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The Weather and Circulation of September 1958' Emanuel M

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The Weather and Circulation of September 1958' Emanuel M SEPTEMBEB1958 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 359 THE WEATHER AND CIRCULATION OF SEPTEMBER 1958' EMANUEL M. BALLENZWEIG Extended Forecast Section, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 1. WEATHER HIGHLIGHTS These weather highlights were not isolated phenomena Local C'limatological Data from Columbus, Ga., for the and can be related to the large-scale atmospheric circula- month of September 1958 included the following remark: tion. "September brought nothing outstanding in the way of 2. THE CIRCULATION AND THE WEATHER weatherphenomena." Similar remarks could be made this September in many cities across the United States. THEGENERAL CIRCULATION Theonly sizable temperaturedepartures from normal The mean circulation for September was characterized were along the California coast,, where temperatures by highindex from the coast of Asia eastward tothe averaged as much as 8' F. above normal. British Isles (figs. 2 and 3). A strong block developed over As is often the case in September, newspaper headlines Scandinavia late in August resulting in 700-mb. heights were generated by the fury of typhoons and hurricanes. averaging 270 ft.above normal therein September. At least three severe typhoons occurred during the month: Downstream, an anomaly center of -370 ft. appeared at Grace, Helen, andIda (fig. 1A). TyphoonIda was at- 700 mb. associated with a deep trough in the lee of the tended by gusts of 175 m.p. h. before it crossed the Urals. These two large anomaly centers effected a large Tokyo-Yokohama areaon Septcmber 26 withwinds in change in the circulation over Europe and Asia where it excess of 80 m. p. h. Serious flooding was associated with had been weak and flat in August [17]. A weak block over this typhoon, the worst to strike Japan in 24 years. More Kamchatka in August continued in September. than 20 inches of rain fell on4,300-foot Mount Amagi The height anomalies in the Pacific and over the United and the rushingwaters of t,he swollen KanoRiver de- States were all rather small. Those over the United States stroyed two villages on the Izu Pcninsula, 70 miles south and western Atlant'icexhibited great persistence from of Tokyo, sweeping people into the bay. The incomplehe August to Septemberas did the averageSeptember casualtytoll includes 340 dead, 984 missing, and more weather of t,he United States, after the July-August re- than half a million people made homeless. versal described by Woffinden [17]. The strong block that North America was also affected by tropical storm ac- was in extreme northern Canada in August moved south- tivity. Hurricane Hclene (fig. 1B) was the biggcst threat eastward and diminished in intensity. A negative anom- to the east coast of the United States since 1955. After aly center that seemed t'o be coupled to the block on the feinting at the South Carolina coastal cities, Helene pur- Asiatic side of the pole appeared over the pole during sued a northward course along the Carolina coast, always September and also weakened.Heights were330 ft. keeping the center of its eye just offshore (approaching below normal west of the British Isles as several cyclonic within 10 miles off Cape Lookout, N. (2.). Record wind vortices remainedanchored there for days at a time, speeds were reported at many stationsin the Carolinas, as attended by gales over a large area. gusts of 135 m. p. h. were experienced at Wilmington and PRECIPITATION 144 m. p. h. at Cape Lookout. Despite $11 million dam- ages, largely as a result of the wind, there was no loss of Precipitationfor the month averaged considerably life in the Carolinas. After Helene moved northward off above normal in an area stretching eastwardfrom Arizona the east coast of the United States, high tides, heavyseas, through New Mexico and Texas into Louisiana,Mississippi, strong winds, and drenching rain caused damage in the and Alabama and thence northward into western Tennes- Canadian Maritime Provinces. see, Arkansas, and Missouri (Chart 111). Figure 2 shows Nature fashioned another headline in Texaswhere heavy cyclonically curved anomalous flow from the south as the to excessive rains fell in the western portion of the State averagecondition during September inan area from and in the mountain areas of northern Mexico. This rain- Arizona eastwardto Alabama. A similar circulation fall over the Rio Conchos River watershed produced the prevailed at sea level (Chart XI andinset). Such a highest stagein 32 years on the RioGrande River at flow favors advection of Gulf moisture into this region Presidio, Tex. On September 28 the river crestedat 21 ft . ; and encourages precipitation. Part of the extensive pre- flood stage is 10 ft. Heavy damage to farmlands resulted. cipitation along the Gulf Coast and also in inland Texas can be traced to the remnants of hurricane Ella which 1 See Charts I-XVII following p. 376 for analyzed climatological data for the month. advectedmoisture intothat area (table 1). Further Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 04:25 AM UTC 360 MONTHLY WEATHERREVIEW 8- 19(18 FIGURE1.-Tropical storm tracks for September 1958, based on preliminary data. Open circles indicate 1200 GMT positions on dates given. (A) Western Pacific, (B) Atlantic and eastern Pacific. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 04:25 AM UTC SEPTEMBEE1958 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 361 FIGURE2.-Mean 700-mb. contours (solid) and height departures from normal (dotted), bothin tens of feet, for September1958. Troughs are indicated by heavy vertical lines. Note fast westerly flow from the coast of Asia eastward to the British Isles. heavy precipitationoccurred in Texas associated with a TABLE1.-Rainfall amounts associated with hurricane Ella 1958 weak tropical depression in that area on the 19th and 20th. and thepercentage the?/ represented of thetotal September rainfall at various stations in Texas The heavy rainfall in westernTexas caused flooding during month. Precipitation in the Missouri-Arkansas the inPrecipitation the month. I Amonnt. Percentage of monthly region was largely frontal in nature. rainfall Other heavier than normal rainfall amounts occurred 2.66 39 in Pennsylvania and southern New England, largely the 3.67 44 6.94 w result of one storm on the 19th to the21st (Chart X) which 13.98 66 7.04 46 is discussed fully in an adjoining article [13]. Rain was 1.41 30 3.78 26 also copious along the California-Nevada-Oregon border, 1.85 n 3.24 24 caused by two influxes of Pacific air, the first about the 1.39 30 7th to the 8th) and the secoDd from the 22d to the 23d. 485&6&58"-3 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 04:25 AM UTC 362 MONTHLYREVIEW WEATHER SEPTEMBEB1968 A FIGURE4.-Departure of average surface temperatures from nor- mal (" F.) for weeks ending September 14 (A) and September 28 (B). Notethe temperature reversal. (From Weekly Weather FIGURE3.-Mean 700-mb. isotachs of the zonal wind speed com- and Crop Bulletin, National Summary, vol. XLV, Nos. 37 and 39, ponent (A) and its departure from normal (B), both in meters September 15 and 29, 1958.) per second for the month of September 1958. Solid arrows in (A) indicate positions of the mean axes of the 700-mb. zonal wind maximum. Westerly flow is considered positive andeasterly flow negative. Thehatched shading in (B) delineates areas where the departure from normal zonal flow equalled or exceeded departures were dueto different regimes that occurred 2 meters per second from the east. Many of the tropical storms duringthe month under the rapidly changing 700-mb. formed in the vicinity of the easterly jet (A). height fields characteristic of high index. Figure 4, A and B, shows an example of the tempera- ture reversal that occurred over the United States during the month. In the earlier period(fig. 4A), the tempera- The rainfall amounts were small, but were greater than tures were warm in the West and cold in the East as a the monthly normals which are less than an inch in this large-amplitudepla,netary wave was situated over the area. The remainder of the country was generally quite United States with aridge centered over the Plains States dry under anticyclonic conditions. The dryness inthe and a trough along the east coast (fig. 5C). With north- Middle Atlantic States was interrupted by the passage of erly flow, temperatures averaged as much as 12' below hurricane Helene which caused considerable precipitation normal inAsheville, N. C., and asmuch as 9' below normal along the Carolina coast. Cape Hatterasreported 4.46 in Pittsburgh, Pa., as a large part of the East had nega- inches (72 percent of its monthly total) and Wilmington, tive temperature anomalies greater than 6'. In the West, N.C., reported 8.24 inches (82 percent of itsmonthly the warmest temperatures were in Montana, Wyoming, t,otal) during that %-hour period. and the Dakotaswhere anomalies were generally in excess of $6', with Miles City and Great Falls, Mont., report- TEMPERATURE ing the greatest departures(+ 11' and + loo,respectively). With the exception of the Pacific coast, temperatures Temperatures along the Pacific coast continued warm, as for the month did not depart greatlyfrom normal in most they had been for the past months, with the greatest de- areas of the United States (ChartI-B) as height anomalies partures at San Francisco ($7') and Eureka (+So). A werealso small. To some extent the small temperature stagnant trough off the coast fed cool moist Pacific air Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 04:25 AM UTC MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 363 FIGURE5.-A series of partially overlapping 5-day mean 700-mb. maps (contoursin tens of feet) for selected periods in September1958. The tracks of Ella, Fifi, Gerda, Helene, and Ilsa (labeled E, F, G, H, I) at sea level are shown by broad arrows.
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