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1AITI 2Ountry Environmental ?Rofi!E 4 Field Study by Marko Ehrlich Fred
-1AITI BY USAID COI\'TRACT 2ountry Environmental Marko Ehrlich USAID - Ehrlich No. ?rofi!e Fred Conway 521-01224-00-4090-00 Nicsias Adrien 4 Field Study Francis LeBeau Cooperative Agreement Lawrence Lewis USAID - IIED NO. Herman Lauwerysen DAN-5517-A-00-2066-00 Ira Lowenthal Yaro Mayda Paul Paryski Glenn Smucker James Talbot Evelyn Wilcox Preface This Country Environmental Prolile (CEP) of Haiti Paul Paryski Wildlands and Wildlife, is one of a series of environmental profiles funded by ISPAN, Port-au-Prince the U.S. Agency for International Development Evelyn Wilcox Marine and Ccastal (USAID), Bureau for Latin America and the Carib- Rewurces, Washington, D.C. bean (LAC), Office of Development Resources (DR), and the USAID Mission to Haiti. The scope of work for this in-country field study was developed jointly ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS by James Talbot, USAID Regional Environmental This CEP was made possible by the contributions Management Specialist (REMSICAR) and Robert of numerous people in addition to ihe core field team. Wilson, Assistant Agricultural Development Officer, Throughout the editing process many individuals re- USAID Mission to Haiti. viewed and contributed significant components to im- prove this study. James Talbot (Geology, Marinel Marko Ehrlich was contracted as the team leader Coastal), Glenn Smucker (Chapter VII), and Ira Lo- and specialists were contracted through the Internatio- wenthal (Chapter VII) deserve special acknowledge- nal Institute for Environment and Development ment because their input was essential in strengthe- (IIED) to prepare sector reports during January 1985. ning specific sections of this report. Within the USAID Marko Ehrlich prepared the first draft of this synthesis Mission to Haiti, Ira Lowenthal, Richard Byess, Abdul and analysis of status of environment and natural re- Wahab and Barry Burnett provided constructive cri- sources in Haiti. -
On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958
NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958 ^ 4 & U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU F. W. Rolcheldorfoi, Chief NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy (1958) by J6se A. Coltfn and Staff National Hurricane Research Project, Miami, Fla. Washington, D. C. October 1961 NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and ccoperators working on the hurricane problem are preprinted in this series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. Aa this limited reproduction and distribution in this form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to a paper in the series should identify it as a preprinted report. Objectives and basic design of the NHRP. March 1956. No. 1. numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956- No. 2. Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 500-mb. maps made for numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. March 1957. Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956. No. 3. Some problems involved in the study of storm surges. December 1956. No. h. Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations. No. 5. March 1937* A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1957. No. 6. An index of tide gages and tide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, toy 1957. No. 7. No. 8. PartlT HurrlcaneVand the sea surface temperature field. Part II. The exchange of energy between the sea and the atmosphere in relation to hurricane behavior. -
P6.3 Using ERA40 in Cyclone Phase Space to Refine the Classification
P6.3 Using ERA40 in Cyclone Phase Space to Refine the Classification of Historical Tropical Storms Danielle Manning* and Robert Hart The Florida State University *Corresponding author email: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION The goal of this study is to, when feasible Understanding of cyclone structural evolution within the ERA40 data, extend and refine the structural both during and beyond the tropical stage has increased characteristics of existing best-track cyclones. These tremendously over the past fifty years through various refinements may include the tropical or extratropical satellite-based, model-based, and analysis-based transition points in the lifecycle or the genesis point of classifications. This new knowledge has brought tropical cyclones that formed from cold-core origins. forward the reanalysis of historical storms in the context Finally, through a detailed examination of the full 45 of present understanding (Landsea et al. 2004) in order years, several cyclones were found of warm-core or to extend and revise the National Hurricane Center’s hybrid structure that may qualify for subtropical or (NHC) North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT; tropical status, but were not documented within the Neumann et al. 1993). This reanalysis is vital for the existing best-track archive. Case examples of all these filling of gaps within, and further improvement overall events are presented below, along with an evaluation of of the track and structural evolution of tropical cyclones. CPS intensity bias evolution over the ERA40 period. II. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Using ECMWF Reanalysis dataset (ERA40; Uppala et al. 2005), three parameters that classify a cyclone within a continuum of structure (warm to cold core, shallow to deep, and frontal to nonfrontal) can be calculated (Hart 2003). -
Hurricane & Tropical Storm
5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard. -
Azimuthally-Averaged Structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014) Just After Peak Intensity
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 144: 1–5 (2018) Azimuthally-averaged structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014) just after peak intensity Roger K. Smitha∗, Michael T. Montgomeryb and Scott Braunc a Meteorological Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany b Dept. of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA c Laboratory for Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, MD, USA ∗Correspondence to: Prof. Roger K. Smith, Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Analyses of dropsonde data collected in Hurricane Edouard (2014) just after its mature stage are presented. These data, have unprecedentedly high spatial resolution, based on 87 dropsondes released by the unmanned NASA Global Hawk from an altitude of 18 km during the Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) field campaign. Attempts are made to relate the analyses of the data to theories of tropical cyclone structure and behaviour. The tangential wind and thermal fields show the classical structure of a warm core vortex, in this case with a secondary eyewall feature. The equivalent potential temperature (θe) field shows also the expected structure with a mid-tropospheric minimum at outer radii and contours of θe flaring upwards and outwards at inner radii and, with some imagination, roughly congruent to the surfaces of absolute angular momentum. However, details of the analysed radial velocity field are somewhat sensitive to the way in which the sonde data are partitioned to produce an azimuthal average. This sensitivity is compounded by an apparent limitation of the assumed steadiness of the storm over the period of data collection. -
Creating a Hurricane Tolerant Community
H!rt a. * am Hef7%e,,, io94 s~ NtA B.6~ «e ( >15 A Hurt a Comlnl Of+ Venice 19 "I t~Y: Oonald C aillOllette IC' i 2w-;vC p %7 iET ! A. 14- C M-i -r CREATING A HURRICANE TOLERANT COMMUNITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . 1 .. Author's Notes . 5 Introduction . 6 Geography of Venice . Coastal Area Redevelopment Plan . 26 Venice Compliance Program . 62 Developing a Tolerant Building. 104 Hurricane Damage Prevention Project. .118 Growing Native for Nature ................. 136 Hurricane Defense Squadron . ............... 148 Executive Summary ..................... 157 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S This pilot study was contracted through the State of Florida and was made possible by funding provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). William Massey and Eugene P. Zeizel, Ph.D. of FEMA and Michael McDonald with the Florida Department of Community Affairs were all instrumental in developing the scope of work and funding for this study. Special thanks go to the Venice City Council and City Manager George Hunt for their approval and support of the study. MAYOR: MERLE L. GRASER CITY COUNCIL: EARL MIDLAM, VICE MAYOR CHERYL BATTEY ALAN McEWEN DEAN CALAMARAS BRYAN HOLCOMB MAGGIE TURNER A study of this type requires time for the gathering of information from a variety of sources along with the assembling of these resources into a presentable format. Approximately six months were needed for the development of this study. The Venice Planning Department consisting of Chuck Place, Director, and Cyndy Powers need to be recognized for their encouragement and support of this document from the beginning to the end. -
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book. -
The Great Storm of 1893 and the Schooner Riverside
The Great Storm of 1893 and the Schooner Riverside David Michael VanZandt Kevin Scott Magee Director and Chief Archaeologist Co-Director Cleveland Underwater Explorers Inc. Cleveland Underwater Explorers Inc. 1226 Lakeland Avenue 4363 West 182nd Street Lakewood, OH 44107 Cleveland, Ohio 44135 The year 1893 was the third most energetic Atlantic hurricane season ever recorded in the United States. There were ten hurricanes and two tropical storms which devastated many coastal communities; however, the damage was not limited to the coastlines. The Great Lakes region was also affected by Hurricane No. 9, or the “North and South Carolina Hurricane.” This storm made landfall near Charleston, South Carolina, on 13 October 1893 and continued far inland, wreaking havoc along its path. Shipping on the Great Lakes was severely impacted and resulted in the sinking or strand- ing of at least 39 ships. One of the vessels sunk in the storm, the three-masted schooner Riverside, was recently discovered by the Cleveland Underwater Explorers (CLUE) on 6 October 2007. Its tragic loss with its entire crew of seven was typical of the storm’s effect on the people who made their living carrying cargo and passengers on the Great Lakes. Introduction hurricanes in 1893 are Hurricane No. 6, the “Sea Islands Hurricane,” and Hurricane No. 10, the “Chenière The year 1893 was a year of hurricanes. This Caminada Hurricane” (National Oceanic and Atlantic hurricane season was unusual not only in the Atmospheric Administration 2009e). These hurricanes number of storms but in their size and power. It was are named not only from their modern National Oceanic the third most energetic Atlantic hurricane season and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) nomen- ever recorded (National Oceanic and Atmospheric clature but also from their historic names. -
On Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting
<\ ^ fc <?' <3> V U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU F. W. Reichelderfer, Chief NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 38 On Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting by C. S. Gilman, K. R. Peterson, C. W. Cochrane, and S. Molansky Hydrologic Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau Washington, D. C. August 1960 NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and cooperators working on the hurricane problem are pre-printed in this series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. As this limited reproduction and distribution in this.form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to a paper in the series should iden tify it as a pre-printed report. No. 1. Objectives and basic design of the NflRP. March 1956. No. 2. Numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956. Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 500-mb. maps made for numer ical weather prediction of hurricane motion. March 1957* No. 5. Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956. No. k. Some problems involved in the study of.storm surges. December 1956. No. 5. Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations. March 1957. No. 6. A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1957* No. 7* An index of tide gages and tide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts-of the United States. May 1957. No. 8. Part I. Hurricanes and the sea surface temperature field. Part II. The exchange of energy between the sea and the atmosphere in relation to hurricane behavior. -
FACF 0394 Bluebook.Pdf
c / NSF/NOAA ATM-8419116 I ~ ' q'-/- A c ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HURRICANE I NTENSI Fl CATION BY ROBERT T. MERRI LL COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY P. L WILLIAM M. GRAY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HURRICANE INTENSIFICATION By Robert T. Merrill Deparbnent of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 December, 1985 Atmospheric Science Paper No. 394 ABSTRACT Though qualitatively similar in structure. different hurricanes can attain different peak intensities during their lifetimes. Forecasters and empiricists relate the intensity to the sea surface temperature and the "effectiveness" of the upper troPospheric outflow. but offer no clear explanation of how the latter operates. Numerical modelers usually ignore the surrounding flow and emphasize interaction between the convective and vortex scales exclusively. This paper examines more closely the observed upper-tropospheric environmental flow differences between hurricanes which intensify and those which fail to do so. and combines them with previously published empirical and modeling results into a general conceptual model of environmental influences on hurricane intensification. Upper troPospheric wind observations (from satellite cloud tracking. aircraft reports, and rawinsondes) are canposited for 28 hurricanes according to intensity tendency. A rotated coordinate system based on the outflow jet location is used so that the asymmetric flow structure is preserved. Little difference is observed in total outflow on the synoptic scale. However, intensifying hurricanes have a less constricted outflow with evidence or lateral connections with the surrounding flow. The asymmetric flow consists of a wave thought to be associated with barotropic instability or the anticyclonic flow above the hurricane and the juxtaposition of surrounding Clow Ceatures. -
An Analysis of Hurricane Cleo (1958) Based on Data from Research Reconnaissance Aircraft
694 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW OCTOBER-DECEMBER1963 AN ANALYSIS OF HURRICANE CLEO (1958) BASED ON DATA FROM RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT N. E. LA SEUR Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. and H. F. HAWKINS U.S.Weather Bureau, Miami, Fla. [Manuscript received July 5, 1963 revised September 6, 19631 ABSTRACT The structure of hurricane Cleo (1958) is presented, based 011 observations of wind, temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, and precipitation obtained from three research reconnaissance aircraft of the Kational Hurricane Research Project. Insofar as possible, the data are analyzed in terms of departures from the mean tropical atmos- phere; and the physical processes which produce these departures are discussed. The central eye region of the hurri- cane emerges as the seat of the most important contributions to the structure of the entire storm, a result anticipated by Wexler from what may be termed the first research reconnaissance of a hurricane in 1944. 1. INTRODUCTION Simpson, who participated as a supplementary observer aboard operational military reconnaissance planes, pro- On September 14, 1944, a little more than one year after duced many valuable results [2]. However, the limited the first aircraft Aight into a hurricane, Dr. Harry Wexler obserrational capabilities, especially of wind, plus the (then a Major in the Army Air Corps) participated in what necessity of manual recording of data were severe handi- may be called the first research reconnaissance flight into a caps in such flights. The first aircraft equipped -
Criteria for a Standard Project Northeaster for New England North of Cape Cod
•V-'v';J nagyiwraH ^r—— .Al 3°) PflSt r„y REPORT NO. 68 Criteria for a Standard Project Northeaster for New England North of Cape Cod • •• U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU Robert M. White, Chief • NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 68 Criteria for a Standard Project Northeaster for New England North of Cape Cod by Kendall R. Peterson, Hugo V. Goodyear, and Staff Hydrometeorological Section, Hydrologic Services Division, Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. UlfiMOl DbDIHSb March 1964 NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and cooperators working on the hurricane problem are preprinted in this series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. As this limited reproduction and distribution in this form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to a paper in the series should identify it as a preprinted report. No. 1. Objectives and basic design of the NHRP. March 1936. No. 2. Numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956. Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 300-mb. maps made for numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. March 1937. No. 3« Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956. No. U. Some problems involved in the study of storm surges. December 1936. No. 3* Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations. March 1937. No. 6. A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1937* No. 7. An index of tide' gages and tide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.