DOCSLIB.ORG

Guarding the Northwest Frontier: the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Minnesota 1862-1865

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Guarding the Northwest Frontier: the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Minnesota 1862-1865 St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management Department of Anthropology 5-2020 Guarding the Northwest Frontier: The U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Minnesota 1862-1865 Michael Penrod Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Penrod, Michael, "Guarding the Northwest Frontier: The U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Minnesota 1862-1865" (2020). Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management. 36. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/crm_etds/36 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Culminating Projects in Cultural Resource Management by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Guarding the Northwest Frontier: The U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Minnesota 1862-1865 by Michael Penrod A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of St. Cloud State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Cultural Resources Management Archaeology May, 2020 Thesis Committee: Rob Mann, Chairperson Mark Muñiz Thomas Steman 2 Abstract The intent of this project was to explore the history of the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota (Site # 21SN0198). The aim was to find out when it was built and why and to uncover any remaining physical evidence of the Post and the people who passed through it. Archival research confirmed this fort and its soldiers were part of a thought-out War Department plan to keep the peace in central Minnesota during the American Civil War. This site and several others in the region were built and garrisoned with the intent of projecting United States power into the region. Archaeological research confirmed the long-suspected site of the fort is correct, not that there was any real doubt. We now know how the stockade and the buildings it enclosed fit on the site. Using metal detectors, we located artifacts from the fort which helped us confirm the location of the stockade and associated structures. Conducting excavations of some of those structures we also found evidence of the fort’s people. We have an idea of the clothing they wore, of the dishes they used and of the food they ate. There is more work that could be done on this site and with the artifacts we collected. 3 Acknowledgement I did not set out to do this, complete the Masters in Cultural Resource Management Archaeology. I was just taking courses for fun. But Dr. Rob Mann presented me with an interesting research topic and Dr. Mark Muniz and Mr. Thomas Steman both encouraged me at different times to pursue what has always been an interest. I would particularly like to thank Dr. Rob Mann, my major advisor, who was very encouraging and supportive as I ventured into new areas and engaged in research activities with which I was unfamiliar. Without his support I would never have completed this project. This publication was made possible in part by the people of Minnesota through a grant funded by an appropriation to the Minnesota Historical Society from the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund. Any views, findings, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Historical Society, or the Minnesota Historic Resources Advisory Committee. 4 Table of Contents Page List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 6 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter I. Project Rationale ....................................................................................................... 10 II. The U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre ...................................................................... 22 III. Research Questions ................................................................................................... 34 IV. Research Methodology and Literature Review ......................................................... 36 V. Cultural History ........................................................................................................ 55 The Minnesota Country ...................................................................................... 55 The US-Dakota War of 1862 .............................................................................. 60 The Civil War ..................................................................................................... 66 VI. Thinking About the Forts and What They Represent ............................................... 73 VII. Site Investigation ...................................................................................................... 81 Metal Detector Survey of the Barn Area ............................................................ 84 Results of the Metal Detector Survey of the Barn Area ..................................... 89 Metal Detector Survey of the Officers; Quarters Area ....................................... 102 Results of the Metal Detector Survey o the Officers’ Quarters Area ................. 104 Analysis of Square Nails Recovered in the Site Metal Detector Surveys .......... 117 Additional Comments about the Metal Detector Survey .................................... 122 Shovel Test Pits ................................................................................................... 123 Units .................................................................................................................... 127 5 Chapter Page Stratigraphy ......................................................................................................... 148 VIII. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 150 References Cited ................................................................................................................... 165 6 List of Tables Table Page 1. Metal Detector Survey VLF Positive Target Hist dug I the barn area. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota .......................................................................... 101 2. Metal Detector Survey PI Positive Target Hits dug in the barn area. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota .......................................................................... 102 3. Metal Detector Survey VLF Positive Target Hits dug in the Officers’ Quarters Area. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota .......................................... 105 4. Metal Detector Survey PI Positive Target Hits dug in the Officers’ Quarters Area. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota .......................................... 106 5. Square Nails Collected During Metal Detector Surveys. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ...................................................................................... 118 6. Unit 1 Artifacts Recovered During Excavation of the Original North Stockade Wall. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ........................... 129 7.1 Unit 3, Level 1, and Level 2; Artifacts Recovered During Excavation of the Original North Stockade Wall. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ............................................................................................................ 133 7.2 Unit 3, Level 4 and Level 5; Artifacts Recovered During Excavation of the Original North Stockade Wall. US. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ............................................................................................................ 134 8. Unit 2, all Levels. Artifacts Recovered During Excavation of the Officers’ Quarters. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota .................................... 142 7 Table Page 9. Unit 4, all Levels; Artifacts Recovered During Excavation of the Officers’ Quarters. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ..................................... 143 8 List of Figures Figure Page 1. Memorial at the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ............................... 11 2. Map showing the line of forts build in 1862-1863 between Sioux City, Iowa, and Fort Abercrombie Dakota Territory to separate the Dakota and the White Settlements ...................................................................... 15 3. Army Plan Drawing of the Federal Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Spring 1863 ......................................................................................................... 17 4. Sketch of U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Fall 1862 ......................... 20 5. Veeder Memory Map of the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre, Minnesota ............ 29 6. Extract from 1896 Plat Map of Sauk Centre showing 7th and Biorch streets, the location of the U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre and the adjoining area ...................................................................................................................... 46 7. Google Earth overlay of Sauk Centre Military Post site ........................................... 83 8. U.S. Military Post at Sauk Centre Site Map showing metal detector positive Target Hits, Shovel Test Pits
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minnesota Mississippi River Parkway Commission 1St Quarter Meeting February 28, 2013 2:30 – 5:00 P.M
    Minnesota Mississippi River Parkway Commission 1st Quarter Meeting February 28, 2013 2:30 – 5:00 p.m. State Office Building Room 400 North DRAFT AGENDA ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2:30 p.m. Welcome & Introductions S. Johnson 2:35 p.m. Approve Today’s Agenda & Minutes from 11/29/12 S. Johnson/All 2:40 p.m. Commission Business - FY ‘13 Budget Status Anderson/Miller - Legislative Session Updates House/Senate Members 2:55 p.m. National MRPC Updates - MRPC Board S. Johnson - 2013 Semi-Annual Meeting, Apr 25-27, Bettendorf, IA All - MPRC Committee Updates Committee Members - GRR 75th Anniversary – Great Race, June 20-22 3:15 p.m. Old Business – Updates - Corridor Management Plan Project Zoff/Miller - Visual Resource Protection Plan Zoff/Miller - Silica Sand Mining S. Johnson/Zoff - CapX 2020 Mulry - MN GRR Map Reprint Miller 4:00 p.m. New Business - Great River Gathering, May 9 – Exhibit Booth & Dinner All - Miller Black Bear Area Trail Schaubach/Samp - GRR Hospitality Training Wheeler/Zoff/Miller 4:20 p.m. Agency and Regional Updates - Lake Itasca to Grand Rapids Lucachick - Grand Rapids to Brainerd Schaubach - Brainerd to Elk River Samp - Elk River to Hastings Pierson - Hastings to Iowa Border Mulry - Agriculture Hugunin - Explore MN Tourism A. Johnson/Offerman - Historical Society Kajer/Kelliher - Natural Resources Parker/Wheeler - Transportation Bradley/Zoff - National Park Service/MISS Labovitz 4:55 p.m. Recognition of Service to the MN-MRPC – Frank Pafko All 5:00 p.m. Wrap Up and Adjourn 1 Minnesota Mississippi River Parkway Commission 4th Quarter Meeting – November 29, 2012 State Office Building, St. Paul MN MINUTES - Draft Diane Henry-Wangensteen - LCC Commissioners Present Chris Miller - Staff Rep.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Imagery's Changing Place in Athletics
    University of South Dakota USD RED Honors Thesis Theses, Dissertations, and Student Projects Spring 2018 Cultural Imagery’s Changing Place in Athletics Cash Anderson University of South Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://red.library.usd.edu/honors-thesis Recommended Citation Anderson, Cash, "Cultural Imagery’s Changing Place in Athletics" (2018). Honors Thesis. 6. https://red.library.usd.edu/honors-thesis/6 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Student Projects at USD RED. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Thesis by an authorized administrator of USD RED. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cultural Imagery’s Changing Place in Athletics by Cash Anderson A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the University Honors Program Department of Political Science The University of South Dakota May 2018 The members of the Honors Thesis Committee appointed to examine the thesis of Cash Anderson find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ____________________________________ Mr. Marshall Damgaard Adjunct Instructor of Political Science Director of the Committee ____________________________________ Mr. Gary Larson Lecturer of Media and Journalism ____________________________________ Dr. Scott Breuninger Associate Professor of History ABSTRACT Cultural Imagery’s Changing Place in Athletics Cash Anderson Director: Marshall Damgaard Every sports team is represented by its name, mascot, and logo. For many, the representative of their team is an historical people. Recent pushes for social justice have started questioning nicknames and mascots, leading to many getting changed. In 2005, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) enacted a policy that prohibited universities with hostile or abusive nicknames from postseason participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hearing Exhibit H (Wq-Rule4-21M9)
    Exhibit H Minnesota Pollution Control Agency CERTIFICATE OF GIVING ADDITIONAL NOTICE UNDER THE ADDITIONAL NOTICE PLAN Proposed Amendments to Rules of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Governing Water Quality Standards – Class 2 and Class 7 Use Designations, Minnesota Rules, Chapter 7050 Waters of the State, Revisor’s ID Number 4561 I certify that on September 23, 2019 (except as noted below), at least 33 days before the end of the comment period, at the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) in St. Paul, Minnesota, I gave notice according to the Additional Notice Plan approved by the Office of Administrative Hearings on August 27, 2019. Specifically, I: · Sent notification to the three organizations identified in the Amended Order and Recommendations on Review of Additional Notice Plan and Dual Notice from Administrative Law Judge Ann C. O’Reilly dated August 27, 2019. I accomplished this by sending via U.S. mail on September 20, 2019, a copy of the Dual Notice of Intent to Adopt Rules to the contact person for each of the organizations. A copy of the list of organizations is attached to this Certificate. · Published the Dual Notice of Intent to Adopt Rules on the MPCA’s public notice webpage https://www.pca.state.mn.us/public-notices. · Provided a 45-day extended comment period on the proposed rule amendments. · Held a public meeting on October 29, 2019, to provide information on the proposed rule amendments. · Sent notification to the MPCA list of Air and Water Tribal Contacts for the 11 federally recognized tribes in Minnesota. I accomplished this by sending electronic notification via email containing a hyperlink to the Dual Notice of Intent to Adopt Rules to the contact person for each of the tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan Was Written in 2009
    NORTH DAKOTA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NORTH DAKOTA 612 EAST BOULEVARD AVENUE BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA 58505-0830 PRESERVATION IN NORTH DAKOTA, 2016-2021: A Statewide Comprehensive Plan PRESERVATION IN NORTH DAKOTA, 2016-2021: Telephone: (701) 328-2672 FAX: (701) 328-3710 http://history.nd.gov HISTORIC December 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The preparation of this plan revision was a group effort. Research, discussion, writing and reviews were performed primarily by the staff of the State Historic Preservation Office, sitting as an ad hoc planning committee and by other individuals from the staff of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, each bringing his or her own perspective, expertise, experience and philosophical viewpoints, to help formulate a comprehensive yet balanced preservation concept. Preservation constituents and respondents from the general public gave time and generously contributed ideas, evaluations, suggestions, concerns, and assessments. To each and all of these sincere gratitude is offered, as it is to previous staff and public participants whose contributions to earlier planning studies and efforts were of great value to the development of this plan. This document may be provided in other communication formats. If special format copies are desired, please contact: The Division of Archaeology and Historic Preservation State Historical Society of North Dakota 612 East Boulevard Avenue Bismarck, North Dakota 58505 Telephone: (701) 328-2672 Fax: (701) 328-3710 http://history.nd.gov The State Historical Society of North Dakota receives federal funds from the U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, to assist with costs of administering the Historic Preservation program in this state.
    [Show full text]
  • Delineation Percentage
    Lake Superior - North Rainy River - Headwaters Lake Superior - South Vermilion River Nemadji River Cloquet River Pine River Rainy River - Rainy Lake Little Fork River Mississippi River - Headwaters Leech Lake River Upper St. Croix River Root River Big Fork River Mississippi River - Winona Upper/Lower Red Lake Kettle River Mississippi River - Lake Pepin Mississippi River - Grand Rapids Mississippi River - La Crescent Crow Wing River Otter Tail River Mississippi River - Reno Mississippi River - Brainerd Zumbro River Redeye River Upper Big Sioux River Mississippi River - Twin Cities Snake River Des Moines River - Headwaters St. Louis River Rum River Lower Big Sioux River Lower St. Croix River Cottonwood River Minnesota River - Headwaters Cannon River Mississippi River - St. Cloud Long Prairie River Lake of the Woods Lower Rainy North Fork Crow River Mississippi River - Sartell Lac Qui Parle River Buffalo River Wild Rice River Minnesota River - Mankato Sauk River Rock River Redwood River Snake River Chippewa River Watonwan River Clearwater River East Fork Des Moines River Red River of the North - Sandhill River Upper Red River of the North Blue Earth River Red River of the North - Marsh River Roseau River Minnesota River - Yellow Medicine River Le Sueur River Little Sioux River Bois de Sioux River Cedar River Lower Minnesota River Pomme de Terre River Red Lake River Lower Des Moines River Upper Iowa River Red River of the North - Tamarac River Shell Rock River Two Rivers Rapid River Red River of the North - Grand Marais Creek Mustinka River South Fork Crow River Thief River Winnebago River Upper Wapsipinicon River 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% %Altered %Natural %Impounded %No Definable Channel wq-bsm1-06.
    [Show full text]
  • Sauk River State Water Trail
    STATE WATER TRAIL MAP Sauk River A STATE WATER TRAIL GUIDE TO THE SAUK RIVER “...Nicollet (Joseph) also reported the waters of the river were clear and tasted sweeter than the Mississippi.” (Excerpt from “Sauk River Log,” by Dave Simpkins) The Sauk River The chain of lakes area is almost entirely surrounded by around the two state managed wildlife areas south of Water levels can speed or slow you down. You can get hardwood forests dominated by red oak, bur oak, aspen, Sauk Center. It is not uncommon to view birds of prey information about water levels from the regional DNR Originating at Lake Osakis in Todd County, the Sauk and basswood. An interesting patch of tamarack swamp including the bald eagle, owls and various hawks. office, or check the DNR website, or the DNR River River meanders southeast for 125 miles until it joins up occurs on part of a broad groundwater seepage plain on Information Center. Remember that much of the the north bank near Rockville. The golden fall color of shorelands are privately owned. Respect and protect the 10 with the Mississippi River on the northern side of St. Fishing Prairie Cloud. Although the entire river is a state-designated the tamaracks stand out among the typically more subtle water and shorelands. Long Little reds and yellows of the hardwoods. 71 Falls canoe and boating route, the northern portion of the river Alexandria from Lake Osakis to Guernsey Lake is generally Boating Information considered impassable most of the year because of low Through the lower reaches of the river, exposures of water levels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Civil War & the Northern Plains: a Sesquicentennial Observance
    Papers of the Forty-Third Annual DAKOTA CONFERENCE A National Conference on the Northern Plains “The Civil War & The Northern Plains: A Sesquicentennial Observance” Augustana College Sioux Falls, South Dakota April 29-30, 2011 Complied by Kristi Thomas and Harry F. Thompson Major funding for the Forty-Third Annual Dakota Conference was provided by Loren and Mavis Amundson CWS Endowment/SFACF, Deadwood Historic Preservation Commission, Tony and Anne Haga, Carol Rae Hansen, Andrew Gilmour and Grace Hansen-Gilmour, Carol M. Mashek, Elaine Nelson McIntosh, Mellon Fund Committee of Augustana College, Rex Myers and Susan Richards, Rollyn H. Samp in Honor of Ardyce Samp, Roger and Shirley Schuller in Honor of Matthew Schuller, Jerry and Gail Simmons, Robert and Sharon Steensma, Blair and Linda Tremere, Richard and Michelle Van Demark, Jamie and Penny Volin, and the Center for Western Studies. The Center for Western Studies Augustana College 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................................................... v Anderberg, Kat Sailing Across a Sea of Grass: Ecological Restoration and Conservation on the Great Plains ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Anderson, Grant Sons of Dixie Defend Dakota .......................................................................................................... 13 Benson, Bob The
    [Show full text]
  • Dakota Conflict of 1862
    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of DAKOTA CONFLICT OF 1862 MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS DAKOTA CONFLICT OF 1862 MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS Microfilmed by the Minnesota Historical Society Library and Archives, M582, Dakota Conflict of 1862, Manuscript Collections, 1862-1962 Project Coordinator Martin Schipper Guide compiled by Dale Reynolds and Robert E. Lester Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dakota Conflict of 1862 [microform]: manuscript collections/project coordinator, Martin Schipper. microfilm reels. Summary: Reproduces 144 small collections of letters, reminiscences, reports, diaries, and related materials dealing with Minnesota's Dakota Conflict and related events of 1862-1865. "Microfilmed by the Minnesota Historial Society Library and Archives, M582, Dakota Conflict of 1862, Manuscript Collections, 1862-1962." Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Robert E. Lester, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition ofDakota conflict of 1862. ISBN 1-55655-855-4 1. Dakota Indians--Wars, 1862-1865--Sources. 2. Indians of North America--Minnesota River Valley(S.D. and Minn.)--Wars, 1862-1865--Sources. I. Schipper, Martin Paul. II. Lester, Robert. III. Minnesota Historical Society. Division of Library and Archives. IV. University Publications of America (Firm) V. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Dakota conflict of 1862. E99.D1 973.7--dc21 2002019988 CIP TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note v Source Note vii Reel Index Reel 1 "Anderson"-"Grose" 1 Reel 2 "Hagadorn"-"Myers" 7 Reel 3 "Nairn"-"Wood" 15 Reel 4 "Workman"-"Wounded Man" 23 Subj ect Index 25 SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE In 1862, Minnesota was still a young state, part of a frontier inhabited by more than one million Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context, 1837 to 1975
    SAINT PAUL AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXT, 1837 TO 1975 Ramsey County, Minnesota May 2017 SAINT PAUL AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXT, 1837 TO 1975 Ramsey County, Minnesota MnHPO File No. Pending 106 Group Project No. 2206 SUBMITTED TO: Aurora Saint Anthony Neighborhood Development Corporation 774 University Avenue Saint Paul, MN 55104 SUBMITTED BY: 106 Group 1295 Bandana Blvd. #335 Saint Paul, MN 55108 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Nicole Foss, M.A. REPORT AUTHORS: Nicole Foss, M.A. Kelly Wilder, J.D. May 2016 This project has been financed in part with funds provided by the State of Minnesota from the Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund through the Minnesota Historical Society. Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context ABSTRACT Saint Paul’s African American community is long established—rooted, yet dynamic. From their beginnings, Blacks in Minnesota have had tremendous impact on the state’s economy, culture, and political development. Although there has been an African American presence in Saint Paul for more than 150 years, adequate research has not been completed to account for and protect sites with significance to the community. One of the objectives outlined in the City of Saint Paul’s 2009 Historic Preservation Plan is the development of historic contexts “for the most threatened resource types and areas,” including immigrant and ethnic communities (City of Saint Paul 2009:12). The primary objective for development of this Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context Project (Context Study) was to lay a solid foundation for identification of key sites of historic significance and advancing preservation of these sites and the community’s stories.
    [Show full text]
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E1968 HON
    E1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks December 19, 2012 taking an active role in the American political Maurice Cole, Chase Holliman, John Stockton, election. We forget the complex human inter- process. Cody Shoultz, Grey Curtis, Taylor Murray, actions that shape the past and continue to af- f Logan Mangum, Victor Dunning, Chase Rowe, fect our communities today. Christopher Morehouse, Tyler Brentzel, Brad What has come to be known as the U.S.- CONGRATULATING THE SPANISH Andre, Grant Horst, Michael Eubanks, Owen Dakota War of 1862 has its roots in the rapid FORT TOROS FOR WINNING THE Betts, Trevor Pfeil, Kaleb Hall, Ian Bjuro, Bran- expansion of Minnesota’s population by white ALABAMA CLASS 5–A FOOTBALL don Prince, Hamilton Biggs, Austin Grobe, settlers, and the subsequent treatment of in- CHAMPIONSHIP Wilton Cox, Deandre Townsend, Robert Rella, digenous peoples. From 1850–1860, the num- Mitchell Meador, William Petersen, Jimmy bers of white settlers in Minnesota grew from HON. JO BONNER Ogletree, Lawton McGahey, Hunter Wood, 5,000 to more than 170,000; in that same dec- OF ALABAMA Roger Lawhon, Tyler Howell, William Nelson, ade, Native Americans went from the majority IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Darius Johnson, Bryan Williams and Jonathan of people in Minnesota to being outnumbered Hoover. by whites 5–1. Treaties made between the Wednesday, December 19, 2012 Dakota people and the U.S. government f Mr. BONNER. Mr. Speaker, I rise to offer pushed native communities off their ancestral my congratulations to the Spanish Fort High RECOGNIZING TIMOTHY HOLABIRD lands with promises of money, food, and com- School Toros for their decisive 45–14 victory modities.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Red River Trails
    NPS Form 10-900-b 0MB No, 7024-0078 (Jan 1987) ' ^ n >. •• ' M United States Department of the Interior j ; j */i i~i U i_J National Park Service National Register of Historic Places 41990' Multiple Property Documentation Form NATIONAL REGISTER This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing_______________________________________ Minnesota Red River Trails B. Associated Historic Contexts Minnesota Red River Trails, 1835-1871 C. Geographical Data State of Minnesota I | See continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the Nal ional Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National R< gister documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related ^fo^r^e&-^r\^^r(l \feith the Natii nal Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirerrlents^eftirfn in 36 GnWFari 6Q~ tftd-the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. rJ it fft> Sigriature or certifying official I an R. Stewart Date / / __________________Deputy State-Historic Preservation Officer State or Federal agency and bureau ,,. , , Minnesota Historical Society 1, herebAcertify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscapes, Commemorations, and Enduring Conflicts of the U.S.-Dakota Arw of 1862
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Fall 12-14-2011 Reconciling Memory: Landscapes, Commemorations, and Enduring Conflicts of the U.S.-Dakota arW of 1862 Julie A. Anderson Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Julie A., "Reconciling Memory: Landscapes, Commemorations, and Enduring Conflicts of the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/28 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECONCILING MEMORY: LANDSCAPES, COMMEMORATIONS, AND ENDURING CONFLICTS OF THE U.S.-DAKOTA WAR OF 1862 by JULIE HUMANN ANDERSON Under the Direction of Clifford M. Kuhn ABSTRACT The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 resulted in the deaths of more than 500 Minnesota settlers, the expulsion of the Dakota people from their homeland, and the largest mass execution in U.S. history. For more than a century, white Minnesotans declared themselves innocent victims of Indian brutality and actively remembered this war by erecting monuments, preserving historic landscapes, publishing first-person narratives, and hosting anniversary celebrations. However, as the centennial anniversary approached, new awareness for the sufferings of the Dakota both before and after the war prompted retellings of the traditional story that gave the status of victimhood to the Dakota as well as the white settlers.
    [Show full text]