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Portada Tesis Political instability and regional transformations in the Balkans. Railways,population and socio-economic indicators of uneven regional development: 1880 – 2000 Kaloyan Stanev Stanev TESI DOCTORAL DOCTORAT EN TERRITORI, PATRIMONI I CULTURA DEPARTAMENT DE GEOGRAFIA I SOCIOLOGIA / FACULTAT DE LLETRES UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA Political instability and regional transformations in the Balkans. Railways, population and socio-economic indicators of uneven regional development: 1880 – 2000 Kaloyan Stanev Stanev Director: Jordi Martí Henneberg 2011 Political instability and regional transformations in the Balkans. Railways, population and socio-economic indicators of uneven regional development: 1880 - 2000. Kaloyan Stanev Stanev DEPARTAMENT DE GEOGRAFIA I SOCIOLOGIA / FACULTAT DE LLETRES UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA Director: Jordi Martí Henneberg 2011 Acknowledgments Writing a thesis is a lengthy and demanding task. The next few lines are dedicated to the ones who supported me during this journey. The current project has been developed during the last five years, in the University of Lleida under the supervision of Jordi Martí Henneberg. I am grateful for the opportunity to be part of the research group and for the encouragement and support he has always given me. I owe him great debt of gratitude for his inspiration, patience and friendship. Without him this project would have not been completed. My work also benefited from the collaboration and the guidance of Martin Ivanov who supervised every stage of the work and made sure it stays in the right direction. I am also indebted to my colleagues from the research group HGISE within the University of Lleida who provided me with the technical and intellectual assistance whenever it was needed. I would like to acknowledge the support of Mateu Morillas, Meritxell Gallart, Laia Mojica, Josep Puig and the others that throughout these years formed part of the group. The data collection was a vital part of this research and I was fortunate to use the resources of the Eurodata library of MZES (Mannheim Centre for European Social Research) in the University of Manheim, Germany. During my visits to MZES, it was privilege to work with the director of the Eurodata library Franz Kraus who provided me with an unrestricted access to the best possible technical facilities and the rich resources of the library. I am especially grateful for the special attention that I received from him and his family. Over the years a number of institutions financed my studies and research in Catalonia. During the early stages I benefited from the PhD grant of University of Lleida and later from the grant FI provided by the Regional Governments of Catalonia (AGAUR). As a member of the project “Water, Road & Rail: The Development of European Waterways, Road and Rail Infrastructures: A Geographical Information System for the History of European Integration (1825-2005)”, my research was also partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education. I am also indebted to the teaching and administrative staff of the Universities of Lleida and Barcelona and especially Alfonso Herranz who facilitated my integration within the Catalan university life which for a foreigner is a major concern. I would like to acknowledge the role of Professor Daniel Tirado who directed my “tesina” project presented in the University of Barcelona in September 2009. This smaller initial project influenced significantly the entire thesis. On personal level I received the support of the other Bulgarian PhD students in the University of Lleida and my colleagues and friends from Doctoral program in Economic History. I should mention Petya Vulcheva from University of Lleida, Edgar Cruz, Claudio Lionel, Claudia Tello and Ana Paula Solis who over the years aided me during different stages of my work. And of course, thanks also to my girlfriend, my family and friends in Bulgaria, Spain and Catalunya who have always been extremely supportive of my studies. Thank you all Political instability and regional transformations in the Balkans. Railways, population and socio- economic indicators of uneven regional development: 1880-2000 Contents 1 Abstracts .........................................................................................................1 2 Introduction ....................................................................................................5 2.1 Territorial extent of the research ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 Data collection and methodology...................................................................................... 8 2.3 Literature........................................................................................................................ 11 2.4 Structure of the thesis ..................................................................................................... 12 3 Chapter II. Regional Transformations of a State under Construction: Bulgaria, 1878-2002 ............................................................................................15 3.1 Data collection and methodology ................................................................................. 18 3.2 Results, maps, and tables ............................................................................................. 20 3.2.1 Population Density...............................................................................................20 3.2.2 Urbanization Rates ..............................................................................................22 3.2.3 Railway Construction...........................................................................................27 3.2.4 Modifications to the regional economy.................................................................30 3.2.5 The rise of Sofia...................................................................................................31 3.2.6 The ports on the black sea....................................................................................32 3.2.7 North versus south and the decline of the peripheral regions................................34 4 Chapter III. Regional changes and political discontinuities in Romania: 1859–2002. Demographic, urban and transport infrastructure indicators .....37 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 37 Contents 4.2 Data collection and methodology ................................................................................. 39 4.3 Historical Background ................................................................................................. 42 4.4 Population and urban development at the national and regional levels..................... 44 4.4.1 Years of population growth: 1859-1913 ...............................................................44 4.4.2 The interwar period: 1920-1939 ..........................................................................45 4.4.3 Decades of transformation: 1945-1989 ................................................................46 4.4.4 Transforming again: 1989-2002...........................................................................49 4.5 The development of the Romanian railway network .................................................. 49 4.5.1 Railways before WW-I .........................................................................................49 4.5.2 The Railways after WW-I .....................................................................................52 4.5.3 The Railways after WW-II....................................................................................52 4.6 Spatial and urban modifications in the Romanian economic hierarchy .................... 53 4.6.1 The development of the capital Bucharest ............................................................54 4.6.2 Comparisons between the Danube and Black Sea regions and settlements ...........56 4.6.3 Transylvania and Bukovina..................................................................................58 4.6.4 The hierarchy of Romanian towns and cities ........................................................58 4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 59 5 Chapter IV. Before, during and after Yugoslavia: Demographic, urban and transport infrastructure indicators from Yugoslavia and its successor states…… ............................................................................................................61 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 61 5.2 Territorial changes and Data collection....................................................................... 63 5.3 Railway construction in the territories of former Yugoslavia 1840-2000................... 71 5.4 Density rates ................................................................................................................. 76 5.4.1 Serbia ..................................................................................................................78 5.4.2 Croatia ................................................................................................................80 Political instability and regional transformations in the Balkans. Railways, population and socio- economic indicators of uneven regional development: 1880-2000 5.4.3 Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia
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