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Exhibition As Experiment: a Study of Science and Culture at the Science Museum

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Exhibition As Experiment: a Study of Science and Culture at the Science Museum Exhibition as experiment: a study of science and culture at the Science Museum Alexis Waller Department of Sociology Goldsmiths, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2014 1 Declaration I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where I have drawn from other sources, this has been indicated as appropriate. Alexis Waller 2 Abstract This thesis is about experimental exhibition, as both concept and practice. It asks what happens when experiments take place in public and in what way exhibitions might be said to be inventive formats. An exhibition about the invention of electronic music in London's Science Museum provides the empirical focus through which I explore these questions. Called Oramics, the exhibition is focused around a recently 'rediscovered' optical-synthesiser called the Oramics Machine, designed in the 1960s by the composer Daphne Oram. An exhibition about electronic music studios in which engineers and musicians collaborated to create new sounds, in Oramics we find styles of experimentation considerably unlike those of the professional sciences. Inviting us to consider the proposition that the experiment has a life beyond the laboratory, the Oramics exhibition is also said to be experimental in its curatorial procedures and in its formats of public display. In Oramics we find an exhibition that assembles together both heterogeneous styles of electronic music experiment and multiple modes of experimental practice. The analysis of the thesis explores how, and in what ways, the Oramics exhibition might be understood as an experiment. I formulate and advance the proposition that we can understand the Oramics exhibition as an experiment in the relations between science, culture and the public. The analysis of the thesis is presented thematically and organised around three modes of experiment that are central to Oramics: the curatorial experiment, the electronic music experiment and experimental public display. Drawing on literatures from social studies of science, I apply the concept of the “public experiment” to the Oramics exhibition in order to give a materialist analysis of how relations are made between these very different modes of experiment. In concluding, I discuss some of the ways in which the Oramics exhibition might be said to be inventive with respect to relations between science, culture and the public. 3 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements............................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction......................................................................................................9 The Oramics exhibition......................................................................................... 9 The culture question in the Science Museum .................................................... 19 Oramics as an experimental exhibition............................................................... 23 Experimental multiplicity: a materialist and symmetrical analysis ..................... 26 Thesis structure and chapter summary.............................................................. 32 2. Exhibition as public experiment: a literature review .....................................35 Introduction......................................................................................................... 35 The instrumental account of the public experiment............................................ 41 The ontological account of the public experiment .............................................47 Some epistemological objections to the experimental exhibition....................... 56 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 64 3. Methodology: ethnographic fieldwork and thematic analysis ......................67 Introduction......................................................................................................... 67 Overview of empirical material........................................................................... 69 Background......................................................................................................... 72 Ethnographic approaches to studying of experimental settings.........................76 Ethnographic challenges: the experimental exhibition as multiple and distributed object.................................................................................................................. 82 Objections: too much complexity, too little agency? .......................................... 91 Conclusion: a thematic account of Oramics as a public experiment..................97 4. Participation: the curatorial experiment and the 'cultural turn' at the Science Museum ..........................................................................................................100 Introduction....................................................................................................... 100 The public participation dispute: co-curation vs. co-creation............................ 103 The hierarchies of the liberal museum ............................................................ 108 From hierarchy to heterogeneity....................................................................... 114 Procedures for representing outsiders.............................................................. 118 From procedures to issues............................................................................... 123 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 129 5. Exclusion: the experimental display and the problem of 'outsiders' ..........131 Introduction....................................................................................................... 131 The inclusion problem...................................................................................... 133 The women writers and the problem of subjectivity in science.........................137 Gender and the invisible culture of science...................................................... 142 Oramics as cyborg display............................................................................... 148 4 Discontinuities between curatorial experiment and experimental display........153 Partial objects and situated knowledges.......................................................... 156 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 159 6. Media: the Oramics Machine as electronic music experiment ..................162 Introduction....................................................................................................... 162 'Drawn-sound' as mediating between music and electro-mechanics ..............167 Objectifying culture? An auditory critique of sonic mediation........................... 178 Mediated and interactive sound in exhibition.................................................... 183 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 190 7. Conclusion. ................................................................................................. 192 Introduction....................................................................................................... 192 Summary of empirical analysis......................................................................... 194 The exhibition as an inventive format?............................................................. 198 Reassembling the Science Museum as a setting of experiment .....................202 Opening up the culture problem ...................................................................... 206 Bibliography.....................................................................................................210 5 List of Abbreviations ANT Actor-network Theory BBC British Broadcasting Corporation EMS The Electronic Music Studio Ltd MMW The Making of the Modern World NYT National Youth Theatre PES Public Engagement in Science PUS Public Understanding of Science SSK Sociology of Scientific Knowledge STS Science and Technology Studies 6 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the three people who supervised this PhD over its duration. Their enthusiasm for, and commitment to, the issues of my research has been inspiring. The expansive outlook of Noortje Marres convinced me that experiments matter in social research. I've benefited greatly from her many inventive suggestions, which opened up new lines of questioning and horizons in the research, as well as from her unwavering insistence that I demonstrate my arguments. Michael Guggenheim showed me the immensely diverse ways in which sociology can be practised. Both persistent and playful, his emphasis on turning things around, probing them from all sides and creating novel combinations generated many crucial insights. And, Mike Michael provided the foundations of this study: accepting me into his research centre and encouraging me to be comfortable with the unsettling experiences of fieldwork. I'm grateful to the Goldsmiths Sociology Department which, along with the Graduate School, awarded me the scholarship necessary for this research to take place. The Centre for the Study of Invention and Social Process (CSISP) provided the intellectual community in which this thesis was
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