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Technology Today Spring 2013 Spring 2013 TECHNOLOGY® today Southwest Research Institute® San Antonio, Texas Spring 2013 • Volume 34, No.2 TECHNOLOGY today COVER Director of Communications Craig Witherow Editor Joe Fohn TECHNOLOGY Assistant Editor today Deborah Deffenbaugh Editorial Assistant Kasey Chenault Design Scott Funk Photography Larry Walther Illustrations Andrew Blanchard Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas D019022 About the cover Exposed rock strata can reveal folds, faults and other Technology Today (ISSN 1528-431X) is published three times deformation features that also exist deep underground in the each year and distributed free of charge. The publication same formation and may have significance for the performance discusses some of the more than 1,000 research and develop- of oil and gas reservoirs. ment projects under way at Southwest Research Institute. The materials in Technology Today may be used for educational and informational purposes by the public and the media. Credit to Southwest Research Institute should be given. This authorization does not extend to property rights such as patents. Commercial and promotional use of the contents in Technology Today without the express written consent of Southwest Research Institute is prohibited. The information published in Technology Today does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of Southwest Research Institute or its clients, and no endorsements should be made or inferred. Address correspondence to the editor, Department of Communications, Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0510, or e-mail [email protected]. To be placed on the mailing list or to make address changes, call (210) 522-2257 or fax (210) 522-3547, or visit update.swri.org. © 2013 Southwest Research Institute. All rights reserved. Technology Today, Southwest Research Institute and SwRI are registered marks in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. About the Institute Since its founding in 1947, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has contributed to the advancement of science and technology by working with clients in industry and government. Per forming research for the benefit of humankind is a long-held tradition. The Institute comprises 11 divisions engaged in contract research spanning a wide range of technologies. Southwest Research Institute on the Internet: swri.org CONTENTS ARTICLES 2 Stress Management Structural geology and geomechanics are applied to energy exploration and production. 6 A Good Scout An SwRI-developed tool enables signal analysts to scan an area’s radio spectrum and locate signal sources. 10 A Dazzling Development in Security An SwRI-developed technology fends off intruders using an eye-safe laser. 14 A Moon-shot in the Dark An SwRI-developed instrument observes mercury, other chemicals in the plumes of intentional lunar impacts by two spacecraft. Departments Technics….15 Technical Staff Activities….17 Recent Features….25 Stress Management Structural geology and geomechanics are applied to energy exploration and production D019018 Rock strata often are non-uniform and may contain folds, faults and other deformation. Faults too small to observe using traditional seismic technology, such as those marked in red in the bottom inset photo, nevertheless may be important to the formation and performance of oil and gas reservoirs. A significant percentage of total faulting may be below the detection limit, as shown in the graph in the top inset. By David A. Ferrill, Ph.D., Alan P. Morris, Ph.D., Kevin J. Smart, Ph.D. and Ronald N. McGinnis fter more than 150 years of oil deformation. To be and gas production following successful in these the first successful oil well in increasingly challenging D019015 Pennsylvania in 1859, most of exploration and produc- Athe easy-to-produce oil and gas reser- tion environments, voirs have already been found. New petroleum geologists hydrocarbon discoveries tend to be more need higher resolution structurally complex and located in tools, but perhaps more tighter rock, at greater depths or in important, they need deeper water. Finding these harder-to- sophisticated training reach resources, and then producing from to aid interpreters as them, calls for ever-increasing expertise they analyze the data in characterizing and understanding the generated by the improved hardware predicting stress changes resulting from influences of geologic structures on the and software tools. A team of geologists production activities such as hydraulic deposition and deformation of reservoir, from Southwest Research Institute fracturing and pressure declines; and seal, and source strata. (SwRI) has developed approaches to performing geomechanical analyses using Over the years, new and more sensi- aid oil and gas exploration and improve physical analog and numerical modeling tive seismic technologies have been the prospects for successful production techniques. developed to reveal formerly unrecog- from unconventional reservoirs. Stress and geomechanical analyses nized subsurface geologic structures. In The process involves collecting allow geologists to leverage limited many cases, however, the products of data to characterize the natural defor- static data and thus track dynamic stress geologic deformation which occur as mation, rock mechanical properties and deformation over time. The time faults, folds and fractures are still below and stress environments; studying scales range from geologically instan- the detection limits of 3-D seismic outcrops to characterize reservoir taneous seismic deformation caused reflection data, thus requiring a geolo- rocks or their analogs; analyzing stress by earthquakes or induced hydraulic gist to predict or infer subseismic-scale fields, both past and present, and fracturing, to longer-term production 2 Technology Today • Spring 2013 Dr. David A. Ferrill is director of the Earth, Material and Planetary Sciences Department. He is a structural geologist with international research experience in various tectonic regimes and oil and gas exploration. Dr. Alan P. Morris, a staff scientist, is a structural geologist with expertise in quantitative analysis of rock deformation. Dr. Kevin J. Smart, a principal scientist, is a structural geologist with cross-training in computational solid mechanics. Ronald N. McGinnis, a senior research scientist, is a structural geologist with expertise in characterizing mechanical stratigraphy and the control it has on deformation. All are with the Earth, Material and Planetary Sciences Department of the Geosciences and Engineering Division at Southwest Research Institute. (field lifetime) scales, and ultimately to reservoirs takes advantage of in situ stress buried beneath the earth’s surface, direct geologic time scales. and fluid pressure conditions to reactivate analogs of the rock types and structural natural fractures and induce new fractures features (folds, faults and fractures) can The basics of reservoir analysis to create or enhance fracture permeability. be observed first-hand somewhere at the In contrast, declining fluid pressures over earth’s surface. In the spirit of H.H. Read’s Geologic structure, stress and fluid a reservoir’s productive lifetime can cause observation that the best geologists are pressure conditions, and geomechanical naturally permeable faults and fractures the ones who have seen the most rocks, behavior of rock are key elements in to close or lose their permeability, thus it is essential to develop an understand- determining trap, reservoir and charge reducing overall reservoir permeability or ing of reservoir behavior by observing in hydrocarbon systems. Conventional compartmentalizing the reservoir. and analyzing rocks in the field. To this hydrocarbon traps are commonly formed In many cases, hydrocarbon genera- end, geologists inform their models by by geologic structures such as domes, tion and migration into a reservoir studying the closest field analogs to the anticlines, and sealing faults. Fracture depends on stress conditions, geomecha- reservoir rocks they wish to understand. and fault systems can also compromise nical properties of rock, deformation trap integrity and may be difficult or processes, and geologic structure. These Modeling applications impossible to detect. So-called uncon- conditions commonly combine to provide ventional resource plays, where the pathways for migration of hydrocarbons Geomechanics is the application of source and reservoir rock are the same, from the site of source rock matura- mechanical (or rock mechanical) princi- are becoming increasingly important in tion, sometimes called the “kitchen.” In ples to geologic problems. Although hydrocarbon exploration and production. unconventional reservoirs, the kitchen is geomechanical modeling often invokes These unconventional plays are typically also the reservoir, and conditions that are the idea of computer-based analysis, dependent on induced fracturing favorable for migration are detrimental to the structural geology community has a (“fracking”) for their economic viability, the richness of the reservoir because they well-established record of using physical and therefore the presence or absence of allow some hydrocarbons to escape. analog as well as numerical modeling natural faults and fractures, the ambient Although, with virtually no significant techniques to understand structural stress state, and the mechanical charac- exceptions, oil and gas reservoirs are geology and geomechanics problems. teristics of the reservoir rocks are critical factors
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