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606-1 July 15, 1968 ,· R . ·· ···. : ·,· _., ·-.. r .. ·--, JPL Document. No. 606-1 MARS SCIENTIFIC MODEL Prepared by Members of the Lunar and Planetary Sciences Section Mackin, J . , Manager Planetary Sciences Sec tion JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA July 15, 1968 0:·�-' -:: -�.' . ... .. JPL Document No. 606-1 July 15, 1968 ,· _r. · Copyright @ 1968 Jet Propulsion Laboratory -\. California Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved -·... Prepared Under Contract No. NAS 7-100 National Aeronautics & Space Administration ·- · . '�, : ' .. Jf( )'-' .. \� '": ·-,'. Photograph of Mars taken by R. B. Leighton of the California Institute of Technology on August 24, 1956, eighteen days before opposition. The planet was approximately 35.2 million miles from Earth at the time the photograph was obtained. Mare Cimmerium and Mare Tyrrhenum dominate the center of the disk, and Syrtis Major is at the far _left. The season is late spring in the southern hemisphere (north is at the top}. The Mt. Wilson 60-inch reflector was used and its aperture was cut to 21 inches with an off-axis diaphragm; exposure time was 20 _ se onds on Kodachrome Type A film. T�e positive, used in making the��';; 'J'(���\ : � t,� �" prmt, was composed by the Jet PropulsiOn Laboratory. (The repeated_ -�-J :--- copying of this photograph in the reproduction processes has greatly· , decreased the clarity of surface detail and has caused the yellowish ·:·: tones of the original positive to appear orange here.) -,._. .::.: JPL 606-1 Preface PREFACE Our aim in this document is to present an up-to-date scientific model of the planet Mars, with data values, limitations and sources, and with a limited amount of interpretation where appropriate. Material in this document has been reviewed extensively both by Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists and by other reviewers. However, it is our intention to revise sections that contain errors in data or shortcomings in interpretation, and we will be grateful for comments, corrections, and criticisms from our readers. These should be directed to R. Newburn . Each page is dated to show the time of latest revision and will be updated as new information becomes available. At some future date we hope to add sections on such topics as atmospheric circulation, secular surface changes, atmospheric transmission, and detailed cloud behavior. Preferred data values are presented first in each section, followed by more detailed analysis and discussion. The discussions were purposefully restricted in length to facilitate expedient use by the reader. For greater detail the reader is referred to source material. Data are thoroughly referenced, and bibliography lists are included for each section. Sections are extensively cross ref�renced. We have attempted to hold speculative material to a m1n1mum, but some "best guesses" have been included where data were absent and project planning was expected to require working hypotheses or estimates. We have been careful to identify speculations as such. July 15, 1968 page v Acknowledgments JPL 606-1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributions from widely diversified scientific disciplines were necessary to compile this doc ument. The cooperative spirit of the many individuals contacted both on and off the Laboratory is greatly appreciated. The constructive criticism offered the earlier drafts of this document has enhanced its usefulness. We wish especially to acknowl­ edge the comments of Drs. R. Sharp, R. Smoluchowski, M. Molloy, R. Carpenter, J. Conel, L. Kaplan, E. Haines, M. Neugebauer, A. Loomis, and J. Adams. Dr. H. T. U. Smith of th e University of Massachusetts acted as a consultant in the field of Dust Transport. The section on Freeze-Thaw Phenomena is an extract of material prepared by consultant Dr. F. Alton Wade, Texas Technological Col­ lege. Their contributions are much appreciated. Thanks are expressed to C. Capen for his Martian observational data, photography, and Martian seasonal base maps which have not been previously published. G. de Vaucouleurs contributed the data for the albedo map of Section 3. 2 before his own publication. The cooperation of many elements of the Technical Documenta­ tion Section was essential to the preparation of the document. Mrs. Margaret Cannon is warmly commended for the untiring dedication given to the task of the final documentation editing. Mrs. J. Negus de Wys made an especially great contribution both as an author and, in the early stages, as an editor of this doc u­ ment, putting in many months of intense, devoted work. Other authors were R. Choate, J. Conel, R. Lyttleton, R. Mackin, E. Miner, E. Monash, R. Newburn, and R. Norton. "-----· .· page vi July 15, 1968 JPL 606-1 Topical Summary TOPICAL SUMMARY The Mars Scientific Model, which is intended to be a source of the most recent and accurate data for Mars spaceflight program needs, is organized to provide the user with the means for convenient and fast location of desired information and to facilitate updating. The following order of subject matter appears in each section (or sub-section) wherever possible or applicable: Data Summary, Discussion, Conclusions or Implications, Figures, Cross References, and Bibliography. Each section thus can be considered a separate entity but also can be used, with the aid of the cross references, in parallel with the remainder of the document. A topical summary of each section is given below and on page viii; for detailed contents, see the page(s) immediately following each of the six main-section dividers. 1. ORBITAL AND PHYSICAL DATA Orbital values, season lengths, and ephemeris data for Mars. Orbital data for Phobos and Deimo s. Physical data for Mars, Phobos, and Deimos. Calendars of Earth-Mars equivalent dates from 1963 to 1983. 2. INTERIOR Geometric relationships and flattening. Dynamical, optical, and theo­ retical flattening. Interior models of Jeffreys, Ramsey, Lyttleton, Urey, Bullen, and Ringwood. 3. SURFACE 3. 1 Thermal Properties. Surface temperatures. Brightness tempera­ ture characteristics. Thermal parameter. Temperature measurements and in terpretations. 3. 2 Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Properties. Photometric function. Phase function. Radiance factor. Normal, geometric, and Bond albedo. Magnitude. Spectral reflectivity and distribution. Polarization. 3. 3 Radar Properties. Techniques of radar astronomy. Target radar cross section, reflection coefficient, dielectric constant, directivity factor, gain, and microwave Bond albedo. Martian orbital and physical considerations. Observations, results, and implications: 1963-USSR, 1963-JPL, 1965-JPL, 1965-AIO, and 1967-JPL radar studies of Mars. 3. 4 Chemical and Physical Properties. Chemical composition of terre s­ trial lavas and crustal rocks. Elemental an d inferred oxide compositions at the Surveyor V, VI, and VII landing sites on the Moon. Stability of terrestrial iron oxides. Iron oxides and silicates on Mars. Water and carbon dioxide. Meteoritic and magnetic material. Size distribution of material. Bearing strength. Selected Surveyor pictures of the Moon. July 15' 1968 page vii Topical Summary JPL 606-1 ( 3. 5 Morphology and Processes. Relative elevation of dark and light areas through interpretation of thermal data, radar data, cloud formation movement, and seasonal observations. Grid system. Canals. Craters. Slope angle distribution. Possible surface processes including tectonic movement, meteorite impact, volcanic activity, thermal creep and frac­ ture, freeze-thaw processes, and wind action. Possible surface features. Selected Lunar Orbiter photographs of the Moon. Selected Ma riner IV pictures of Mars. 4. OBSERVATIONAL PHENOMENA 4. 1 Clouds and Hazes. Violet layer, blue clouds, and blue clearing. White clouds. Yellow clouds. Green haze, gray clouds, and bright spots. 4. 2 Seasonal Activity. Polar caps. Polar hoods. Dark fringe of the polar cap. Seasonal behavior of clouds. Wave of darkening. Seasonal behavior of surface features. Local seasonal activity. Global seasonal activity ( color maps) including polar caps, white clouds, yellow clouds, wave of darkening, and possible frost phenomena. 5. AT MOSPHERE 5.1 Atmospheric Composition. Observed constituents: carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and the unidentified Sinton band. Assumed ( constituents: argon, molecular nitrogen, atomic oxygen, molecular oxy- gen, and ozone. Possible constituents: oxides of nitrogen, methane and related compounds, ammonia, and carbonyl sulfide. 5. 2 Surface Pressure. Spectroscopic results. Mariner IV occultation experiment results. Methods of surface pres sure determination and their relative accuracy: spectroscopy, occultation, and photometry and polarimetry. 5.3 Lower Atmosphere. Layers of the lower atmosphere. Physics of the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Convective, radiative, and convective-radiative models. Models I, II, and III. 5. 4 Upper Atmosphere. Layers of the upper atmosphere. Physics of the photodissociation region. Physics of the ionosphere including ioniza­ tion processes and thermal processes. Preliminary E-Model. F1-Model. F2 -Model. 6. CIS-MARTIAN MEDIUM, RADIATION Solar constant. Spectral distribution. Extreme ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and radio waves. Absorption of solar electromagnetic radiation in the Martian atmosphere. Solar interplanetary magnetic field. Ma rtian magnetic moment, magnetosphere, and surface field. Solar wind and its effects on the Martian atmosphere. Solar flares. Cosmic rays. Radia­ tion level and dose at th e Martian surface.
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