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Table Three: Natural resource investment patterns in ethnic States & border regions
State or Existing investments Potential Investments Key issues relating Region to investment in the natural resource sector
Chin State Mining Mining Minerals currently being explored in Chin State Political parties and CSOs in Mwe Taung Nickel Mine, Tiddim are: chromite, manganese, and limestone. Chin State have raised > Nickel (ferronickle alloy) mine at MweTaung, concerns regarding the Mwe Tiddim Township in an ‘advanced exploration’ Tuang mine including: the stage.i The original feasibility study was Forestry lack of transparency in initiated in June 2012 under agreement project development, a between the Department of Geological Survey Timber revenue-sharing & Mineral Exploration and NORINCO.ii Wood is an important local fuel and building arrangement that does not > The mine is now being developed as a joint- material. There is the potential to expand provide adequate benefit to venture; with the state-owned Myanmar commercial timber exploitation. Timber Chin State, and lack of any Mining Enterprise #1 holding a 20% stake and harvesting through community forestry hold EIA/SIA processes.viii the foreign investors holding an 80% stake.iii potential.vi Some areas of Chin State are > The foreign stake is held by NORINCO (North suitable for teak and other hardwood For an overview of Mining Investment Co. Ltd.) (China) and Zijin plantations. opportunities for natural International Mining Group (Hong Kong). resource development see > Zijin IMG is a fully owned subsidiary of Zijin the Chin State Development
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Mining Group, a massive Chinese state-owned Pine Resin extraction Plan document created by mining company.iv There has been some interest from Japanese MMIID in cooperation with > The initial investment is $50 million. companies in re-initiating the pine resin the Chin State government.ix > Once operational the expected annual profit industry in Chin State which ceased operation is $25 million, with $500,000 (2%) being in the 1980s.vii allotted to the Chin State government.v > Coal from the Kalewa mine in Sagaing is to be used to power the mining operations and for Non-Timber Forest Products nickel smelting. NTFPs that hold potential for commercial development include: orchids, Elephant Foot Yam, and other medicinal plants. Hydropower There are a number of dams generating hydropower in Chin State: Zalui, Tongva, Agriculture Ngasitvar, Paletwa, Namhlaung Creek, Laiva, The expansion of plantation agriculture - Htweehsaung and Chichaung. including tea bushes and fruit-bearing tress - has been proposed.
Hydropower and electricity generation The state capital Hahka is connected to the national grid, but much of the state is not. Most towns and village have limited access to electricity and often depend on village-level micro-hydro. There are opportunities to expand the use of small-scale solar and wind power generation.
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Kachin Mining Hydropower State > Jade at Hpakant. Tumpang Hka Chaung (6,000 kW) micro-hydro Illegal and informal logging > Amber at Hukawng valley. dam is being developed to supply electricity to and timber smuggling is a > Gold at Shadusuik, Wakan-Tanaing, and Myitkyina and Waing-Maw towns. major issue in Kachin State. Ngagyan. According to some reports > Platinum at Shadusuik , Wakan-Tanaing, half of all timber is being Ngagyan, and Namma- Kangon Mining felled illegally/informally, > Nickel at Indawgyi. and the majority of timber be > Rare earth at Ma Ja Yang. Kathaing Taung iron ore deposit exported from Kachin State is > Lead, zinc and silver at Panwa. > Iron Ore deposit in development at Kathaing being done > Other minerals: ruby, iron, copper, Taung, Hpakant Township by Kunming illegally/informally.xii molybdenum, and limestone.x Henglong Architecture Mechanical Construction Co. Ltd. (China) and DGSE. > Total reserve estimated to be 223 tons. Agriculture > Project is open to proposals for joint-venture Rubber, sugarcane and banana plantations with Mining Enterprise #3. exist in the eastern part of the state. Ngagyan, Indawgyi platinum deposit > Platinum (group minerals) deposit Timber development at Ngagyan, Indawgyi, Monyin Timber extraction is taking place on a massive Township by DGSE. scale across Kachin State, including hardwoods > Prospecting and exploration drilling took such as teak. place from1990-95. > Estimated reserves of 1.6 million tons. > Project is currently open to proposals for Hydropower joint-venture with Mining Enterprise #3.
Large-scale hydro
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> Buga Power Company dam electrifying Myitkyina. Oil and Gas > Myitsone dam (currently suspended). Potential for petroleum extraction in the > Other hydropower generation dams: Tarpain, Hukaung sedimentary basin.xi Chibwe, Pashe, Lakin, Phizaw.
Small-scale hydro >There are currently three small-scale dams contributing revenue to the state fund.
Kayah Mining State > Antimony at Konsut and Peinchit. Deforestation is a growing > Tin-tungsten deposit (Hydrothermal quartz issue in Kayah State. Control vein-type) at Mawchi (Australian company of the timber trade has been Eumeralla Resources and MERG in a 70-30 joint a contentious issue between venturexiii). the Myanmar government > Limestone, marble and terrazzo are extracted and EAOs in the past.xviii in various areas. The presence of landmines remains a concern.xix Timber > Kayah State contains large areas of forest cover, and timber extraction operations are taking place across the state. > The entire Township of Mese is designated as ‘forestland’ and there is considerable logging taking place by three companies.xiv > Kayah state has teak and other hardwoods,
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although these have been graded as ‘poor’ by the Myanmar Timber Merchants Association.xv
Agriculture Rubber and palm oil plantations
Hydropower
Lawpida (Lawpita) Hydropower Project > Dam is on the Beluchaung River in Kayah State, but a large portion of the reservoir is located in Shan State. > Consists of the Mobye Dam, Lawpida Power Plants #1 and #2, and the Datawcha Dam.xvi > Provides power to Yangon. > It was the first large-scale hydropower dam in Myanmar. > Constructed in 1954 with financial support from Japan as a war-reparation. Japanese support for the project has continued over the years; for example the #2 power plant was upgraded in the early 2000s with support from JICA.xvii
Kayin State Mining Oil and Gas > Gold deposit at Shwegyin mine. > Potential for development in the Mepale and
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> Lead/zinc/silver deposit at Mawhki. Mawlamyine sedimentary basins.xx > Antimony, limestone, and tin/tungsten are > Exploration rights for onshore Block PSC-R being extracted at various locations. held by SNOG and UPR (Singapore).xxi
Hydropower Hydropower > Shwegyi hydropower station. > Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River.
Timber Teak and other timber harvesting is taking place across the state.
Agriculture Rubber plantations
Mon State Mining Mining > Antimony deposit at Kadaik and Tabyu. Sand mining (the sand contains high-grade > Nickel deposit at Kayukway. concentrations of rutile, ilmenite, zircon and > Tin-Tungsten deposit at Padatchaung. monazite) in development at Wegalaung, > Gold and limestone are being extracted at Yethataung and Chaungzon Island tenements various locations. (54.8 square km in total) by Australian-owned (with an unknown private investor) Singapore- based AML (Asia Mining Limited) Co. Ltd. The Agriculture exploration and mining license agreements Rubber, palm oil, cashew, and betel nut signed directly with GoM so not a joint-venture plantations. (appears to be the first fully-foreign-owned
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mining project in Myanmar). The projected value of the minerals is over $2 billion. The costs to develop the production facilities will be $60 million. Expected to employ 30-40 locals at each of the three locations. Wages will be double the current standard. Production set to commence at the end of 2015.xxii
Oil & Gas > Payagon onshore natural gas field has proven exploitable reserves.xxiii > Mawlamyine and Moattama Offshore sedimentary basins.
Wind Energy There is potential for wind generation along the coastal strip facing the Andaman Sea where there is a southwesterly wind for 9 months and northeasterly wind for 3 months.
Rakhine Oil & Gas Oil and Gas xxiv State > Shwe Gas Field (offshore natural gas). > Significant potential exploitable onshore oil reserves, and exploitable natural gas reserves in the Moattama Offshore sedimentary Mining basin.xxv > Nayputaung mine Nickel deposit at > Exploration rights for onshore “PSC-Block L”
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Maungdawnanmadaw, Hkakyintaung, and are held by ESSAR (India).xxvi UkinTaung. > Exploration rights for onshore Block “PSC-M” > Chromite, limestone, marble are being were granted to a consortium in October extracted at various locations. 2014.xxvii
Hydropower Mining Small-scale hydropower dams at Laymyo > Marble mine in development at Nayputaung, Chaung, Thahtay Chaung, Am Chaung, and Taungkoke Township by Simco Song Da Joint Saidin. Stock Company (Vietnam). > Sand mining under exploration (for sand containing high-grade concentrations of rutile, ilmenite, zircon and monazite) at undisclosed locations along Rakhine coast by Australian- owned (with an unknown private investor) Singapore-based AML (Asia Mining Limited) Co. Ltd.xxviii
Wind Energy There is potential for wind generation along the coastal strip facing the Bay of Bengal where there is a southwesterly wind for 9 months and northeasterly wind for 3 months.
Sagaing Mining Mining Region Monywa Project > Gold exploration at Bhamauk by Noble Gold > Includes both the Sabetaung and Kyisintaung Limited (Russia) and DGSE.
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(S&K) and Letpadaung copper mines.xxix > Ferro Nickel mine in development at Hteechaik Township by Myanmar CNMC Nickel > Jade mine at Khamti. Co. Ltd. (China) and Mining Enterprise #3. > Gold mines at Bhamauk and Kyaukpazat. > Feasibility study for lead, zinc, copper and > Copper mines at KyesinTaung, Sabe taung, gold mines at Kantbalu-Wuntho by Asia Pacific Panmakut Mann, and Kweeight. Mining Ltd. (China). > Nickel deposits at Taunggadon and Tagaung > Three separate applications for copper and Taung. gold exploration licenses being developed by > Gold/platinum deposits at Shangalon and Asia Pacific Mining Limited (CEO is Australian Banbwegon. Andrew Mooney, the company is based in > Coal mine at Thitchauk Hong Kong). > Limestone is being extracted at various locations. Coal > A 600 MW coal-fired plant planned in Hydropower Kalewa; will provide electricity to the Mwe Thaphanzeik hydropower station (kyunhla). Taung nickel mining operations in Tiddim Township, Chin State. > Potential coal deposits in the Chindwin River Oil & Gas valley. Ayadaw gas and oil field.
Oil and Gas Potential for development in the Chindwin and Shwebo-Monywa sedimentary basins.
Shan State Mining Mining > Zinc ore mine in Minepon Township by > Gold exploration at Shwe-Min-Phone area,
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Cornerstone Resources Myanmar Ltd. Kalaw Township by foreign company and (Australia) and Mining Enterprise #1. DGSE.xxxiii > Iron mine at Pinpet Mountain by Tyazhprom > Exploration license covering 649 square km Export Company (Russia) and Danieli Company at Namtu Township granted to Asia Pacific (Italy). Mining Limited (CEO is Australian Andrew > Iron mine at Mongkannwe. Mooney; the company is based in Hong Kong). > Lead/zinc/silver deposits at Bawsaing, Namtu Potential minerals include zinc, lead, silver and Bawdwin, Phaleng, and LonChein. copper. > Ruby mine at Mongshu. > Gypsum mine at Hsipaw. > Diamond mine at Momeik. Hydropower > Copper mine at Bawdwin. Micro-hydro projects > Nickel deposits at Mong Inn, Nagok, and > Mepan Chaung - 1,200 kW to supply Hopone. electricity to two towns. > Silica mining at Namkhamxxx > Kang Hkawng - 1,200 kW to supply electricity > Manganese deposits at Monpyin, Tar Pin, and to two townships. Wansaw Wanpaing. > Kyu Hkak Chanung - 320 kW. > Extraction of antimony, chromium, coal, > Nam Mae Sai - 6,000 kW to supply electricity fluoride, gold, limestone, platinum, quartz, and to Tachileik town and also to export excess rare earth at various locations. power to Thailand. > Upper Paunglong (proposed / under consideration) by GoM and Swiss firm Colenco Hydropower Power Engineering as consultant.xxxiv Large-scale hydropower > Shweli Dam #2 & #3 (proposed / under > Mega dams at Lower Paunglaung and consideration) Kengtawng.xxxi > Kentaung hydropower station, Kengtawng, Mobye, Nawngpha, Shweli #1 (built by China’s Oil and Gas Sinohydro Corporation; owned by a Chinese Potential for development in the Hsipaw- consortium that includes the Yunnan Lashio, Namyau, and Taunggyi sedimentary
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Machinery Equipment Import basins.xxxv and Export Company Limited and a subsidiary of China Southern power Grid Corporation (CSG).)
Small-scale hydro > Tasang, Yeywa, Zawgyi and 7 other dams contributing revenue to the state fund.
Coal > Large coal-fired power plant in Tigyit, Southern Shan State, operated by the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP), has a capacity of 120 megawatts (MW). > 120 MW coal-fired power plant at Pinlong Township. > 15 MW coal-fired power plant at Naungcho, Loilem Township.xxxii
Agriculture Rubber plantations in northern Shan State
Tanintharyi Oil & Gas Oil & Gas Areas of Tanintharyi Region, Region > Yadana offshore natural gas field. > PTTEP (Thailand) and Total (France) hold such as Myeik and > Yetagun offshore natural gas field. exploration rights offshore Block M-11 in the Kawthoung Townships, are
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> Zawtika offshore natural gas field.xxxvi Martaban Basin.xxxvii> There are potentially not connected to the additional offshore gas fields in the national electricity grad. “Tannintharyi Offshore sedimentary basin” in Despite the large amount of Coal the Andaman Sea.xxxviii natural gas being extracted > 8MW coal-fired power plant is in operation at offshore, the provision of Kawthaung Township; built by Than Phyo Thu natural gas produced Mining Co. (Myanmar). Coal electricity is only planned for Myeik Coal-fired power plant Dawei; largely due to service > The 2,000 MW plant is currently waiting for a the massive Dawei project. Mining ‘construction and operation’ permit from the The Regional Minister for > Tin Concentrate (72%) in production at Myanmar government. The MOU authorizing planning and economic Heinda mine Dawei Township by Myanmar the feasibility study was signed in October development has said that Ponepipet Co. Ltd. (Thailand) and Mining 2014.xxxix local electricity needs will be Enterprise #2. > The project is being led by Global Power met by a number of coal- > Gold mine at Russel island. Synergy Plc (Thailand; the SET-listed utilities fired power plants now being > Diamond mine at Theindaw. arm of PTT Plc the Thai state-owned company) planned. Despite claims by > Iron mines at Maputae and Kho Islands. in partnership with Marubeni Corporation the implementing companies > Manganese deposit Powel Island. (Japan), SRI Energy Co. (Thailand), Ayeyar that the coal-fired plants will > Tin/tungsten deposits at Hermyigyi, Hunthar Holdings Co. (Myanmar), and the be using low-pollution Theindaw, Atwin Bokpyin, Heinze, and international arm of Electricity Generating technologies and offer Kanbauk. Authority of Thailand.xl inexpensive electricity to > Other minerals currently being extracted locals, many local CSOs and include pearls, limestone, and heavy sand. Hmwe Shaung Village, Tonebyaw Village environmental groups have Tract, Myeik Township Coal-fired power plant raised concerns regarding the Agriculture > 2,600 MW plant for which a feasibility study high-pollution levels from There a many large-scale rubber and palm-oil MOU was signed with the Department of coal-fired plants. These plantations across the region. Hydropower Planning of the Myanmar Ministry community-based groups of Electric Power in October 2014.xli have questioned why > The project-lead is Ratchaburi Electricity Tanintharyi is not allocating Generating Holding Public Company Ltd. more the region’s abundant
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(Thailand) in partnership with Blue Energy & offshore natural gas reserves Environment Company (Thailand), Vantage for local electrification. Company (Myanmar) and Kyaw Kyaw Phyo Company (Myanmar).xlii In 2012, the Union > Estimated date of operation is 2020. government cancelled plans for a 4,000MW coal-fired Kawthoung / Bokepyin Coal-fired power plant plant destined to provide > Located at Kawthoung District Bokepyin electricity to the Dawei Township. deepsea port and special > 900 MW generating capacity. economic zone project.xliv It was ostensibly cancelled due Lawtlawt Villlage Coal-fired power plant to environmental concerns, > Located at Lawlawt Village, Myeik Township; but lackluster investor 27 km from the Myeik-Dawei Road.xliii interest in the Dawei project > 50 MW coal-fired power plant at Lawtlawt was also probably at play. Villlage. > Than Phyo Thu Mining Co. (Myanmar?) is project lead. > Than Phyo Thu Mining Co. also has permission from the Myanmar Investment Commission to extract coal which will be used in the plant.
Other coal-fired plants Other small-scale coal-fired plants are in various stages of planning, including a 6 MW plant.
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Wind Energy There is potential for wind generation along the coastal strip facing the Andaman Sea where there is a southwesterly wind for 9 months and northeasterly wind for 3 months.
SAZs/SADs Agriculture > Rubber plantations in Wa Autonomous SAZs/SADs are governed by Region.xlv Part of opium crop-substitution the 2008 Constitution strategy. Exports going to China. Schedule Three.
i “Mwetaung Nickel Project in Myanmar” http://www.zjky.cn/publish/english/tab941/info29258.htm ii “Current Mining Activities in Myanmar” (powerpoint) http://www.oilseedcrops.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Current-Myanmar-Mining-Activities- 2013_14-Tin-Gold-Lead-Zinc-and-Iron-Ore.pdf iii IHLO (Hong Kong Liaison Office of the international trade union movement) “Briefer on Chinese Investments in Myanmar,” January 2014. http://www.ihlo.org/CINTW/Burma.pdf iv “Zijin Mining Group – Our Company”http://218.86.97.144/tabid/1116/InfoID/32450/frtid/1106/Default.aspx v Lwin, Ei Ei Toe. “Chin urge transparency on Mwe Taung mining project,” 20 September 2013, Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/8207-chin-urge-transparency-on-mwe-taung-mining-project.html
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vi “Support to Chin State Comprehensive 5-Year Development Plan and Annual Planning 2016-2021” MMIID. http://www.mmiid.org/sites/default/files/Support%20to%20Chin%20State%20Comprehensive%20Development%20Plan%20(Vol.%20I)-English.pdf vii “Chin State eyed for pine resin extraction” 30 October 2013. http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/chin-news/item/1982-chin-state-eyed-for-pine- resin-extraction viii http://www.dvb.no/news/chins-say-nickel-mine-too-opaque-burma-myanmar/38931; http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/8207-chin-urge- transparency-on-mwe-taung-mining-project.html; and http://chinlandguardian.com/index.php/chin-news/item/1855-demonstrations-against-burma-china- nickel-project-in-chin-state ix A number of documents related to the Chin State Development Plan can be found here: http://www.mmiid.org/content/chin-state-comprehensive- development-plan-local-social-plan x “Database building in the Ministry of Mines, Myanmar” (powerpoint) http://www.ccop.or.th/eppm/projects/36/docs/Myanmar_CCOPmetadata_presentation%20(13-03-2012).pdf xi http://www.myanmar-oilgas.com/OilGas/media/Site_Images/Day-1-PM-B-2-Trident-Onshore-Hydrocarbons.pdf xii http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/5-7bln-timber-smuggled-burma-illegal-logging-rampant-report.html xiii http://www.eumerallaresources.com/MawchiTinAndTungstenProject.html xiv Page 32. http://www.mm.undp.org/content/dam/myanmar/docs/Publications/PovRedu/Local%20Governance%20Mapping/UNDP_MM_LG_Mapping_Kayah_web.pdf xv http://www.myanmartimberassociation.org/teak_log_grading.html xvi http://burmariversnetwork.org/index.php/dam-projects/lawpita-hydropower xvii http://www.n-koei.co.jp/english/international_operations/gms/myanmar.html xviii Fahn, David. “All’s Not Fair in Trade and War in Burma,” The Nation (Thailand), July 8, 1995. http://www.oocities.org/yosemite/rapids/8429/Burmatrade.htm xix Page 32. http://www.mm.undp.org/content/dam/myanmar/docs/Publications/PovRedu/Local%20Governance%20Mapping/UNDP_MM_LG_Mapping_Kayah_web.pdf xx http://www.myanmar-oilgas.com/OilGas/media/Site_Images/Day-1-PM-B-2-Trident-Onshore-Hydrocarbons.pdf xxi Page 11 “Current Onshore Activities” from powerpoint at http://www.slideshare.net/yph1969/production-sharing-contract-psc-u-htin-aung xxii Tan, Su-Lin. “AML Breaks New Ground in Myanmar” 8 Jan 2015. http://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/metals/aml-breaks-rich-new-ground-in- myanmar-20150107-12juyd xxiii “In The Pipeline” Myanmar Times, 10 March 2014. http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/special-features/177-energy-2014/9817-in-the-pipeline.html xxiv http://www.asiasteelmyanmar.com/index.php/84-industry-info/85-oil-and-gas-fields-in-myanmar xxv See map of onshore and offshore blocks under exploration of production in Rakhine State here: http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/03/MPRL-EP-Strikes-Gas-at-Block-A6-Offshore-Myanmar.jpg xxvi Page 11 “Current Onshore Activities” from powerpoint at http://www.slideshare.net/yph1969/production-sharing-contract-psc-u-htin-aung
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xxvii See footnote 3 in “The State of Local Governance: Trends in Rakhine State” http://www.mm.undp.org/content/dam/myanmar/docs/Publications/PovRedu/Local%20Governance%20Mapping/UNDP_MM_State_of_Local_Governance_R akhine_ENG.pdf xxviii Tan, Su-Lin. “AML Breaks New Ground in Myanmar” 8 Jan 2015. http://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/metals/aml-breaks-rich-new-ground-in- myanmar-20150107-12juyd xxix https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/02/myanmar-foreign-mining-companies-colluding-serious-abuses-and-illegality/ xxx http://english.panglong.org/statement-by-shan-community-based-organizations/ xxxi See Yuki Akimoto “Hydro-Powering the Regime”, The Irrawaddy, Vol. 12 (6), June 2004, xxxii http://www.myanmar-business.org/2014/05/mega-coal-power-plants-planned-in-myeik.html xxxiii Photo caption says “Assistant Geologist U Aung Kyaw Moe explains gold exploration at Shwe-Min-Phone area, Kalaw Township, Shan State to technical committee [of DGSE]” http://www.mining.gov.mm/DGSE/1.DGSE/details.asp?submenuID=9&sid=225 xxxiv “HPID, Colenco Power Engineering Ltd signs agreement of consulting service”, The New Light of Myanmar, Vol. XVI (196), 31 October 2008. xxxv Powerpoint presentation page 6. http://charltonsmyanmar.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Opportunities-for-Cooperation-in-Myanmars-Petroleum- Sector.pdf xxxvi http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/zawtika-gulf-martaban-myanmar-burma/ and http://www.1derrick.com/ptteps-zawtika-project- update/906/ and http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/134407/PTTEP_Commences_Gas_Exports_from_Myanmars_Zawtika_Project_to_Thailand xxxvii http://www.total.com/en/media/news/press-releases/myanmar-total-acquires-40-interest-offshore-block-m-11?%FFbw=kludge1%FF xxxviii Map of all of Myanmar’s offshore and onshore ‘blocks’ can be found here: http://www.nogtec.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Myanmar-oil-Myanmar- gas-block-map-deep-sea-shallow-water-RakhineMoattama-Tanintharyi-ConsultMyanmar1.jpg xxxix https://www.marubeni.com/news/2014/release/20141010_eng.pdf xl “Plant awaits Myanmar OK” Bangkok Post, Business Section: 28 July, 2015. xli http://fossilfuel.energy-business-review.com/news/ratch-to-begin-feasibility-study-on-2600mw-myeik-power-project-in-myanmar-131014-4402983 xlii “RATCH entered MOU with Myanmar's Ministry of Electric Power to start feasibility study on 2,600-megawatte Myeik power plant project” http://ratch.co.th/en/news/company-news/416/ratch-entered-mou-with-myanmars-ministry-of-electric-power-to-start-feasibility-study-on-2600-megawatte- myeik-power-plant-project xliii http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/221-deal-signed-for-50mw-myeik-power-plant.html xliv http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/221-deal-signed-for-50mw-myeik-power-plant.html xlv Z. Noam, “White Gold Rush.” Irrawaddy Magazine, June, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2010.