Inkomati-Usuthu Annual Report 2013/14 Financial Year
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Large Hydro-Electricity and Hydro-Agricultural Schemes in Africa
FAO AQUASTAT Dams Africa – 070524 DAMS AND AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA Prepared by the AQUASTAT Programme May 2007 Water Development and Management Unit (NRLW) Land and Water Division (NRL) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Dams According to ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams), a large dam is a dam with the height of 15 m or more from the foundation. If dams are 5-15 metres high and have a reservoir volume of more than three million m3, they are also classified as large dams. Using this definition, there are more than 45 000 large dams around the world, almost half of them in China. Most of them were built in the 20th century to meet the constantly growing demand for water and electricity. Hydropower supplies 2.2% of the world’s energy and 19% of the world’s electricity needs and in 24 countries, including Brazil, Zambia and Norway, hydropower covers more than 90% of national electricity supply. Half of the world’s large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation, and an estimated 30-40% of the 277 million hectares of irrigated lands worldwide rely on dams. As such, dams are estimated to contribute to 12-16% of world food production. Regional inventories include almost 1 300 large and medium-size dams in Africa, 40% of which are located in South Africa (517) (Figure 1). Most of these were constructed during the past 30 years, coinciding with rising demands for water from growing populations. Information on dam height is only available for about 600 dams and of these 550 dams have a height of more than 15 m. -
Towards a Socio-Ecological Systems View of the Sand River Catchment, South Africa
Towards a Socio-Ecological Systems View of the Sand River Catchment, South Africa An Exploratory Resilience Analysis by Sharon Pollard1 2 Harry Biggs 1 Derick du Toit 1 Association for Water and Rural Development (AWARD), Acornhoek 2 SanParks, Scientific Services, Skukuza WRC Report No TT 364/08 OCTOBER 2008 Obtainable from: [email protected] Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina Pretoria 0031 The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled: Towards a socio-ecological systems view of the Sand River Catchment, South Africa: A resilience analysis of the socio- ecological system (WRC Consultancy No. K8/591). DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ISBN 978-1-77005-747-0 Printed in the Republic of South Africa Acknowledgements We had the benefit of a visit by Dr Allison (to SANParks Skukuza for several weeks) and were able to discuss the basic aspirations behind this proposal and obtain her input – for which she is thanked here. The Water Research Commission is gratefully acknowledged for financial support. Assistance to the project was given by Oonsie Biggs and Duan Biggs Participants of the specialist workshop are thanked. They included: Tessa Cousins Prof Kevin Rogers Prof Sakkie Niehaus Dr Sheona Shackleton Dr Wayne Twine Duan Biggs -
The Hydropolitics of Southern Africa: the Case of the Zambezi River Basin As an Area of Potential Co-Operation Based on Allan's Concept of 'Virtual Water'
THE HYDROPOLITICS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE CASE OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN AS AN AREA OF POTENTIAL CO-OPERATION BASED ON ALLAN'S CONCEPT OF 'VIRTUAL WATER' by ANTHONY RICHARD TURTON submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR A KRIEK CO-SUPERVISOR: DR DJ KOTZE APRIL 1998 THE HYDROPOLITICS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE CASE OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN AS AN AREA OF POTENTIAL CO-OPERATION BASED ON ALLAN'S CONCEPT OF 'VIRTUAL WATER' by ANTHONY RICHARD TURTON Summary Southern Africa generally has an arid climate and many hydrologists are predicting an increase in water scarcity over time. This research seeks to understand the implications of this in socio-political terms. The study is cross-disciplinary, examining how policy interventions can be used to solve the problem caused by the interaction between hydrology and demography. The conclusion is that water scarcity is not the actual problem, but is perceived as the problem by policy-makers. Instead, water scarcity is the manifestation of the problem, with root causes being a combination of climate change, population growth and misallocation of water within the economy due to a desire for national self-sufficiency in agriculture. The solution lies in the trade of products with a high water content, also known as 'virtual water'. Research on this specific issue is called for by the White Paper on Water Policy for South Africa. Key terms: SADC; Virtual water; Policy making; Water -
Eswatini Ramsar Information Sheet Published on 26 September 2016
RIS for Site no. 2122, Sand River Dam, Eswatini Ramsar Information Sheet Published on 26 September 2016 Eswatini Sand River Dam Designation date 12 June 2013 Site number 2122 Coordinates 25°59'36"S 31°42'07"E Area 764,00 ha https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2122 Created by RSIS V.1.6 on - 29 June 2018 RIS for Site no. 2122, Sand River Dam, Eswatini Color codes Fields back-shaded in light blue relate to data and information required only for RIS updates. Note that some fields concerning aspects of Part 3, the Ecological Character Description of the RIS (tinted in purple), are not expected to be completed as part of a standard RIS, but are included for completeness so as to provide the requested consistency between the RIS and the format of a ‘full’ Ecological Character Description, as adopted in Resolution X.15 (2008). If a Contracting Party does have information available that is relevant to these fields (for example from a national format Ecological Character Description) it may, if it wishes to, include information in these additional fields. 1 - Summary Summary Sand River Dam was constructed in 1965 for irrigation of sugarcane fields in the Tshaneni-Mhlume area. This dam is situated within the IYSIS cattle ranch which is privately owned by Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation (RSSC) and covers 20,016 ha. The dam is a major magnet for waterfowl and other waterbirds, particularly when water levels are low. Sand River Dam is a critical site for a number of threatened species. It supports the following threatened species, the Endangered Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) (IUCN, 2015) which has been seen a number of times within the Sand River Dam region. -
River Flow and Quality
Setting the Thresholds of Potential Concern for River Flow and Quality Rationale All of the seven major rivers which flow in an easterly direction through the Kruger National Park (KNP) originate in the higher lying areas west of the KNP where they are highly utilised (Du Toit, Rogers and Biggs 2003). The KNP lies in a relatively arid (490 mm KNP average rainfall) area and thus the rivers are a crucially important component for the conservation of biodiversity in the KNP (Du Toit, Rogers and Biggs 2003). Population growth in the eastern Lowveld of South Africa during the past three decades has brought with it numerous environmental challenges. These include, but are not limited to, extensive planting of exotic plantations, overgrazing, erosion, over-utilisation and pollution of rivers, as well as clearing of indigenous forests from large areas in the upper catchments outside the borders of the KNP. The degradation of each river varies in character, intensity and causes with a substantial impact on downstream users. The successful management of these rivers poses one of the most serious challenges to the KNP. However, over the past 10 years South Africa has revolutionised its water legislation (National Water Act, Act number 36 of 1998). This Act substantially elevated the status of the environmental needs, through defining the ecological reserve as a priority water requirement. In other words this entails water of sufficient flow and quality to maintain the integrity of the ecological system, including the water therein, for human use. With the current levels of abstraction in the upper catchments, the KNP quite simply does not receive the water quantity and quality required to maintain the in-stream biota. -
River Keepers-Forpdf-4
RIVER KEEPERS HANDBOOK A Guide to Protecting Rivers and Catchments in Southern Africa International Rivers Network RIVER KEEPERS HANDBOOK A Guide to Protecting Rivers and Catchments in Southern Africa by Lori Pottinger Published by International Rivers Network Editorial Team Tendai Chitewere L Liane Greeff L Ryan Hoover Steve Rothert L Olive Sephuma L Richard Sherman Acknowledgements Many people contributed to this booklet, adding insights, information and ideas on how to make it a more useful document. In particular, we'd like to thank Keith Cooper, Richard Hunt, Chris Neme, Mike Scholand, Bahman Sheikh, the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia and everyone at International Rivers Network. Special thanks to the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund and the Compton Foundation for making this booklet possible. Published by International Rivers Network, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1999 ISBN 0-9662771-2-0 Designed by Jeanette Madden Graphic Design Printed by West Coast Print Center TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 1 Part 1 Catchment Basics What is a Catchment? . 3 Sidebars and Graphics Water in the Landscape . 4 The Water Cycle . 5 Key Issues in Water Management . 6 Part 2 Threats to Catchments . 8 The Big Dams Debate . 13 Sidebars and Graphics Southern African Water Index. 11 Sustainable Water Planning . 13 The Major Impacts of Dams . 15 The World Commission on Dams . 18 Map: Rivers in Peril . 19 River Projects to Watch. 20 Part 3 Making a Difference Becoming a Catchment Keeper . 22 Hope for the Future: Creating Catchment Communities. 27 New Approaches to Energy and Water Supply. 31 Sidebars and Graphics Rethinking the Planning Process. 24 Write Letters! . -
Conflict Prevention and Cooperation in International Water Resources”
Conflict Prevention and Cooperation in International Water Resources Handouts Course B CATALI C Advice and Management in International Co operation (SC-2003/WS/70) Handout B “Conflict prevention and cooperation in international water resources” Hand outs Table of Contents 10 day course Part 1: Water Fishing game Fishing game – handout p.1 Fishing game – forms p.7 Part 4: Practice Prisoners dilemma The water message game p.25 Mutare case Mutare – 1995 - hand out p.28 Pungwe – 1995 - handout p.34 Part 6: Roleplay Incomati Negotiation roleplay Incomati roleplay – roles p.44 Incomati river basin – 2001 p.68 Incomati river basin – 2002 p.79 Evaluation form Table of Contents 5 day course Part 4: Practice Prisoners dilemma The water message game p.25 Mutare case Mutare – 1995 - hand out p.28 Pungwe – 1995 - handout p.34 Evaluation form WaterNet / CCR / ISRI / Catalic / UNESCO- IHE Delft / UZ for UNESCO Course B1 Conflict Prevention and Cooperation in International Water Resources Game theory – Fishing game Handout B The Fishing Game A Common Pool Resource Game Source: EDI/RDV Core Course Washington, D.C., December 7-11, 1998 Instructions Introduction This game is a simulation of a renewable common pool resource such as an offshore fishery. As participants in this game, you may imagine that you are fishermen, fishing for fish. Each of you has been assigned randomly to one of two groups. Each of the two groups is a fishing an identical, but distinct fishery. The number of persons in your group is:___ If you have not already done so, write your name at the top of your identification sheet and at the top of your individual record sheet. -
Shared Watercourses Support Project for Buzi, Save and Ruvuma River Basins
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND Language: English Original: English MULTINATIONAL SADC SHARED WATERCOURSES SUPPORT PROJECT FOR BUZI, SAVE AND RUVUMA RIVER BASINS APPRAISAL REPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENT NORTH, EAST, AND SOUTH REGION SEPTEMBER 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page BASIC PROJECT DATA/ EQUIVALENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS /LIST OF ANNEXES/TABLES/ BASIC DATA, MATRIX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i-xiii 1. HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT 1 2. THE SADC WATER SECTOR 2 2.1 Sector Organisation 2 2.2 Sector Policy and Strategy 3 2.3 Water Resources 4 2.4 Sector Constraints 4 2.5 Donor Interventions 5 2.6 Poverty, Gender HIV AND AIDS, Malaria and Water Resources 6 3. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 7 4. THE PROJECT 10 4.1 Project Concept and Rationale 10 4.2 Project Area and Beneficiaries 11 4.3 Strategic Context 13 4.4 Project Objective 14 4.5 Project Description 14 4.6 Production, Market, and Prices 18 4.7 Environmental Impact 18 4.8 Social Impact 19 4.9 Project Costs 19 4.10 Sources of Finance 20 5. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 21 5.1 Executing Agency 21 5.2 Implementation Schedule and Supervision 23 5.3 Procurement Arrangements 23 5.4 Disbursement Arrangement 25 5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation 26 5.6 Financial Reporting and Auditing 27 5.7 Donor Coordination 27 6. PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY 27 6.1 Recurrent Costs 27 6.2 Project Sustainability 28 6.3 Critical Risks and Mitigation Measures 28 7. PROJECT BENEFITS 7.1 Economic Benefits 29 7.2 Social Impacts 29 i 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Conclusions 30 8.2 Recommendations 31 ___________________________________________________________________________ This report was prepared following an Appraisal Mission to SADC by Messrs Egbert H.J. -
Incomati Environmental Profile
Environmental Profile of the Inkomati River Basin First published in Kenya in 2010 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Nairobi Convention Secretariat Copyright © 2009, Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs of Mozambique (MICOA) and UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat Copyright notice: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose without prior permission in writing from MICOA and UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat. Disclaimer: The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of UNEP. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNEP, or of any cooperating organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or of the delineation of its territories or boundaries. For additional information please contact: UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental United Nations Environment Programme Affairs United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Av. Acordos de Lusaka, 2115, P.O Box 47074, Nairobi, Kenya C.P. 2020, Maputo Tel: +254 20 7621250/7622025 Tel: 258 21 46 64 07 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 258 21 46 58 49 Principal Authors: Dr. A.M.Hoguane; Dr. F. Taucale; Dr. E. -
Ecostatus of the Sabie/Sand River Catchments
ECOSTATUS OF THE SABIE/SAND RIVER CATCHMENTS Submitted to: INCOMATI CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AGENCY Compiled by: MPUMALANGA TOURISM AND PARKS AGENCY Scientific Services: Aquatic & Herpetology Date: August 2012 Ecostatus of Sabie-Sand River Catchment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Objectives of the Survey ........................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................ 5 2 METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………6 2.1 Fish assemblage...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Sampling ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Aquatic Macro Invertebrates ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Sampling ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Present Ecological Status........................................................................................................ -
Water Quality Assessment of the Sabie River Catchment with Respect to Adjacent Land Use
Water quality assessment of the Sabie River catchment with respect to adjacent land use M Stolz orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-3946 Previous qualification (not compulsory) Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Environmental Science at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof S Barnard Co-supervisor: Dr TL Morgenthal Graduation May 2018 23567597 PREFACE This research study was embarked with background knowledge in geo-spatial sciences. This included undergraduate knowledge in geography and geology and postgraduate knowledge in geohydrology. It has been an intense learning process that I am very thankful for. Acknowledgements First and foremost, Soli Deo Gloria, without which we are none but slaves to work. For the financial and logistical support during this study I would like to thank the following contributing supporters: Rand Water Analytical Services, Water Resource Commission SANParks and North-West University. Thank you to the following people for their support and contribution to this dissertation: The financial and immense emotional support given to me by my parents, Magda and Willie Stolz not only over the past two years, but during my entire university studies. Without you I would not have been able to come this far. Xander Rochér for your love, support and especially your patience throughout the whole process. My supervisor, Prof. Sandra Barnard for your guidance, time and patience. Not only with regards to science, but always making time to include personal support as well. Thank you for your assistance with data processing and data analysis, especially with regards to the water quality section. I have learned a lot over the past two years from you. -
Rural Resources, Rural Livelihoods Working Paper 12
Rural Resources, Rural livelihoods Working Paper 12 Implementation of South Africa’s National Water Act. Catchment Management Agencies: Interests, Access and Efficiency. Inkomati Basin Pilot Study Philip Woodhouse IDPM, University of Manchester, UK Rashid Hassan Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Pretoria, South Africa April 1999 Originally prepared for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa, and DFID – Southern Africa (Department for International Development, UK) 1. Summary 2. Background 3. Existing Water Use 3.1 General Characteristics of the Inkomati Basin WMA 3.2 Existing and Projected Water Use 3.3 Projected Water Supply in Relation to Demand 4. Assessment of Economic Efficiency of Water Use 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Direct Economic Benefits – DEB 4.3 Indirect and Total Economic Benefits 4.4 Conclusions and Limitation s of the Economic Efficiency Analysis 4.5 Risk Issues in Alternative Production Systems 4.6 Current water tariffs and efficiency allocation instruments in the Inkomati basin 5. Existing institutions governing access to water 5.1 Water Legislation 5.2 The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 5.3 Irrigation Boards 5.4 Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture 5.5 Sabie River Working Group 6. Changes under the National Water Act 7. Implementing Catchment Management Agencies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Consultative Process: Water Catchment Forums 7.3 Water Quality Management 7.4 Representation Issues 7.5 Development Strategies and Trade-offs References Tables Maps 2 Implementation of the National Water Act Catchment Management Agencies: Interests, Access and Efficiency Inkomati Basin Pilot Study 1. Executive Summary South Africa’s National Water Act of 1998 radically changed the rules governing access to water resources.