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Across the World of Islam Across the World of Islam STUDIES IN ASPECTS OF THE MOHAMMEDAN FAITH AND IN THE PRESENT AWAKEN- ING OF THE MOSLEM MULTITUDES By SAMUEL M, ZWEMER, F.R.G.S. Edilo,:1 "TJ,1 Moslem World;" Aulhor, "Ar1J6i11, 1/u Crllliu of Islam;" "A Moslem S,ek,r 4t1er God," "Thi UI• of Apostu:, in Islam,',i,. FULLY ILLUSTRATED ,\ MOSLEM E:-.GAGED IN PRIVATE DEVOTION In addition to formal prayer, salllt, the sincere believer offers his dua' or informnl petitions, while the religious mystic performs Naw Yoas: C1ncAoo his zikr, All are seekers after God, if haply they may find Him. Fleming H. Revell Company LoHDoN AHD Eo1x1uaoa Copyright, MCMXXIX, by FLEMING H REVELL COMPANY To THE INNER CIRCLE OF FRIENDS, Whose Faith and Sacrifice Made These Studies Possible New York: 158 Fifth Avenue Chicago: 851 Cass Street London: 21 Paternoster Square Edinburgh 99 George Street MY KASHKUL FOREWORD TO THE READER O FIGURE is more familiar to those who travel along the great highways or the un- N beaten paths of the Moslem world than that of the wandering derwish carrying his greasy, oval bowl of metal or wood, perchance a cocoanut-shell or gourd suspended by three brass chains from the shoul- der. This beggar's-bowl in which he receives alms and scraps of food is called al kashkul. The derivation of the word is obscure, but may be related to the Persian word for shoulder, kul, like our English word "colpor- teur "--one who carries a pack on his back. The adept follower of the Mystic Way in Islam is actually distinguished by four external signs. He car- ries a tabar or battle-axe to protect him from wild beasts during his wanderings in the desert. On his head is the taj or derwish cap, often embroidered with Koran texts. His unshorn locks fall over his shoulders and indicate neglect of the conventional. But most conspicuous of all is the kashkul in which he receives the contributions of the faithful. In Arabic literature, the word kashkul came to sig- nify also an album or a literary collection from various sources. We have, for example, the famous Kitab-al- 7 8 MY KASHKUL MY KASHKUL 9 Kashkul, of Beha-al-Din al 'Amili; and an Egyptian tered Mohammedan population of that land and of comic paper, similar to Punch, is published in Cairo Central Asia may have a chapter all to themselves at under the same title. a later date. One who has lived in, and wandered for thirty-eight The illustrations are taken from a large collection of years across, the wide world of Islam gathers much in photographs, some rather rare, obtained on our jour- his mental kashkul. In this volume he opens his beg- neys. We express our indebtedness to P. Dittrich and gar's basket to the reader, and offers a share of the G. Lekegian and Company, of Cairo, for those of the spoil collected from Cairo to Casablanca, from Cape- mosques and derwishes; to Miss E. I. M. Boyd for that town to Calcutta, albeit a miscellany. The unity of the of the mosque at Kustendil, Bulgaria; to the librarian world of Islam, its fascination, its desperate needs and of the Aligarh University; to Kurkdijian, Surabaia, its marvellous awakening life have impressed all who Java, for the mosque; and to missionazy friends in study the subject. There are byways as well as high- Java, Sumatra, and South Africa for other photographs. ways which we ask the reader to traverse, but all lead The Mecca pictures were secured from my friend to the same goal, and each chapter, we trust, adds its Ibrahim Rifa'at Pasha, of Cairo, and are used by his line or two to what is after all only a part of a great permission. living panorama. Some of the chapters appeared origi- The author desires also to express his deep gratitude nally as articles in leading missionary magazines. To to government officials in British, French and Dutch the editors of these publications we are indebted for possessions and colonies for the unfailing courtesy and permission to reprint in revised form. kindness shown him, and, above all, to the missionaries The title of the book may seem to include more than of all societies and to his many Moslem friends for its contents. Some of the gaps in the survey are acci- hospitality of home and heart. The derwish calls down dental, others intentional. My earlier book on Arabia the blessing of Allah at the doors where they have filled has long been superseded in a whole series of illumi- his kashkul. nating volumes by explorers, travellers, and mission- s. M. ZWEMER. aries. Egypt and Turkey, it is true, occupy the front Cairo. page of the press on the Near East, but in neither country have Nationalism nor the conflicting forces of Islam itself yet reached stable equilibrium. Although I saw somewhat of Chinese Islam in 1917, the scat- CONTENTS I. THE NEW WORLD OF ISLAM 15 II. THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE EMPIRE OF ISLAM 32 III. COULD MOHAMMED READ AND WRITE? 51 IV. THE " HOLY TRADITIONS " • 75 v. WOMEN IN THE KORAN AND TRADITION. 93 VI. WOMANHOOD UNDER ISLAM. 117 VII. THE MOSQUE AS A PLACE OF WORSHIP 154 VIII. MECCA THE MYSTERIOUS 165 IX. IsLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA To-DAY 185 x. THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 205 XI. ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA . 224 XII. ISLAM IN SOUTH AFRICA . 241 XIII. JAVA AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES • 256 XIV. PERSIA AND SHIAH ISLAM 278 xv. ISLAM IN RUSSIA 297 XVI. ISLAM IN INDIA .313 XVII. ISLAM IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE . 343 GLOSSARY OF ARABic TERMs • 364 INDEX • • 372 11 ILLUSTRATIONS A Moslem Engaged in Private Devotion . Frontispiece A Persian Derwish in State................................................ 16 Minarets of the Al Azhar Mosque, Cairo ........................ 17 The Citadel Mosque of Cairo ........................................... 32 Portrait of Mohammed by a Persian Artist. ......................33 Facsimile of a Page from the Hadith Qudsi. .................... 80 Interior of Main Court of Al-Azhar at Cairo .................... 81 A Blind Beggar Asking Alms on the Streets of Cairo .. 96 From Behind the Lattice ................................................... 97 A Javanese Woman with Sheaf of Rice ............................ 128 A Typical Village Mosque and Street in Egypt. ............. 129 Court in the Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Tulun, Cairo (876 A. D.) .................................................................... 144 Pulpit in the So-<:alled Blue Mosque, Cairo .................... 145 The Cross-roads of All East Africa. ................................. 206 Portion of the Kiswah. ....................................................... 208 The Mosque of the Prophet at Medina. ............................ 209 A Sabi! in Cairo. ................................................................ 224 Three Mosques at Cairo. .................................................. 225 The Mahmal or Ornamental Camel-Jitter ......................... 256 Two Travelling Derwishes from the Sudan ....................... 257 Past and Present in Africa. ............................................... 272 A Modern Mosque in Durban, Natal ............................... 272 Mosque of Sidi Bou Medine, Tlemcen, Algeria................ 273 A Mohammedan Funeral at Tlemcen, Algeria ................ 288 One of a Score of Mosques in Capetown. ......................... 289 A Typical Mosque in Java ............................................... 304 A Christian Congregation in Java .................................... 305 13 14 ILLUSTRATIONS I At the Training School for Evangelists, Solo, Java ........ 320 THE NEW WORLD OF ISLAM Exterior of Building of One of the Classes ..................... 320 New Roads in Persia. .................................................... 321 F ONE could stand on one of the lofty minarets of The Leading Mohammedan Theologians and Preach- the great Azhar University Mosque, of Cairo, and ers of Isfahan, Persia.................•. ....... 336 I look eastward, westward, and southward over the Tekke of the Bektashi Derwishes. ................................ 337 vast areas dominated by Islam for thirteen centuries, A Few Mohammedan Periodicals in English or German. 352 nothing would so impress the thoughtful observer as The Grave of Sir Seyyid Ahmed at Aligarh, India .......... 353 the fact that the old empire of Mohammed has become A Group of Derwishes. .................................................. 372 almost unrecognizable because of changes from with- An Ancient Mosque at Kustendil, Bulgaria ................... 373 out and from within. Islam was cradled in the desert and bore the imprint of its environment-stern, ruthless, majestic, awful, immutable, inevitable-for many centuries. In 907 A. D. the bounds of the Caliphate included the whole of Turkestan, Persia, all of western India, as well as Arabia, North Africa, and Spain. Well might the ruler of so vast a domain call himself Suleiman the Magnifi- cent. To-day we witness the remnants of the old Turkish Empire, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Pales- tine, struggling in the throes of a new nationalism, eager for democracy yet none bold or strong enough to save the Caliphate when the Turks themselves abol- ished the office and deported the last of Ottoman Caliphs. The situation is described by Moslems them- selves in language that borders on pessimism. " There has been many a dark hour in the history of Islam," said Khawaja Nazir Ahmad, preaching in the Woking Mosque (London), 1924, "but never any so dark as the present. We, the present-day Moslems, 15 16 ACROSS THE WORLD OF ISLAM have indeed fallen on evil days. Our past glory has forsaken us. Our might, our honour, have deserted us. To our rivals, our days are already numbered. It is true that, to a certain extent, we have awakened and realized the critical nature of the situation in which we find ourselves; but, like a man who has been enjoying a deep slumber and is awakened, all of a sudden, by some turmoil around him, we are rushing about in utter darkness to avoid what we perceive to be an imminent danger. Confusion has seized our senses; and though the danger is within our purview, yet we cannot properly locate it. Death is staring us in the face, and the struggle for self-preservation has just begun." The Egyptian papers published a cartoon showing Kemal Pasha perched in the top of a high palm tree bearing the word " Caliphate " and sawing through the trunk below him.
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