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Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus, Translated

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Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus, Translated SELECT SPECIMENS OF THE THEATRE OF THE HINDUS, TRANSLATED From the Original Sanscrit, 0. r\^y' VOL. II. CONTENTSr Vikrama and Urvasi. Mdlati and Mddhava, TJttara Rama Cheritrai BY Horace Hayman Wilson, Esq. Secretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, ^c. CALCUTTA: Printed by V. HOLCROFT, at the Asiatic Pressi, 1827. WILLIAM H. FLOYD'S CO^E^TION. : VIKRAMA AND UR VAST, OR THE HERO AND THE NYMPH. A DRAMA TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL SANSCRIT, BY Horace Hayman Wilson, Esq. Secret art/ to the Asiatic Society of Bengali Sfc. CALCUTTA V. HOLCROFT, ASIATIC PRESS, No. 3, Council House Street, J 820. VlKllAMA AND URVASI, THE HEEO AND THE NYMPH. PREFACE. The drama of "^^ikrama and Urvasi i» one of the three plays attributed to Kalidasa, already advantageously known to tlie western world, as the Author of Sakuntala—the in- troductory observation of the IManager in the prelude is our evidence to this effect, and it is corroborated by the corres- pondence of these two compositions, in many of their charac- teristic merits and defects: the subject of each is taken from heroic mythology, and a royal demigod and nymph of more than human mould are the hero and heroine of either ; there is the same vivacity of description, and tenderness of feeling in both ; the like delicate beauty in the thoughts, and ex- treme elegance in the style : it may be difficult to decide to which the palm belongs but the story of the present play is perhaps more skilfully woven, and the incidents rise out of each other more naturally than in Sakuntala, while on the other hand, there is perhaps no one personage in it so interest-^ inff as the heroine of that drama. 894-453 ( 4 ) Allliouoli howevci- there is no reason to doubt that this play is the work of t]ie same hand as that tx-anslatsd by Sir Wm;; Jones, tlie concurrence does not throw any further lifjht upon the date or history of the author: we can only infer from the observance of the same chaste style of com- position, and the absence of any forced construction, or of- fensive conceits, that they are both the production of a period anterior to the reign of Hhoja, when his Kalidas, a man of fancy and taste, could descend to write a whole poem, the Nalodaifft, for instance, in a strain of verljal paltering and a succession of jingling sounds. 'I'he richness of the Pr«A-?-// in this play both in structure and in its metrical code, is very remarkable: a very great portion, especially of thefourth act, isin this language, and in that act also a considerable variet)' of metre is introduced as will be hereafter more particularly noticed: it is clear there- fore that this foi'm of Sanscrit must have been highly culti- vated long before the play was written, and tliis niiglit lead lis to doubt whetlier the composition can bear so remote a data as the reign of ViKRAai4DiTYA. (oQ. B. C.) It is yet rather uncertain whethc^r the classical language of Hindu literature had at that time received so high a polish as ap- pears in tlie present drama, and stiil less therefore could the descendants have been exquisitely refined, if the parent were comparatively rude. We can scarcely conceive that th.e cultivation of Prakrit precesled that of Sanscrit, when we advert to tho principles on wliich the former seems to be evolved from the latter, but it must be confessed that the relation between Sanscrit and Prakrit has been liitherto very imperfectly investigated, and is yet far from being uu- der-toud. ( 5 ) It may be thought some argument for the compari^tive antiquity of the present drama that it tells the ?to)-y of PuRUUAvAS very differently from the Pur^nas, in several of which it may be fo und: we may suppose therefore that the play preceded those works, asliaditbeen subsequently com" posed the poet would either spontaneously, or in deference to sacred authority have adhered more closely to the Pau- ranic legend: the difference n thePuranas also indicates that corruption of taste which we cannot hesitate regarding as the product of more modern and degenerate days. 'J'lie Loves of Pururavas and Urvasi are related in vari- ous Puranas : the following is the story as it appears in the Vishnu Parana in which and in the Padma* it is more fully and connectedly detailed than perhaps in any other composi- tion of the same class. Ukvasi, the Apsiu-iis. or one of the n3-mplis of heaven so named, having incurrea the displeasure of Mitra and Varuna was sentenced by them to l)econ!e the consort (fa mortal, and in consequence of this curse she became ena- ' moured of the king Purpravas, the son of Budha and Ila. Forgetting her celestial duties, and foregoing the delights oi Swergn, she introduced herself to the monai-ch, and her charms did not fail to make the due impression on his iieart. She was delicately and symmetrically formed, was grace- ful in lier gestures and fascinating in her manners ; her voice was music, her countenance Avas dressed in smiles, and her beauty was such as might enchant the world ; no v/onder * It is the subject also of a ister of :i pettj' prince in liio work of some leiigtli ii) Teliigu Dekhiii, the Rnjii of Conrfur/r, — cjilled the' Kavir;ij;i M:mor;in- this story follows th^ Piinniiis jaiiani or Puriiniva Cii;trilr;un but with souie diftereiices. coniposcii by Avyaya — liie nun- ( G ) ihci-efore that PuRUttAVAs was at once inspired Avith fervent love: conficlInjT in his rank and rj'no\Tn, the king did not : to jiropose a matrimonial alliance to the nymph of ,• she was nothin^^ loth, but had not the power to com- .ithout previonsly exacting the bridegroom's consent hesitated not to the , two conditions. Puriravas accede to ^.•tipnlation?:. UuYASi Jiad with her two pet rams, creatiu*es of heavenly and illusive natures, and one of her conditions was thatthe king should take these animals under liis own charge, and guard a"-ainst their beinjrever carried away bv fraud or force. The other stipulation was, that the nymph was never to behold the person of the king, divested of his rainijient. On the ready accession of Puhuuavas to these terms, Urvasi be- came his bride, and the}'^ dwelt together in the forest of Chaiiraratha, near Alakd the capital of Kuvkra, for sixty one* years, in perfect happiness and undiminished affection. The absence of Urvasi was very soon felt in the upper sphere, and tlie inhabitants of Sivcrga found their enjoy- ments stale and unpi-ofitable, no longer Iieightened by the agreeable manners and entertaining society of the nymph. The whole body of Apsarnsas, Siddhas, Gandharhas, and otiier tenants of Indra's heaven, regretted her loss, and de- tnrmined to attempt her recovery as soon as the period of her exile, as denounced by the imprecation, should have r::pired. When this period arrived, they deputed some of the OniullinrJins on the expedition, wlio undertook to bring about the violation of the terms on which the alliance of the * Thi^ is liovvcver a merenio- accortiiiiE: to ilic Purauas: there niptil in Mif extr:iv!i£jnitt dura- is nothing of the kind iii llic tion of Ihe life of I'tRURAVAj play. ; C 7 ) king and the nymph depended: with this intent they entered the sleeping chamber of the monarch, and carried off one of the rams: the bleat of the animal woke Uuvasi, -who echoed its cries with her lamentations, and aroused the prince. Apprehensive however of appearing before his bride, un- dressed, PufiURAVAs hesitated to pursue the thief, and thus incurred the angry reproaches of his spouse for his indiffer- ence to her loss. Presently the Gaiidharbas bore away the second ram, and the grief of UavAsr was afresh excited; the king's indignation also could no longer be restrained, and determined to pursue and punish the ravishers he leaped naked out of bed, trusting that the darkness of night would screen him from the eye of his consort. This was what his enemies desired, and he was no sooner off tlie couch, than a vivid flash of lightning revealed him to view, and put an end to his imion with the nymph of Swerga. UuAvsi imiTtiediately disappeared, accompanying the Can* dharhas to the halls of Indra. When PuRXJRAVAs was conscioiis of I'"? loss, his grief wai so intense, that it affected his intell^:!ts, aid he long v,an- dered frantic over the world in quest of Lis I ride—after many years had elapsed '.e came to a lake in Kvrukshetra where he found sevrval Nymphs sporting on the bank amongst them w.".? TiavAsi : recognising her at once he ran to her and wlUi <,vild energy ir-iplored her return ; the Nymph however was no longer dispoo?d, even if she had been permlttei, to comply with his wishes, .^nd was deaf to all his er>t' eatieo, -^ud at last she succeeded in convincing hint of <^lie unreaso" lableness of his solicitations, and prevauc-I on him t J resuvne his station, and the duties of a King, engaging on Uiose terms to pay him an annual visit—Pi;uUi;AVAS, hov/- ( 8 ) ever reluctantly, was compelled to submit, and returned sor-» rowfully but composed to his capital : his annual interviews with Urvasi were punctually repeated and the fruit of this intercourse was the birth of six Sons* Ayus, Dhim vn Amavasu, Viswavasu, Satayu and Srutayu, who were the progenitors of the lunar race of kings.
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