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An Assessment of Instream Flow Requirements in the Sabie-Sand River Catchment

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An Assessment of Instream Flow Requirements in the Sabie-Sand River Catchment AN ASSESSMENT OF INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS IN THE SABIE-SAND RIVER CATCHMENT Marco Lourenço Vieira A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 16th of February 2015 in Johannesburg, South Africa 1 Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Marco Lourenço Vieira 16th day of February 2015 in Johannesburg i Abstract This dissertation is an assessment of the compliance with and performance of the Instream Flow Requirement (IFR) system and the Building Block Methodology for the Sabie-Sand River. Firstly, a comprehensive exploration of aspects of the ecological system in the Sabie- Sand Catchment is set out and explored in an attempt to garner an understanding of the pertinent ecological components of the river, in the form of a literature review. This is done with a view to gaining insight into where potential ecological failure may occur should flows in the Sabie-Sand be inadequate for ecological maintenance. A range of abiotic and biotic factors are investigated, and the manner in which they might change in response to changing flow conditions is set out. Evidence in the preliminary work for this dissertation showed that actual river flows were likely to be inadequate to fulfil the requirements for IFR. On this basis, investigations into potential sources of pressure on water resources that may mitigate the potential to fulfil IFR’s were explored. Due to changes in South African water law and the changing agricultural landscape in SA, forestry and irrigated agriculture was deemed to play a smaller role than water for sanitation in terms of increasing water use from these sectors since both are now highly regulated and unlikely to grow. Water use for sanitation was seen as a sector with the potential to place greater demand on water resources of the Sabie-Sand River. Upon further investigation, it appears that demand from this sector is also diminishing and is not responsible for placing greater demand on water resources in the Sabie-Sand River, at least during the period of analysis. This is due to shrinking populations and lower levels of sanitation through the period of analysis (1996 – 2001). IFR compliance at four sites on the Sabie-Sand River showed poor compliance levels with both base and higher flow IFR specifications for both maintenance and drought conditions. The levels of compliance differed across all four sites, with synchronous non-compliance evident. The broad temporal pattern shows that levels of compliance with base IFR’s are lower towards the end of the dry season, and that higher flows compliance is always lowest during December and February when specifications are relatively large. This pattern holds for both maintenance and drought years. ii In the face of regular IFR non-compliance, abiotic responders such as sediment, dissolved and suspended materials and hydraulic and hydrological features of the Sabie-Sand River have undergone considerable change. Juxtaposed to this, extensive literature searches have shown no recent extinctions of any biota in the Sabie-Sand River although it is evident that some species are finding current conditions in which IFR compliance is low less favourable than in the past. One example is the tree Breonadia salicina. From this investigation, it is evident that the biota of the Sabie-Sand River appear to be resilient to low flows, high flows and highly variable flows intra- and inter-seasonally, using various means to perpetuate themselves during these specific flow periods. On the basis of this research, my recommendation is to lower the IFR thereby liberating much-needed water for the people living in the catchment, many of which are in poverty. Towards the conclusion of the research, the means by which the ecological reserve is maintained in the Sabie-Sand River switched from the IFR system to a less rigid real-time reserve model that specifies flow requirements on weekly time-scales. The required flow volumes under the new management regime are lower than that of the IFR system. This supports my recommendation to lower the IFR. iii Acknowledgements I take great pleasure in thanking my supervisor Barend Erasmus for his support in many different aspects of this project. His guidance with respect to science and writing were indispensible, as was the financial support provided over the years through the NRF. Other lessons learned from morning chats over coffee in the lab have proved useful in both academia and life. That is besides the fact that they have always been enjoyable and good for a laugh almost every time. I also must thank Ed Witkowski, Vivienne Wiliams, Graeme Alexander, Marcus Byrne, Stuart Sym and Deanne Drake for their company, wise words and help with dissertation and life over these years. Never under- estimate your guidance, even when it seemed like frivolous chit-chat over beers. I hold similar sentiment for members of our lab. Your help and company over these years have always made work a pleasure. So thank you Jolene Fisher, Kaera Coetzer, Kathleen Smart, Penny Mograbi, Gabi Teren, Ruwa Matsika, Nikki Stevens and James Saunders. Many others have come and gone during my tenure; you are not forgotten and thank you to you too. Other post-graduates to which I owe a debt of gratitude for the above reasons are numerous, but I owe special thanks to Christopher Barichievy, Nicholas Tye, Chevonne Reynolds, Donovan Tye, Bryan Maritz and Colleen Cluett. Your support, help and friendship made tough days easy and good days even better. The support, love and endless patience that my family has shown over the considerable time that this degree has taken to complete is testament to their loving characters and our bond as a family. I appreciate everything with a kind of gratitude that cannot be adequately expressed in any words or language. I love you all. And lastly, I must thank my girlfriend Seneca Naidoo. Your presence has enhanced my life greatly, and without your motivation I know I would not have reached this point. Thank you for your support through this period, but more than that, for retrieving me from melancholic depths and giving me a newfound lust for a vital and fulfilling future. I love you. iv Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Rationale ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Project Aim .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Project Objectives ................................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1. Overview of Sabie-Sand River Catchment characteristics: ............................................. 6 1.3.2. Change in water use per user sector in the Sabie-Sand River Catchment as a potential source of pressure on IFR compliance: ......................................................................................... 10 1.3.3. Instream Flow Requirements (IFR’s): ............................................................................ 14 1.3.4. Important factors affecting the ecological health, structure and functions of the Sabie- Sand Catchment: ........................................................................................................................... 28 1.4. Dissertation outline and chapter contents: .......................................................................... 57 1.4.1. Chapter 1: ...................................................................................................................... 57 1.4.2. Chapter 2: ...................................................................................................................... 58 1.4.3. Chapter 3: ...................................................................................................................... 58 1.4.4. Chapter 4: ...................................................................................................................... 58 1.5. References: ........................................................................................................................... 59 2. Chapter 2 – Water use in the Sabie-Sand River - Potential
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