pour la Parité et la Lutte contre toutes formes de Discrimination CCPD: Collectif Citoyen pour le Droit à la Parenté CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CIPD: Conference Intérnationale sur Population et Développement CNDH: Conseil National des Droits de l’Homme FIV: Fecondazione in vitro GIERFI: Groupe International d’études et de réflexion sur femmes et Islam INDH: Initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain IVG: Interruzione Volontaria di Gravidanza LDDF: Ligue Démocratique des Droits des Femmes LGBTQI: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transexua, Queer, Intersexual MSFFDS: Ministère de la Solidarité, de la Femme, de la Famille et du Développement Social OMS: Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità ONG: Organizzazione Non Governativa PGE: Plan Gouvernemental de l’Egalité PIDCP: Pacte International relatif aux Droits civils et politiques PIDESC: Pacte International relatif aux Droits économiques, sociaux et culturels PJD: Parti de la Justice et du Développement PMA: Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita PNIFD: Plan National d’Intégration de la Femme au Développement PPS: Parti du Profrès et du Socialisme UAF: Union de l’Action Féminine UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFM: Union Nationale des Femmes Marocaines UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNHCHR: United Nations High Commission for Human Rights UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USAID: United States Agency for International Development Trascrizione fonetica Consonanti Traslitterazione Lettera araba ء ’ ا a ب b ت t ث th ج j ح ḥ خ kh د d ذ dh ر r ز z س s ش sh ص ṣ ض ḍ ط ṭ ظ ẓ ع ‘ غ gh ف f ق q ك k ل l م m ن n ه h و w ي y Vocali brevi Traslitterazione Lettera araba فتحة a كسرة i ضمة u Vocali lunghe Traslitterazione Lettera araba مد باﻻلف ā مد بالياء ī مد بالواو ū Introduzione Al fine di generare nuovi tipi di ricerca critica sul già esistente campo interdisciplinare degli studi di genere in Medio Oriente e Nord Africa, questo lavoro intende presentare e approfondire gli aspetti e le tappe fondamentali delle teorie e dei dibattiti di genere maturati in Marocco negli ultimi trent’anni, al cui centro vi è il valore della tradizione. Per lo scopo di questa ricerca, ho scelto di analizzare la funzione ricoperta dalla tradizione in seno a tre dibattiti di genere tutt’oggi aperti in Marocco: il ruolo della donna nello spazio pubblico; il rapporto della donna con la maternità e con la famiglia; la definizione delle identità di genere. Questo lavoro intende riflettere, pertanto, sulle prospettive di trasformazione dei rapporti di genere e dunque comprendere come da questi dibattiti possa derivare un’azione politica volta a garantire maggiore eguaglianza tra i sessi. La metodologia scelta è quella di esaminare il progetto di tre pensatori marocchini che hanno contributo, in modo incisivo, nel processo di ripensamento e rimodernamento del pensiero politico islamico in Marocco. L’obiettivo principale è quello di mostrare qual è il significato che ogni studioso attribuisce alle nozioni di tradizione e di patriarcato, e ricollocare tali pensieri nelle specifiche configurazioni sociali, politiche e culturali che interessano i rapporti di genere nel contesto marocchino. Tenterò di mostrare come diverse maniere di concepire la tradizione permettono di capire il patriarcato, inteso come un sistema che valorizza il dovere di obbedienza a tutti i livelli, dall’educazione alla famiglia, dove donne e bambini sono subordinati, e dal lavoro all’amministrazione, dove è indispensabile la sottomissione assoluta al vertice del sistema di classe gerarchico. Ho preferito, pertanto, un approccio alternativo che attribuisca un ruolo principale all’elaborazione delle realtà sociali e storiche esaminate come unità funzionali e che, nel loro insieme, concretizzano il sistema di funzionamento del discorso di genere. Questa scelta intende dunque ricostruire i dati più salienti sul dibattito pubblico sul genere e la sessualità in Marocco, sia a livello storico che teorico, 1 cercando di non lasciare inesplorata nessuna delle scienze umane applicabili: la sociologia, la psicoanalisi, l’etnologia, l’esegesi, la storia e la politica. Gli autori di riferimento sono Asma Lamrabet, Ghita El Khayat e Abdessamad Dialmy, tre tra i più rilevanti intellettuali, noti nella comunità scientifica internazionale, che si sono occupati di temi riguardanti il genere e la sessualità e che seguono varie scuole di pensiero di genere: dall’universalismo all’islamismo riformista, dal costruttivismo al differenzialismo. Tutti e tre gli autori sono molto presenti nel dibattito pubblico sul genere e sulla sessualità e i mezzi di diffusione del loro pensiero sono variegati: dalla pubblicazione di saggi e opere, alla docenza accademica; dalla costante partecipazione a convegni nazionali ed internazionali, alla partecipazione a ricerche qualitative e quantitative di carattere scientifico; dalla pubblicazione di opinioni personali sui propri profili Facebook alla pubblicazione di articoli e opinioni sui propri blog. Il loro pensiero nel dibattito intellettuale nazionale ed internazionale è puntualmente considerato e, nel contempo, contestato. Ritengo doveroso sottolineare che non rappresenta lo scopo di questa ricerca tutto
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