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The Irish Gunman in Fiction and Film

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The Irish Gunman in Fiction and Film Cl._NTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) INFORMAnON TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus. some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality ~lustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins. and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manusaipt and there are missing pages. these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 National Ubrary Biblialheque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 385 Welingllln sn.t 385, rue Welinglan oaa-ON K1A ONt oa.wa ON K1A ON4 c.nada c.n.cra The author bas granted a non­ L' auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant aIa National Library ofCanada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prater, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. Ia forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve Ia propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni Ia these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSIOn. autorisation. 0-612-66731-6 Canadl Rebel Narratives: The Irish Gunman in Fiction and Film by Danine Farquharson A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Memorial University of Newfoundland April2001 St. John's, Newfoundland Acknowledgments l would like to acknowledge gratefully the financial suppon of the following: Memorial University ofNewfoundland's Depanment of English Language and Literature and the School of Graduate Studies, the Women's Association ofMemorial University of Newfoundland, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. There are many individuals who have helped see this thesis through all its stages and deserve acknowledgment and thanks. Dr. Noreen Golfman ctfered formative commentary on all things cinematic. Dr. Peter Han's suggested readings were invaluable to my historical research. Thanks to S. Drodge and B. Rose for their suggested revisions. Many thanks to l. Bulgin for her tireless editing and proofreading assistance. l am also forever grateful to J. Fitzpatrick for his patience and constant affinnation. The person most important to the realization of this thesis is Dr. Bernice Schrank. She has advised, mentored, and nurtured me through years of graduate studies and never once flagged in her suppon. This thesis is dedicated to her. IV Table of Contents Abstract II Acknowledgments IV List of Figures VII List of Abbreviations and Terms Vlll Introduction- Pandora's Box Chapter One - In Song, Stereotype and Strife: A Genealogy of the Irish Gunman 9 I. I Mythic Warrior: Fionn mac Cumhaill 13 I. 2 The Irish Robin Hood 18 1.3 Stereotyped and Caricatured Irish: Punch and Popular Fiction 23 I .4 American Cinema and the Representation of Ireland 3 7 1.5 The Idea of National Character 41 I. 6 The Idea of Irish National Character 46 I. 7 The Trouble with the Irish Republican Army 59 1.8 Heroes? 74 Chapter Two - The Character of the Gunman 77 2. I Local Heroes 8 7 2.2 Men in Black 95 2.3 The Lost Boys 110 2.4 No Way Out: Gunmen on the Run 129 2.5 Other Outsiders: Women in the IRA 140 2.6 Lurking and Lingering: Ghostly Presences and Shadow Gunmen 151 v Chapter Three - Voluptuaries, Acolytes, and Ideologues: The Gunmen in Liam O'Flaherty's Novels 164 3.1 The Critical History 166 3.2 Tourists, Priests, and Patriots: Liam O'Fiaherty's Satirical Voice 172 3.3 Satire and The Martyr 184 3.4 The Voluptuaries 189 3.5 The Acolytes 195 3.6 The Ideologues 203 3.7 Guns and Women 219 Chapter Four- Shooting into the Shadows: Sex, Violence, and the Inevitable Return of the Hero in Neil Jordan's Films 230 4.1 ''What's your name?": Angel '?"'?__,_ 4.2 .. You're never out": The Crying Game 265 4.3 ··Are we discussing the treaty, or are we discussing myself?": Michael Collins 274 Conclusion - Prometheus Unbound 286 Works Cited 292 V1 List of Figures Figure 1.1 -Sir John Tenniel's cartoon, 'The Irish 'Tempest"' Punch 19 Mar. 1870. Figure 1.2 - Sir John Tenniel's cartoon, "The Irish Frankenstein" Punch 20 May 1882. Figure 1.3- Sir John Tenniel's cartoon, 'The Fenian-Pest" Punch 3 Mar. 1866. VII List of Abbreviations and Terms Anglo-Irish Treaty- agieement signed on 7 January 1922, which ended the Anglo-Irish War. The treaty established the Irish Free State and partitioned to Britain what is now Northern Ireland. This is not to be confused with the Anglo-Irish Agreement. signed on 15 November 1985, between the British and Irish governments. which reasserted the principal of consent for any change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland. Anglo-Irish War- also referred to the "Black and Tan War'' or the "War of Independence." Guerilla war fought between Irish Republicans and British forces between 1919 and 1921 . Black and Tans - mainly ex-servicemen sent over by the British as reinforcements for the RIC during the Anglo-Irish War. They were so nicknamed because oftheir khaki uniform and black and green belts and caps. Dail Eirann - the parliament located in Dublin for Eire, "Southern Ireland" or the twenty­ six counties of the Republic of Ireland. Fenians - another name for the Irish Republican Brotherhood. VIII Free Staten - those who supported the treaty and those who fought against the "Irregulars" during the Irish Civil War. Another name for the National Army formed after the 1922 treaty. Gardai - police force in the Republic of Ireland. Plural form is Garda. lRA- Irish Republican Anny. Synonyms: Provisional Irish Republican Anny; Provisionals; Provos (see below); PIRA. The main Republican paramilitary group. Formed in 1970 following a split within the Republican movement. Those who remained with the original organization became the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) while the new group was called the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Following the OIRA ceasefire of 1972 the Provisionals became known as the IRA. lRB- Irish Republican Brotherhood, also referred to as the Fenians. Set up in 1858 as a secret, revolutionary movement, it was re-organized by Michael Collins after the 1916 Easter Rising. In effect, it became the leadership cadre of the early twentieth­ century lRA. Irish Free State - the newly independent Irish state created by the Government of Ireland Act ( 1920) and the Anglo-Irish Treaty between Britain and Ireland. The name remained until full sovereignty in 1937. IX lrregulan - the forces opposing the 1922 treaty and in military conflict with the National Anny, or "Free Staters," during the Irish Civil War. Loyalists - the term Loyalist strictly refers to one who is loyal to the British Crown. The term in the Northern Ireland context is used by many commentators to imply that the person gives tacit or actual support to the use of force by paramilitary groups to "defend the union" with Britain. Nationalists- in Northern Ireland the term is used to describe those who hold a long-term wish for the reunification of Ireland. The majority of those people who are from the Catholic community are Nationalist. lt should be noted that not all Nationalists support Republican groups (see also Republican). Northern Ireland- the official name of the state created by the Government of Ireland Act (1920). Northern Ireland is a part ofthe United Kingdom. The state consists of the following six of the thirty-two counties oflreland: Antrim, Armagh. Derry. Down, Fermanagh, and Tyrone. Northern Ireland is often referred to as the "Six Counties" by Nationalists, a term to which many Unionists take exception. The counties of Northern Ireland were (and remain) part of the historical province of Ulster which consisted of nine counties (the other three being Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan). Most Unionists and some Nationalists refer to Northern Ireland as "Ulster" or the "Province". two terms to which many Nationalists take exception. X Provos - Provisional lRA. Now the major lRA force. Republicans - strictly the tenn refers to a person who supports the style of government based on a republic over a monarchy. In a Northern Ireland context the term Republican is taken to imply that the person gives tacit or actual support to the use of physical force by paramilitary groups with Republican aims.
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