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The Libidinal Economy of the Japanese Sex Industry: Sexual Politics and Female Labor

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The Libidinal Economy of the Japanese Sex Industry: Sexual Politics and Female Labor The Libidinal Economy of the Japanese Sex Industry: Sexual Politics and Female Labor by Gabriele Koch A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Jennifer E. Robertson, Chair Clinical Professor Bridgette Ann Carr Associate Professor Elizabeth F.S. Roberts Associate Professor Gayle S. Rubin Associate Professor Kiyoteru Tsutsui © Gabriele Koch All rights reserved 2014 Dedication Für meine Eltern ii Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to the many individuals who facilitated my research and allowed me to enter into their confidences. Foremost among these are the women working in the sex industry who shared their stories with me. Their morally complex engagements with work that presents both opportunities and risks lie at the very heart of this project. My debt runs particularly deep to the women I have named Shiori and Sayaka, who are true fountains of wisdom and generosity. The work of the sex worker advocacy group pushing for improved conditions in the sex industry is humbling and inspiring. I am also deeply grateful to the staff, interns, and volunteers at Let’s Fight Slavery Japan (a pseudonym), who graciously welcomed me into their activities and patiently allowed me to think through their visions of a gender-equal society. I am also indebted to the men and “new half” individuals working in the sex industry, sex industry stakeholders, police officers and officials, journalists, human rights and women’s rights activists, bureaucrats, lawyers, and others who generously shared their time and thoughts with me. Without them, this research would not have been possible. This research was generously supported by the Fulbright IIE, the National Science Foundation EAPSI Program, and numerous sources at the University of Michigan, including the Department of Anthropology, the Center for Japanese Studies, the International Institute, the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, and the Rackham Graduate School. iii The guidance and support of the five scholars who make up my dissertation committee have indelibly shaped this project. Jennifer Robertson has encouraged this project from its first inchoate forms. Our conversations about fieldwork, writing, and teaching have deeply shaped me as a scholar, and I am grateful to her for her insightful comments, pragmatic mentorship, and generosity. I hope one day to emulate the richness and scale of her scholarship. Gayle Rubin is an immensely generous teacher and I am continuously in awe of her encyclopedic knowledge. We went through drafts of this text together, with Gayle going over language and ideas alike with a fine-tooth comb. Her words of wisdom, experience, and calm have made my passage through graduate school infinitely more pleasant. Her ability to link intellectual projects to social and political commitments has also left a deep impact on my scholarship. I have left every encounter with Liz Roberts feeling energized and inspired. She has an uncanny ability to hone in on an argument and to probe, always, at what the big ideas are, even when I have not yet become aware of them. It seems that she can always see things that are not there yet. Our conversations have immeasurably enriched this dissertation. Bridgette Carr does the difficult but inspiring work of both practitioner and teacher. I am thankful to her for making time for me in a workload that is already excessive, especially as my anthropological insights on sex work halfway across the world often seemed far less important than the practical work that she does every day advocating for justice for victims of human trafficking. I have benefitted greatly from our talks. iv I always enjoy my conversations with Kiyoteru Tsutsui, who has provided wonderful perspectives on human rights politics in Japan and on the expansion of global norms to local contexts. His work with social movements and activist networks is inspiring. At the University of Michigan, I have also benefitted from the guidance and mentorship of Elisha Renne, Holly Peters-Golden, Stuart Kirsch, Elizabeth Wingrove, John Mitani, Erik Mueggler, Sarah Besky, Eric Plemons, and Mark West. Conversations with Sabine Frühstück, Carole Vance, Miriam Ticktin, Setsu Shigematsu, and ann-elise lewallen have given me new ways to think about my work. I am also grateful for feedback received at the Community of Scholars Workshop hosted by the Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Anthro-History Reading Group. A dissertation proposal received valuable feedback from Nancy Abelmann, Sara Friedman, and Michiko Suzuki at the Illinois/Indiana Dissertation Workshop on Gender and Sexuality in Modern East Asia. The Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan provided a stimulating month-long workshop on Preparing Future Faculty from which I continue to benefit. The capable and friendly staff at the Department of Anthropology have made the logistics of getting through graduate school a smooth and enjoyable experience: thank you to Debbie Fitch, Darlinda Flanigan, and Laurie Marx. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Center for Japanese Studies, especially Ann Takata, Yuri Fukuzawa, Jane Ozanich, and Margaret Rudberg. The Fulbright Japan staff at the Japan-United States Educational Commission made sure that my long-term fieldwork stay was a pleasant one, and I am especially v grateful to Junko Brinkman in this regard. I am also thankful to Ms. Brinkman and David Satterwhite for their support in the period after the March 11, 2011 “triple disaster.” Muta Kazue at Osaka University hosted me for a summer of preliminary research and offered astute advice. Glenda Roberts at Waseda University graciously provided me with an institutional home during my long-term stay and welcomed me to her weekly zemi. I am also thankful to Omori Ryoko at Waseda’s International Office for facilitating my affiliation. The Asia-Japan Women’s Resource Center and the Tokyo Women’s Plaza have always been hospitable and welcoming spaces; my thanks go especially to Motoyama Hisako and Hamada Sumire for stimulating feminist workshops, and to the staff of the Women’s Plaza. I am also grateful to Aoyama Kaoru, Saitō Yuriko, Yoshida Yōko, Kainō Tamie, Tsunoda Yukiko, and Nagai Yoshikazu as well as to Watanabe Miho. There were numerous individuals who kept me company in the field, offering friendship, support, and good cheer. Among these are Jake Adelstein, Akiko Ishiyama, Elaine Hung, Aimi Horie, Courtney Howell, Renee Riddle, Scott Larson, and Adam and Kaeko Liff, as well as Kate Goldfarb, Emma Cook, Ellen Rubinstein, and Jieun Kim. Aimi merits special thanks for taking Elaine and myself in after the March 11, 2011 “triple disaster,” when the shaking wouldn’t stop and a strange and terrible disaster was brewing; I will always remember the camaraderie we shared in those uncertain hours. Kirsten McGarrity deserves special mention as well for kind introductions that always led to fortuitous connections. Jake Adelstein provided me with a place to live during a summer of preliminary fieldwork and then again when I first arrived in Tokyo for long- vi term fieldwork. He has always been eager to share with me interesting and unusual publications that he thinks might interest me and has fed me more times than I can count. Graduate school has been a long trek that I would never have accomplished without the camaraderie and support of a talented group of colleagues and friends, especially Dan Birchok, Jen Bowles, Hillary Brass, Ali Chetwynd, Nishaant Choksi, Nick Emlen, Katherine Fultz, Nora Hauk, Emily Holt, Jieun Kim, Hiro Matsusaka, Scott MacLochlainn, Lamia Moghnieh, Regev Nathansohn, Neha Paliwal, Bruno Renero- Hannan, Jess Robbins-Ruszkowski, Perry Sherouse, Alex Sklyar, Steve Spiess, Stuart Strange, and Junko Teruyama. The friendship of Scott MacLochlainn has been especially invaluable to me. Stuart Strange patiently helped me to think through my ideas in the final, stressful stretch. The Kwaiser family – Zana, Kyle, Maja, and Anton – has always made space at their table for me. Shannon Brines fed me produce grown at his farm and visited me in Tokyo. Dimitris Economou has supported this project from the very beginning, when the seeds were first planted during our undergraduate years. My family has provided unflagging support, through coursework, fieldwork, teaching, and writing. My brother is wise beyond his years, with a patience and good humor that I have often benefitted from. The irreverent humor, keen insights, and warmth of Malou make her company a pleasure. The companionship of Stuart drives me forward, toward a life of exploration together. My largest debts are to my parents. I think that my interests in anthropology probably stem from the opportunities fostered by a bilingual childhood, a home that was always filled with books, and summers spent visiting family in Germany. My mother is a model of sacrifice, strength, and deep reserves of love for her family. Her support is constant and unconditional. She is also the bearer of a deeply vii inquiring mind. She had the surreal and gut-wrenching experience of video skyping with me during the aftershocks of the March 11, 2011 9.0 earthquake, watching me take cover numerous times and speaking to me throughout. I am probably much more like my father than I should be. He has read portions of almost everything I have ever written, and continues to ask when I will send him the dissertation. He is my earliest role model for what a scholar and intellectual should be, and has often taken me with him on his world travels, including my first trip to Japan. I hope that I reflect something of what my parents have tried to teach me about being a good person in the world. This dissertation is dedicated to them.
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