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Geographical Distribution of Tuberculosis Notifications In 176 Thorax 1998;53:176–181 Geographical distribution of tuberculosis notifications in national surveys of England and Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.53.3.176 on 1 March 1998. Downloaded from Wales in 1988 and 1993: report of the Public Health Laboratory Service/British Thoracic Society/Department of Health Collaborative Group L P Ormerod, A Charlett, C Gilham, J H Darbyshire, J M Watson Abstract Keywords: tuberculosis; geographical distribution; Background—The geographical distribu- England and Wales tion of tuberculosis in England and Wales and changes since 1983 were examined The decline in tuberculosis notification rates in using data from the 1988 and 1993 national 1 surveys of tuberculosis notifications. Britain and many other industrialised coun- tries ceased in the mid to late 1980s, and in Methods—Notification rates for England and Wales in 1988 and 1993 were calcu- some countries small increases then followed. lated for geographical areas using OYce Tuberculosis occurring in people born in or for National Statistics (ONS) mid year originating from parts of the world with high population estimates. Those for the stand- rates of tuberculosis has been identified as the ard regions and the Greater London major contributor to these changes. Within boroughs were calculated for the main individual countries there are variations in tuberculosis rates in di erent geographical ethnic groups. Those for the counties and V areas, such as those previously described for local authorities were calculated for all Chest Clinic, England and Wales.23 Considerable variation Blackburn Royal ethnic groups combined. These were com- also exists in the geographical distribution of Infirmary, Blackburn, pared using data from the 1983 national the population subgroups at high risk of tuber- Lancashire BB2 3LR, survey as a baseline. culosis. Consistent with the recent overall noti- http://thorax.bmj.com/ UK (for the Joint —Wide regional variations in noti- Tuberculosis Results fication rates,1 the number of cases in the 19884 fication rates persist with Greater London Committee of the and 19935 surveys increased. The proportion having the highest rates. Rates in the ethnic British Thoracic of tuberculosis notifications from ethnic mi- Society) group from the Indian subcontinent (ISC) nority groups is continuing to increase in Eng- L P Ormerod were high in all regions, whilst those of the land and Wales, being 45% in 1983,6 47% in white ethnic group varied fourfold. Twenty 4 5 Public Health 1988, and 56% in 1993. seven of the 33 London boroughs showed Laboratory Service In view of the recent changes in tuberculosis Statistics Unit, London increased rates in 1993 compared with notification rates overall, and since the last NW9 5EQ, UK 1988. In general, those local authority areas reported geographical analysis was based on on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. A Charlett with high rates had high proportions of C Gilham data from the 1983 National Tuberculosis notifications in individuals of ISC ethnic Notification Survey,3 it is timely to examine the origin, emphasising the continuing impor- Medical Research current geographical distribution and changes Council, HIV Clinical tant contribution of ethnic minority groups over time using the data from the more recent Trials Centre, to local tuberculosis rates. The number of national surveys during 19884 and 1993.5 University College local authority areas with notification rates The standardised rates of tuberculosis for London Medical four times the national average increased, School, London WC1E both the 1988 and 1993 surveys have been cal- but the number of areas with low or zero 6 6AU, UK culated and, using 1983 as the baseline, the J H Darbyshire rates increased even more. changes in the rates since 1983 in the Conclusions—The distribution of tuber- geographical subdivisions of England and Public Health culosis in England and Wales continues to Wales have been examined. Laboratory Service vary markedly by geographical area. The Communicable distribution is becoming increasingly po- Disease Surveillance larised with a growth in the number of Methods Centre, London NW9 areas with very high rates of notifications Details of the survey methods have already 5EQ, UK 45 J M Watson and a greater increase in the number of been reported. During the six month survey areas with very few notifications. Patients periods the survey team was sent a copy of all Correspondence to: from ethnic minorities continued to con- notification forms received by the Medical Dr L P Ormerod. tribute a substantial and increasing OYcers of Environmental Health (MOEH) in 1988, and from Consultants in Communicable Received 21 August 1997 proportion of all reported tuberculosis Returned to authors cases in most regions in 1988 and 1993. Disease Control (CCDC) in 1993 for the 403 5 November 1997 These findings have important implica- local authorities in England and Wales. These Revised version received were checked against lists received from the 3 December 1997 tions for the provision of tuberculosis Accepted for publication services in England and Wales. OYce of Population Censuses and Surveys 3 December 1997 (Thorax 1998;53:176–181) (OPCS) which gave details of age, sex, and type Geographical distribution of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales 177 Table 1 Notifications in the six month surveys in 1988 and 1993 (and estimated annual rate/100 000) in the standard regions of England and Wales (with Greater London shown separately) by the main ethnic groups Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.53.3.176 on 1 March 1998. Downloaded from All ethnic groups White ISC Population* Tuberculosis Estimated Population* Tuberculosis Estimated Population* Tuberculosis Estimated Region (1000s) notifications annual rate (1000s) notifications annual rate (1000s) notifications annual rate A. 1988 North 3037 98 6.2 3002 83 5.3 21 12 109.0 Yorkshire/Humberside 4855 252 10.0 4624 149 6.2 158 92 113.0 East Midlands 3925 215 10.6 3769 104 5.3 104 103 192.0 East Anglia 2004 37 3.6 1977 31 3.0 10 3 59.2 Greater London 6616 680 19.9 5434 246 8.8 515 338 126.9 Rest of South East 10418 262 4.9 10105 171 3.3 144 76 102.2 South West 4540 92 3.9 4474 81 3.5 12 8 130.1 West Midlands 5151 335 12.6 4790 142 5.7 238 160 130.1 North West 6283 342 10.5 6041 201 6.4 148 124 162.2 England 46829 2313 9.6 44216 1208 5.3 1349 916 131.3 Wales 2823 95 6.5 2779 86 6.0 16 6 73.5 England and Wales 49652 2408 9.4 46995 1294 5.3 1365 922 130.7 B. 1993 North 3047 111 6.9 3014 92 5.8 16 15 168.2 Yorkshire/Humberside 4928 247 9.5 4681 106 4.3 177 132 140.4 East Midlands 4034 210 9.8 3848 88 4.3 124 112 170.1 East Anglia 2103 35 3.1 2049 27 2.5 22 8 66.8 Greater London 6728 924 25.9 5273 290 10.4 557 370 125.2 Rest of South East 10697 244 4.3 10332 136 2.5 207 82 74.6 South West 4702 90 3.6 4630 73 3.0 17 9 95.7 West Midlands 5222 381 13.8 4764 144 5.7 313 204 122.7 North West 6311 383 11.4 6035 176 5.5 183 175 179.5 England 47772 2625 10.4 44631 1132 4.8 1621 1107 128.8 Wales 2874 81 5.3 2830 70 4.7 18 7 72.8 England and Wales 50646 2706 10.1 47462 1202 4.8 1639 1114 128.2 *Based on 1988 and 1993 Labour Force Surveys. of disease of the notified cases to confirm that Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black Caribbean (West information on all notifications during the sur- Indian), Black African, Arab, Chinese, other vey had been received. In addition, a special (including mixed), or unknown ethnic origin. form was completed for each patient notified In the analysis of this report the Indian, by the clinician in all of the surveys, which Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups have included results of age, sex, ethnic origin, been combined as the Indian Subcontinent country of birth, and bacteriological and histo- (ISC) ethnic group, and all other non-white logical results. The classification of ethnic ori- ethnic groups have been combined as “other” gin was similar to that used in previous ethnic groups. Due to seasonal variations in the http://thorax.bmj.com/ 27 surveys. Patients were classified by the number of reported notifications, the annual notifying physician as being of White, Indian, number of cases have been estimated by multi- plying the numbers from the two six month 15 A surveys by an appropriate scaling factor (1.953 in 19836; 1.9348 in 19884; 1.8864 in 19935). As with previous geographical analyses,23all noti- 10 fied cases include those with a previous history of tuberculosis. on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 5 DENOMINATORS For local government purposes in 1983–93 0 England was divided into eight standard 0123456 regions which were further subdivided into 46 20 B counties; seven of the latter were largely urban and were designated metropolitan counties. Wales was divided into eight counties. The 54 15 counties were further divided into 403 local authority areas of which 33 were in Greater 10 London. The population estimates for 1983, 1988, and 1993 were taken from the appropri- 5 ate mid year estimates of the OYce for Notification rate per 100 000 of the white population National Statistics (ONS, formerly OPCS). In 0 this report individuals for whom the place of 01 32 456 birth or date of entry into the UK was not Number of non-white non-ISC patients with obtained have been distributed proportionally infectious respiratory tuberculosis per 100 000 of the white population amongst those for whom it was known.
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