DOCSLIB.ORG

Do Shari'a Councils Meet the Needs of Muslim Women?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Do Shari'a Councils Meet the Needs of Muslim Women? O ye who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be (against) rich or poor: for Allah can best protect both. Follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest ye swerve, and if ye distort (justice) or decline to do justice, verily Allah is well- acquainted with all that ye do. The Quran surah 4 (The Women) verse 135 Do Shari’a Councils Meet the Needs of Muslim Women? By Rehana Parveen A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Birmingham Law School College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham 30 June 2017 1 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Acknowledgements, Dedication and Thanks I would like to thank my supervisors Professor John Baldwin and Professor Gordon Roger Woodman for their unwavering support, guidance and assistance throughout this process. I would like to dedicate this thesis to the memory of Professor Gordon Roger Woodman, a kind, gentle and thoughtful man. I am honoured to have benefited from his intellectual expertise and his charming character. I would also like to thank all my colleagues at Birmingham Law School who have pushed, prodded and cajoled me forward when I needed it, but were always willing to provide me with an attentive ear to listen to my woes when that was my need. I especially extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr Samantha Schnobel and Dr Emma Oakley. To my dearest family and friends who have borne with me whilst I struggled through these past years. Your love and support has been a source of comfort and joy. I especially thank my parents, my husband, my brothers and sisters and all of my nephews and nieces. I know how joyful it is to be part of such a large family and each member has in their own unique way contributed to my journey. And finally I thank Allah . He has blessed me in ways that I could not have imagined and I pray that what I have written is pleasing to Him. 2 Abstract In the last 30 years English law has seen a small but steady proliferation of shari’a councils though exact numbers are not known. They have been set up to meet the religious needs of the British Muslim population primarily focussing on providing a forum for the resolution of marital disputes. Shari’a councils offer mediation and reconciliation services as well as issuing religious divorce certificates. In the academic research to date it is apparent that the primary applicants to shari’a councils are Muslim women. In order to understand why one must investigate Islamic law. Islamic law differentiates between the way in which men and women may divorce. Muslim men are free to pronounce a unilateral divorce without seeking the approval of any judicial body. Muslim women are not granted any equivalent rights to terminate a relationship and arguably must either secure their husband’s consent or apply to an authority which can provide them with a religious determination. Shari’a councils have emerged to meet that need. My research demonstrates that whilst Muslim women are generally satisfied with the outcome of a shari’a council ruling they are critical of the processes. This becomes even more apparent to them when they compare their experiences of shari’a councils with the civil court system. Nonetheless, civil law alone is insufficient to meet the women’s needs and access to a religious authority remains a vital resource for many Muslim women. There is, however, a dynamic and evolving relationship taking place between Muslim family law practices and English law, which is still only at the embryonic stage. Shari’a councils provide an important resource for Muslim women to fulfil their specific religious needs but there are significant improvements to be made to the provision of this service. 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 10 Introduction to shari’a councils .......................................................................................................... 11 My study ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Methodology and approach .................................................................................................................. 13 The Islamic Judiciary Board (IJB) ....................................................................................................... 16 Method and approach for the interviews ....................................................................................... 19 Contextualising the debate – externally and personally .......................................................... 19 Personal journey and positionality ................................................................................................... 22 British Muslims: statistical information .......................................................................................... 24 Multiple identities .................................................................................................................................... 26 Key arguments ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Placing my research and placing shari’a councils within the legal pluralism debate ........................................................................................................................... 30 Research to date ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Power and Authority .......................................................................................................................... 34 Women’s objectives ............................................................................................................................ 38 The IJB as a ‘new’ shari’a council ................................................................................................... 43 The importance of a comparative approach ............................................................................. 44 Banning of shari’a councils or reducing their need ............................................................... 46 Further research is needed .............................................................................................................. 50 Legal Pluralism .......................................................................................................................................... 52 Defining ‘Law’ and ‘Legal Pluralism’ from a Western perspective. ................................. 55 The impact of Legal Positivism ....................................................................................................... 57 From Legal Positivism to Legal Pluralism ................................................................................. 59 The history of legal pluralism ......................................................................................................... 60 The relationship between legal pluralism and Muslim women as legal subjects ..... 66 Gender Equality and Sameness/Difference Debate ............................................................... 67 Post-identity and Vulnerability ...................................................................................................... 72 Muslim Women and Creating Legal Subjectivity .................................................................... 73 The challenges for legal pluralism ..................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 3 – Islamic Law, Morality and its Sources .......................................................... 81 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 81 The relationship between human beings and God ..................................................................... 82 The aim of a Muslim – to enter paradise and avoid the hellfire ............................................ 83 4 Categorisation of all acts ........................................................................................................................ 86 Islamic morality and Islamic law ........................................................................................................ 90 Shari’a ............................................................................................................................................................ 94 Shari’a and Fiqh ......................................................................................................................................... 96 Authority and Legitimacy of the Jurists. .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indian Muslim Women's Contriiihtion to Islamic Studies Since 1947
    Indian Muslim Women's ContriiiHtion to islamic Studies Since 1947 THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Inctor of pi|Uo0Opt|g /^'^ In ^ Islamic Studies By \(pan>een (Baho 'J// Under the Supervision of DJR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL Reader DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) 2008 ^ ^••'^irrrT-"^*^^'' T7486 Phones : Ext. 2701131, Int. 1365J 366 Fax : 0571-2700528 DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202 002 (INDIA) 22/12/2008. Qated cEnrijic^rx This is to certify that the 'Th,V. thesis on "Indian MusCim yvomen's ContriBution to IsCamic Studies Since 1947" suhmittecC By Ms. Tayveen 'Bano under my supervision is her originaC y-esearch -work. It is a criticaC study and a significant contribution to knowCedge. The work is oHginaC and suitahCe for suBmission for the award of the degree of Th.V. in IsCamic Studies, Migarh MusCim University, Adgarh. (T)r. Muhammad IsmaiO Supervisor ^^b-G»:-.^:-^»^.^;»>^-^»>^>^>^^5P>^' "PROCLAIM! (OR READ) IN THE NAME OF THY LORD AND CHERISHER. ... HE WHO TAUGHT (THE USE OF) THE PEN. TAUGHT MAN THAT WHICH HE KNEW NOT" [AL QURAN 96: 1-5] "ONE WHO FOLLOWS A WAY FOR SEEKING KNOWLEDGE ALLAH WOULD CAUSE HIM FOLLOW A WAY (PRACTISING A GOOD HABIT) LEADING TO JANNAH ..." [HADITH] "... AND THAT YE BE KIND TO YOUR PARENTS ... SAY NOT TO THEM A WORD OF CONTEMPT. NOR REPEL THEM. BUT ADDRESS THEM IN TERMS OF HONOUR .... AND SAY 'MY LORD! BESTOW ON THEM THE MERCY EVEN AS THEY CHERISHED ME IN CHILDHOOD." [AL-ISRA V23-24] 'Dedicated My (BeCoved (Parents \ i J CONTENTS Preface i-iu Acknowledgement iv-vi Chapter First Introduction 1-7 Chapter Second Muslim Women's Education in Islam: The 8-39 Historical Development Chapter Third Contribution of Indian Muslim Women to 40-100 Madrasa Education Chapter Fourth Indian Muslim Women's Contribution to Islamic 101-186 Studies since 1947 (i) Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 2
    Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS Textual Development and Advocacy combines an examination of women’s rights in Muslim family law in Arab states across the Middle East with IN ARAB STATES discussions of the public debates surrounding the issues that are raised in processes of codification and amendment. A number of states have A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF TEXTUAL recently either codified Muslim family law, or Women and Muslim Family Laws in have issued significant amendments or new DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY Arab States: A Comparative Overview laws on the subject. This study considers these of Textual Development and new laws along with older statutes to comment Advocacy combines an examination. on patterns and dynamics of change both in Lynn Welchman the texts of the laws, and in the processes by women’s rights in Muslim family which they are drafted and issued. It draws IN ARAB STATES law in Arab states across the Middle on original legal texts as well as on extensive East with discussions of the public secondary literature for an insight into practice; debates surrounding interventions by women’s rights organisations and other parties are drawn on to identify women’s rights in Muslim family areas of the laws that remain contested. The law in Arab states across the Middle discussions are set in the contemporary global East with discussions of the public context that ‘internationalises’ the domestic debates the issues that are raised. and regional discussions. ISIM SERIES ON CONTEMPORARY LYNN WELCHMAN MUSLIMISIM SERIES SOCIETIES ON CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES Lynn Welchmann is senior lecturer ISBN-13 978 90 5356 974 0 in Islamic and Middle Eastern Laws, School of Law at SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) at the University of London.
    [Show full text]
  • In-Focus Report on the Main Five Broadcasters
    Diversity and equal opportunities in television In-focus report on the main five broadcasters Publication Date: 27 September 2018 Contents Section 1. Introduction 1 2. How diverse is the BBC Public Television Service? 3 3. How diverse is Channel 4? 15 4. How diverse is ITV? 27 5. How diverse is Sky? 39 6. How diverse is Viacom? 51 7. Social Mobility – Recommendations from the Bridge Group 60 Annex A1. Guidance from the Bridge Group 62 Diversity and equal opportunities in television: In-focus report on the main five broadcasters 1. Introduction 1.1 This In-focus report provides more in-depth analysis across each of the main five broadcasters1 and should be read in conjunction with the main report. 1.2 Each section gives an overview of the six protected characteristics for which we collected data, showing profiles for all UK employees across each broadcaster. The top row (purple) shows profiles for gender, racial group and disability, for which data provision was mandatory. The bottom row (blue) shows profiles for age, sexual orientation and religion or belief, for which provision was voluntary. 1.3 Though broadcasters were not required to provide the information requested on a voluntary basis, we consider these to be equally important characteristics that should be monitored to effectively assess how well equal opportunities are being promoted across the industry. We made it clear in our information request that, to provide context and transparency, we would be publishing information on who did and didn’t provide the data requested. 1.4
    [Show full text]
  • “Fatawa Concerning Looking”
    “Fatawa Concerning Looking” Compiled and Translated by those who seek the Mercy of Allah Their Lord The Memphis Da’wah Team Memphis Da’wah E-Books © www.MemphisDawah.com In the name of Allah Most Beneficent Most Merciful All praise is for Allah the Exalted and may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His Messenger Muhammad and his family and companions and all those who follow them and their way until the Day of Resurrection Fatawa Concerning Looking www.MemphisDawah.com Table of Contents Foreword Introduction The Issues: Issue #1: Looking at a Woman for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Issue #2: Testifying For or Against a Woman Issue #3: Looking at a Woman for the Purpose of Marriage Issue #4: Looking at a Woman for the Purpose of Conducting Business Issue #5: Looking at a Woman for the Purpose of Teaching Issue #6: Looking at Elderly women and Young Girls Issue #7: Looking at Images of Women’s Body Parts that are Disconnected from the Body Issue #8: Hermaphrodites, Impotent Men, Castrated Men, Old Men, Young Boys and Sick Men Looking at Women Issue #9: Women looking at Non-Mahram Men Issue #10: Men looking at a Woman for whom they are a Mahram Issue #11: Husband and Wife looking at each other Issue #12: Looking at the Same Sex Issue #13: Non-Muslim Women looking at Muslim women Some Advice to Aid Lowering One’s gaze 1 Memphis Da’wah E-Books 2 www.MemphisDawah.com Fatawa Concerning Looking www.MemphisDawah.com Introduction Interpretation of the meaning Tell the believing men to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Juridical Aspects of Nullify of Marriage Due to Breast-Feeding in Religious Court
    International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 10 • No. 10 • October 2019 doi:10.30845/ijbss.v10n10p3 Juridical Aspects of Nullify of Marriage due to Breast-Feeding in Religious Court Puspita Jian Andrina Suraji Muhammad Rustamaji Student of Notary Master Program Law Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Abstract The research aimed to describe basis of judge’s decision in juridical view to grant declaration of nullify of marriage according to breastfeeding and factors that underlying judge’s decision and evidence that done in it. The reasons of forbiden due to breastfeeding or nasab marriage are called mahram muabbad. Where the marriage in blood relation could be inherit genetic traits and immune strength even causes disease family. The legal research attempted to understand and know the simptoms that was studied, then connected or combined legal materials that relevant and being references in literature legal research. Based on results and discussions had came up conclusions that legal consideration that causes nullify of marriage occured in religious court is due to a marriage in one breastfeeding. Keywords: nullify of marriage, breastfeeding relation, religious court. A. Introduction Every human being has the nature to settle and having children. Being a family is also a human right that must be protected by the state and the community itself, as regulated in Article 28B Paragraph (1) of 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which states that: "Everyone has the right to have a family and carry on their offspring through legitimate marriage". Having a happy and lifelong family is everyone's dream and wish.
    [Show full text]
  • Hermeneutics & Morocco's Family Code
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2020 From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code Rachel Olick-Gibson SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Law and Gender Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Religion Law Commons, Social Policy Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Olick-Gibson, Rachel, "From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code" (2020). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3362. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3362 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code Rachel Olick-Gibson Academic Director: Belghazi, Taieb Advisor: Bordat, Stephanie Washington University in St. Louis Africa, Morocco, Rabat Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MOR: Multiculturalism and Human Rights, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2020 1 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad
    Journal of Law and Practice Volume 4 Article 3 2011 Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad Charlie Lehmann Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice Part of the Family Law Commons Recommended Citation Jaafar-Mohammad, Imani and Lehmann, Charlie (2011) "Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce," Journal of Law and Practice: Vol. 4, Article 3. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Law and Practice by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Keywords Muslim women--Legal status laws etc., Women's rights--Religious aspects--Islam, Marriage (Islamic law) This article is available in Journal of Law and Practice: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 Jaafar-Mohammad and Lehmann: Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ISLAM REGARDING MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 4 Wm. Mitchell J. L. & P. 3* By: Imani Jaafar-Mohammad, Esq. and Charlie Lehmann+ I. INTRODUCTION There are many misconceptions surrounding women’s rights in Islam. The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the basic rights of women in Islam in the context of marriage and divorce. This article is only to be viewed as a basic outline of women’s rights in Islam regarding marriage and divorce.
    [Show full text]
  • Visions and Actions to Promote Gender Equality in the Mediterranean Follow the Ufm Secretariat On
    Visions and actions to promote gender equality in the Mediterranean Follow the UfM Secretariat on: /ufmsecretariat @UfMSecretariat /union-for-the-mediterranean flickr.com/photos/ufms /UfMSecretariat Visions and actions to promote gender equality in the Mediterranean Table of Contents 6 Foreword Fathallah Sijilmassi, UfM Secretary General 8 Women Empowerment, a crucial factor for achieving peace and stability Mariano Rajoy , President of the Government of Spain 12 Bringing the women of our Mediterranean together: in pursuit of peace, prosperity and wellbeing Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, President of Malta 14 Women’s rights are human rights Mariya Gabriel, European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society 18 Gender equality: a matter of social justice Hala Lattouf, Minister of Social Development, Jordan 20 Women’s leadership: a driving force for change Nathalie Loiseau, French Minister in charge of European Affairs 24 Women: custodians of cultural, social and religious values Maya Morsi, President of the National Council of Women, Egypt 28 Empowering girls and women to transform entire societies Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General of the World Health Organization 30 Gender and climate change: need for international, national and local action Patricia Espinosa, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 34 Empowerment of young people and women: the key to development Faten Kallel, Secretary of State responsible for Youth, Tunisia 38 Overview of the Strategy for the Ministery for Women, Family
    [Show full text]
  • Al-'Usur Al-Wusta, Volume 23 (2015)
    AL-ʿUṢŪR AL-WUSṬĀ 23 (2015) THE JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST MEDIEVALISTS About Middle East Medievalists (MEM) is an international professional non-profit association of scholars interested in the study of the Islamic lands of the Middle East during the medieval period (defined roughly as 500-1500 C.E.). MEM officially came into existence on 15 November 1989 at its first annual meeting, held ni Toronto. It is a non-profit organization incorporated in the state of Illinois. MEM has two primary goals: to increase the representation of medieval scholarship at scholarly meetings in North America and elsewhere by co-sponsoring panels; and to foster communication among individuals and organizations with an interest in the study of the medieval Middle East. As part of its effort to promote scholarship and facilitate communication among its members, MEM publishes al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā (The Journal of Middle East Medievalists). EDITORS Antoine Borrut, University of Maryland Matthew S. Gordon, Miami University MANAGING EDITOR Christiane-Marie Abu Sarah, University of Maryland EDITORIAL BOARD, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, AL-ʿUṢŪR AL-WUSṬĀ (THE JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST MEDIEVALISTS) MIDDLE EAST MEDIEVALISTS Zayde Antrim, Trinity College President Sobhi Bourdebala, University of Tunis Matthew S. Gordon, Miami University Muriel Debié, École Pratique des Hautes Études Malika Dekkiche, University of Antwerp Vice-President Fred M. Donner, University of Chicago Sarah Bowen Savant, Aga Khan University David Durand-Guédy, Institut Français de Recherche en Iran and Research
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Andalus' Lessons for Contemporary European
    IMMIGRATION, JUSTICE AND SOCIETY AL-ANDALUS’ LESSONS FOR CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN MODELS OF INTEGRATION MYRIAM FRANÇOIS • BETHSABÉE SOURIS www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform Established by Margaret Thatcher, New Direction is Europe’s leading free market political foundation & publisher with offices in Brussels, London, Rome & Warsaw. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. AUTHORS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 AL-ANDALUS’ MODEL OF INTEGRATION 8 2.1 THE IBERIAN HISTORY FROM THE MUSLIM CONQUEST TO THE RECONQUISTA 10 2.1.1 Visigoth Spain 11 2.1.2 The Muslim advance in Arabia and Northern Africa 11 2.1.3 The conquest of Spain 12 2.1.4 The unstable first years of the Umayyad dynasty 14 2.1.5 The golden ages of the Caliphate of Cordoba 14 2.1.6 The fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba 16 2.1.7 The end of Al-Andalus and the Reconquista 16 2.2 2.2 THE SOCIAL MODEL OF INTEGRATION OF AL-ANDALUS 18 2.2.1 The social and religious landscape 19 2.2.2 Controversy over the meaning of ‘convivencia’ 19 2.2.3 Protection of religious’ communities boundaries 21 2.2.4 Towards an increased integration and acculturation: The Arabization of the non-Muslim communities 22 2.2.5 The cultural impact of the convivencia 25 Myriam François Bethsabée Souris 2.2.6 Limits of coexistence 26 Dr Myiam Francois is a journalist and academic with a Bethsabée Souris is a PhD candidate in Political Science at 3 TODAY’S EUROPEAN MODELS OF MUSLIM INTEGRATION 28 focus on France and the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Islamic Da'wah Narratives in the UK: the Case of Iera
    Online Islamic Da'wah Narratives in the UK: The Case of iERA by MIRA A. BAZ A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Religion and Theology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis is an in-depth study into two of the UK charity iERA's da'wah narratives: the Qura'nic embryology 'miracle' and the Kalam Cosmological Argument. While the embryo verses have received scholarly attention, there is little to no research in the da'wah context for both narratives. Berger and Luckmann's social constructionism was applied to both, which were problematic. It was found that iERA constructed its exegesis of the embryo verses by expanding on classical meanings to show harmony with modern science. Additionally, it developed the Cosmological Argument by adapting it to Salafi Islamic beliefs. The construction processes were found to be influenced by an online dialectic between iERA and its Muslim and atheist detractors, causing it to abandon the scientific miracles and modify the Cosmological Argument.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatawa Marriage, Divorce, Related Properties 2000-2019 Fatawa Marriage, Divorce, Property 2019
    FATAWA MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, RELATED PROPERTIES 2000-2019 FATAWA MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, PROPERTY 2019 From: Dr. Mohsen Sent: Thursday, March 7, 2019 Subject: wife's jewellery As-salamu alaykum dear Prof. Monzer, Hope you are fine. Please take the time to answer the following question: Few months back I was going to my parents house for delivery of my first child. My mother wanted me to wear all the Gold jewellery and come. I had some at home and the remaining in the Banks locker. I asked my husband to get the remaining jewellery from the locker but he didn't take me to the bank nor got it. He kept saying he will not. As per him it didn't make sense for me to take all my jewellery to my home for delivery. I told him as it belonged to me I want it but he was not listening to me.. I started crying so my mother spoke to my husband in a harsh and rude (her tone was high) way as she was angry cos I was pregnant and my husband made me cry. she asked him to get it that day only it doesn't matter.. My husband was upset and angry as he thought my mother was accusing him that he has taken my jewellery and misused that's why she wanted to see the gold to cross check if it's there or not. My mother did speak to him in angry Tone but she didn't accuse him directly. My husband still thinks that my mother accused him of taking my jewellery, while I tell him that It's also his mistake as he didn't listen to me when I was pleading him to get the jewellery from bank.
    [Show full text]