DOCSLIB.ORG

Population Genetics and Spatial Structure in Two Andean Cats (The Pampas Cat, Leopardus Pajeros and the Andean Mountain Cat, L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population Genetics and Spatial Structure in Two Andean Cats (The Pampas Cat, Leopardus Pajeros and the Andean Mountain Cat, L Chapter 7 POPULATION GENETICS AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN TWO ANDEAN CATS (THE PAMPAS CAT, LEOPARDUS PAJEROS AND THE ANDEAN MOUNTAIN CAT, L. JACOBITA) BY MEANS OF NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL MARKERS AND SOME NOTES ON SKULL BIOMETRICS Manuel Ruiz-García1,, Daniel Cossíos2, Mauro Lucherini3, José Yáñez4, Myreya Pinedo-Castro1 and Bernard Angers2,5 1Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia 2Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland 3GECM, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bahia Blanca, Argentina 4Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile 5Departement de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada ABSTRACT In this chapter, we show complementary results to the works of Cossíos et al., (2009, 2012), on the genetic structure and phylogenetics of two small Andean cats, the Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) and the Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobita). In the present study we increased the samples sizes to 235 individuals for L. pajeros and 115 individuals for L. jacobita, effectively making these samples the largest to date for these two species. We analyzed five microsatellites for L. pajeros and seven microsatellites for For correspondence: [email protected], [email protected]. 2 Manuel Ruiz-García, Daniel Cossíos, Mauro Lucherini et al. L. jacobita as well as the hypervariable domain 1 (HVS-1) of the mtDNA control region for both species. The main results obtained were as follows: 1- The levels of gene diversity for L. pajeros with microsatellites were considerable higher than in L. jacobita (average H = 0.73 vs. 0.42, respectively), with the first similar to other Neotropical felids but the second one lower than other Neotropical felids and many other Neotropical mammals analyzed from this point of view. The same was recorded for mtDNA sequences, with the Pampas cat ( = 0.0513) presenting more than 10 times higher nucleotide diversity than the Andean mountain cat ( = 0.0047). The sample which could represent the putative morphological subspecies, L. p. budini, was that which yielded the highest levels of gene diversity. This could mean that this is the original L. pajeros form from which the other forms derived. Alternatively, the northern area of Argentina, where L. p. budini occurs, could be a hybridization zone among several L. pajeros forms. 2- Microsatellite heterogeneity for the Pampas cat was significant but it was relatively low with regard to the high genetic heterogeneity found for L. jacobita for microsatellites. For mtDNA, the genetic heterogeneity was very high and similar for both species. This could indicate that for the Pampas cat the gene flow is male biased, meanwhile the Andean mountain cat populations are hardly isolated in the high land deserts of the Andes and the gene flow is more restricted for both males and females. Also this analysis puts in doubt that L. pajeros pajeros and L. pajeros crucinus are two different subspecies. Furthermore, this analysis revealed that if the different gene pools determined in L. pajeros are classified as different subspecies, then four different subspecies, or at least, four different evolutionary lineages must be consider in L. jacobita. 3- The assignation analyses presented relatively low percentages of correct assignation for L. pajeros, while the percentages of adequate assignation for L. jacobita were very high. This is related with the fact that gene flow estimates among the populations of the Pampas cat are considerably higher than for the populations of the Andean mountain cat for nuclear markers. 4- L. pajeros presented more evidence of population expansions during its history for microsatellites than did L. jacobita. For mtDNA, both species did not reveal traces of population expansions and L. jacobita showed a trend indicative of a moderate bottleneck. 5- Both species showed 4-5 % of mutations with multiple steps and different mutation rates for the microsatellites employed. 6- The effective number estimates were around 10 times higher for L. pajeros than for L. jacobita independently of the procedures employed. The effective sizes for L. pajeros ranged from 80,000 to 330,000 and for L. jacobita ranged from 12,000 to 38,000. However, these estimates seem to be higher than the current census sizes. The procedures of Hill (1981) and Pudovkin et al., (1996) were not useful for effective number estimations in this case. 7- Both species presented significant spatial structure related with isolation by distance and monotonic clinal trends, but this spatial structure was more developed in L. jacobita. Around 35 % of the genetic differences were explained by the geographical distances among the populations in L. pajeros, while around 64 % of the genetic differences were explained by geographical distances in L. jacobita. 8- The northern Chilean Pampas cat population seems to be an extension of the Peruvian and north Bolivian L. p. garleppi in contradiction with García-Perea (1994), who denominated that population as a new subspecies L. colocolo wolffsohni. Nevertheless, more samples of that region are needed to have total clarity of what Pampas cat is living there. Additionally, in Bolivia, we determined the existence, at least, of two putative subspecies (garleppi and steinbachi). Finally, although molecular conclusive studies are needed, the first molecular studies indicate that the existence of a unique Pampas cat species is more probably than three different species such as García-Perea (1994) proposed. Population Genetics and Spatial Structure in Two Andean Cats … 3 Keywords: Pampas cat, Andean Mountain cat, Lynchailurus, Oreailurus, Leopardus pajeros, Leopardus jacobita, DNA microsatellites, mDNA control region, spatial structure, genetic structure, phylogenies, skull biometrics INTRODUCTION Two small and elusive cats are found in the major part of the Andes cordillera. One of them is the Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) and the other is the Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobita). These cats live in high-altitude deserts of the Andes, although the Pampas cat also lives in open grassland, evergreen forests, dense shrub lands and humid forests. However, although they frequently live in sympatry, Lucherini et al., (2009) demonstrated that the Pampas cat showed the greatest proportion of nocturnal activity, while the Andean cat was more diurnal. Such a separation of activities supports the temporal niche segregation hypothesis between these two Andean felids. Aditionally, Napolitano et al., (2008) showed, in Chile, low levels of prey partitioning between both cat species because there was a wide overlap in diet composition (82 %), with the mountain viscacha (Lagidium viscacia) being the most important prey species for both (93.9 % for the Andean cat and 74.8 % for the Pampas cat, respectively). They also determined that the Andean cat’s scats increased with altitude and slope of the mountains, but there was a substantial geographic overlap in the distribution of both felines. The Pampas cat was included within the Lynchailurus genus (-Severtzov, 1858-) and it is distributed from Ecuador to southern Patagonia in Argentina and Chile. This species seems to be closely related to Leopardus tigrinus by means of the mtDNA genes 16SrRNA, ATP8 and NADH5 within the ocelot linage (Johnson et al., 1998, 1999). How many species or subspecies are included within Lynchailurus is a matter of debate. For instance, Cabrera and Yepes (1940) speculated about the possible existence of two species, the pajeros cat (Lynchailurus pajeros), basically distributed throughout Argentina, and another the “kudmu” or Molina colocolo cat (Lynchailurus colocolo), from Chile and northern Argentina, throughout Matto-Grosso, and Peru up until Ecuador. However, these authors also speculated with the possibility that they were unique species and that the study of the exemplars from Catamarca and northern Argentina could be determinant in demonstrating that they are effectively unique species. More recently, García-Perea (1994) proposed the existence of three species within Lynchailurus using meticulous skull morphology, biometrics and skin analyses: 1) L. pajeros- Desmarest 1816-, which occurs in the Andes high elevation steppes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina (eastern slope of the Andes) to southern Patagonia in Chile and Argentina in lowland levels, shrub land and dry forests. The type locality was based on Azara’s account in Buenos Aires province between 35-36°; 2) L. braccatus (Cope 1889) found in southern and south western Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in humid and warm grassland and forested areas. The type locality is the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Allen (1919) restricted it to Chapada at Matto Grosso in Brazil. 3) L. colocolo (Molina 1782) was found at middle elevations in central Chile (with the type locality in Valparaiso province) and in high elevation steppes in northern Chile at the Andes western slopes. 4 Manuel Ruiz-García, Daniel Cossíos, Mauro Lucherini et al. Within each one of these species, García-Perea (1994) determined several subspecies. L. pajeros has seven subspecies (1a through 1f ): 1a) L. pajeros thomasi -Lönnberg 1913- has a type locality “near Quito” and has had its samples obtained from the Napo and Pichincha provinces in Ecuador. 1b) L. p. garleppi- Matschie 1912- has a type locality from Cuzco and the Apurimac area in southern Peru with a distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Project Appraisal Document (For CEO Endorsement)
    THE WORLD BANK/IFC/M.I.G.A. OFFICE MEMORANDUM DATE: December 19, 2000 TO: Mr. Mohamed El-Ashry, CEO/Chairman, GEF FROM: Lars Vidaeus, GEF Executive Coordinator EXTENSION: 34188 SUBJECT: Peru – Indigenous Management of Natural Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon Final GEF CEO Endorsement 1. Please find attached the electronic file of the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for the above-mentioned project for review prior to circulation Council and your final endorsement. This project was approved for Work Program entry at the May 1999 Council meeting under streamlined Council review procedures. 2. The PAD is fully consistent with the objectives and content of the proposal endorsed by Council as part of the May 1999 Work Program. Minor changes regarding implementation emphasis, clustering of components, and financing plan have been introduced during final project preparation and appraisal. Information on these minor modifications, and how GEFSEC, STAP and Council comments received at Work Program entry have been addressed, are outlined below. Implementation Emphasis 3. As conceived at the time of Work Program entry, the project was going to support the creation and management of four new protected areas (Santiago-Comaina, Gueppi and Alto Purus, El Sira) with the participation of indigenous organizations. A fifth area, Pacaya- Samiria, had already been created as a National Reserve, and was to receive project support for improved management, as part of the Government’s effort to place 10% of the Peruvian Amazon under protection. Following Council approval of the Project Brief in May 1999, GOP demonstrated its commitment to project objectives by establishing three new Reserved Zones (Santiago-Comaina, Gueppi and Alto Purus), surpassing the 10% target.
    [Show full text]
  • For Bird Watching Areas Additional Information South America
    2 9 7 3 4 NPA - Natural Protected Area Peru Habitat 5 6 Best time for birdwatching 1 8 Naturalfor bird watching areas Additional information South America 2 3 4 5 6 7 Los Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary Pacaya Samiria National Reserve Pomac Forest Historic Sanctuary Manu National Park Tambopata National Reserve Alto Mayo Protected Forest Bare-throated tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Jabiru Jabiru mycteria Peruvian plantcuer Phytotoma raimondii Andean cock-of-the-rock Rupicola peruvianus Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Ash-throated antwren Herpsilochmus parkeri Very close to the city of Tumbes, on the northern border of Peru, you will find As the water level starts to decrease in the Amazon lowlands, you will The adventure begins with a visit to the carob trees in the Pomac On the Manu road, between Acjanaco and Tono, and near the famous After a boat trip from Puerto Maldonado and a walk through the Located north of the Alto Mayo rainforest, in an area known as an environment surrounded by mangroves; tall and leafy trees that have given be able to see a great variety of mollusks, amphibians, and birds. The forest. In this 5887-hectare equatorial dry forest you will find a huge Tres Cruces Viewpoint, you will find one of the most famous members of jungle, you will reach a captivating territory with a wealth of flora and Chuquillantas or La Llantería, a mountain ridge can be found. This area the place its name: Los Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary. You will visit Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, with a surface area of 2,080,000 carob tree of more than 500 years old, to which the locals aribute the cotingo family: the Andean cock-of-the-rock, which is one of the fauna species.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD First National Report
    BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN PERU __________________________________________________________ LIMA-PERU NATIONAL REPORT December 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 6 1 PROPOSED PROGRESS REPORT MATRIX............................................... 20 I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 29 II BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... 31 a Status and trends of knowledge, conservation and use of biodiversity. ..................................................................................................... 31 b. Direct (proximal) and indirect (ultimate) threats to biodiversity and its management ......................................................................................... 36 c. The value of diversity in terms of conservation and sustainable use.................................................................................................................... 47 d. Legal & political framework for the conservation and use of biodiversity ...................................................................................................... 51 e. Institutional responsibilities and capacities................................................. 58 III NATIONAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY.............................................................................................. 77
    [Show full text]
  • International Tropical Timber Organization
    INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION ITTO PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE: STRENGTHENING MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF NORTHWESTERN PERU SERIAL NUMBER: PD 601/11 Rev.3 (F) COMMITTEE: REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: GOVERNMENT OF PERU ORIGINAL LANGUAGE: SPANISH SUMMARY The key problem to be addressed is the “insufficient number of participatory mechanisms for the conservation of mangrove forest ecosystems in the Piura and Tumbes regions (northern Peru)”. Its main causes are: (i) Limited use of legal powers by regional and local governments for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems; ii) low level of forest management and administration for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems; and (iii) limited development of financial sustainability strategies for mangrove forests. These problems in turn lead to low living standards for the communities living in mangrove ecosystem areas and to the loss of biodiversity. In order to address this situation, the specific objective of this project is to “increase the number of participatory mechanisms for mangrove forest protection and conservation in the regions of Tumbes and Piura” with the development objective of “contributing to improving the standard of living of the population in mangrove ecosystem areas in the regions of Tumbes and Piura, Northwest Peru”. In order to achieve these objectives, the following outputs are proposed: 1) Adequate use of legal powers by regional and local governments for the conservation of mangrove forests; 2) Improved level
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Areas
    2 9 7 3 4 NPA - Natural Protected Area Peru Habitat 5 6 Best time for birdwatching 1 8 Naturalfor birdwatching areas Additional information South America 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mangroves of Tumbes National Sanctuary Pacaya Samiria National Reserve Pómac Forest Historic Sanctuary Manu National Park Tambopata National Reserve Alto Mayo Protected Forest Bare-throated tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Jabiru Jabiru mycteria Peruvian plantcuer Phytotoma raimondii Andean cock-of-the-rock Rupicola peruvianus Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Ash-throated antwren Herpsilochmus parkeri Very close to the city of Tumbes, on the northern border of Peru, you will find As the water level starts to decrease in the Amazon lowlands, you will The adventure begins with a visit to the carob trees in the Pomac On the Manu road, between Acjanaco and Tono, and near the famous After a boat trip from Puerto Maldonado and a walk through the Located north of the Alto Mayo rainforest, in an area known as an environment surrounded by mangroves; tall and leafy trees that have given be able to see a great variety of mollusks, amphibians, and birds. The forest. In this 5887-hectare equatorial dry forest you will find a huge Tres Cruces Viewpoint, you will find one of the most famous members of jungle, you will reach a captivating territory with a wealth of flora and Chuquillantas or La Llantería, a mountain ridge can be found. This area the place its name: Mangroves of Tumbes National Sanctuary. You will visit the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, with a surface area of 2,080,000 carob tree of more than 500 years old, to which the locals aribute the cotingo family: the Andean cock-of-the-rock, which is one of the fauna species.
    [Show full text]
  • Insert the Title Here
    MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE GLACIER RETREAT USING LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGES IN THE NEVADO OF THE AMPAY NATIONAL SANCTUARY- PERU Carolina Soto Carrión1, Juan José Zuñiga Negron2, Jhon Paucar Ancco3, Wilber Jiménez Mendoza4, Manuel J. Ibarra Cabrera5, Alejandro Narváez Liceras6, Sheila Paucar Ancco7 1Director of Research and International Cooperation Ordinary Principal Professor Technological University of the Andes, Apurimac email: [email protected] 2Research Center on Climate Change and Environmental Management National University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco American Climber Science Program, Eldora, Colorado email: [email protected] 3 Environmental Engineer, Andes University of Technology, Apurímac email: [email protected] 4Academic coordinator of the master's program in educational Management Ordinary Principal Professor National University Micaela Bastides of Apurímac email: [email protected] 5Vice Chancellor and Senior Ordinary Professor Faculty of Computer and Systems Engineering National University Micaela Bastides of Apurímac email: [email protected] 6Ordinary Principal Professor National Major University of San Marcos, Lima email: [email protected] 7Bachelor School of Mining Engineering Technological University of the Andes, Apurimac email: [email protected] Cite as: Soto Carrión, C., Zuñiga Negron, J. J., Paucar Ancco, J., Jiménez Mendoza, W., Ibarra Cabrera, M. J., Narváez Liceras, A., Paucar Ancco, S., MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE GLACIER RETREAT USING LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGES IN THE NEVADO OF THE AMPAY NATIONAL SANCTUARY- PERU, J. sustain. dev. energy water environ. syst., 1080380, DOI: https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d8.0380 Glaciers are humanity's most extraordinary reservoirs of water, covering approximately 10% of the total surface of the earth. The investigation of the retreat of the glacier surface in the Ampay National Sanctuary is carried out using the historical series of Landsat images and applies the normalized snow difference index between the years 1991 to 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Funding Landscape for Biodiversity Conservation in Peru
    MAPPING THE FUNDING LANDSCAPE FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN PERU BY KATIA SOFIA NAKAMURA LAM THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Master’s Committee: Assistant Professor Daniel C. Miller, Adviser Associate Professor Richard Brazee Dr. Anthony Waldron, National University of Singapore ABSTRACT Financial resources are crucial to effective biodiversity conservation. Globally, research shoWs that conservation-related eXpenditures are directed toWards countries of high biodiversity importance, even as funding floWs are Well beloW estimates of financial need. The absence of sufficient funding makes the effective and efficient use of the available resources even more imperative. Empirical evidence on previous funding floWs is necessary to develop a baseline for comparison, identification of funding gaps, and assessment of ultimate impacts. To date, hoWever, knoWledge of the distribution of funding Within countries remains very limited. This study, therefore, analyzes the conservation funding landscape in Peru, a mega-diverse country, to shed light on the nature and trends of support for biodiversity and the factors shaping funding allocation at the sub-national level. I carried out desk-based and field research to collect as much data as possible on conservation finance in Peru from 2009, the year the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment Was founded, to 2015, the last year for which full data were available. Information collected covered a range of public and private, domestic and international sources. Overall, I found that 19% of the funding for conservation in Peru derived from domestic sources and 81% from international ones during the study period.
    [Show full text]
  • Trekking in Peru: 50 Best Walks and Hikes Free Ebook
    FREETREKKING IN PERU: 50 BEST WALKS AND HIKES EBOOK Hilary Bradt,Kathy Jarvis | 384 pages | 15 Apr 2014 | BRADT TRAVEL GUIDES | 9781841624921 | English | Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom The 20 Best Trekking Routes in Peru - Stingy Nomads Follow us on Facebook and Instagram for regular doses of beauty and delight. Our partners Responsible Travel. Great walking, and much else See their site for inspiring ideas. Its greatest glory is its intoxicating mixture of scenery and history, as experienced from its famous Inca Trails. Water and ice have added their say, carving the mountains and creating great gorges. Peru can be divided in three regions: a narrow coastal strip in the west, a vast area of Amazon tropical rainforest in the east and northeast, and in between the highlands of the Andes with endless snowy peaks up to m highaltiplano, glaciers, gorges and remote valleys. The Inca civilization emerged from mysterious origins as a small city-state in the s, in the mids dramatically conquering and absorbing lands stretching some 5,km north to south. All the more extraordinary that they are thought to have been illiterate knotted string was used to record numbers. And yes, they did perform human sacrifices, although not on Trekking in Peru: 50 Best Walks and Hikes Mayan scale. Spanish rule left a legacy of lovely towns and buildings, but exploited indigenes. Independence from Spain came inafter a decade of conflict. Border areas with Ecuador and Colombia are drug country and should be avoided. See the list below for a currently incomplete — please give us your recommendations! Long distance hiking in Peru usually means camping, and is often high, requiring acclimatization.
    [Show full text]
  • Usaid/Peru 118/119 Tropical Forest and Biodiversity Analysis
    DIEGO PÉREZ USAID/PERU 118/119 TROPICAL FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS Report authors: Juan Carlos Riveros, Maina Martir-Torres, César Ipenza, Patricia Tello September, 2019 DISCLAIMER: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. USAID/PERU 118/119 TROPICAL FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS September, 2019 Prepared with technical support from US Forest Service International Programs LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF MAPS Figure 1 Map 1 Summary of Main Threats and Drivers of Official Ecosystems Map of Peru 32 Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Loss in Tropical Forests and Marine Ecosystems 13 Map 2 Forest Loss in the Peruvian Amazon Figure 2 Between 2001-2017 39 Forest Loss in Peru 38 Map 3 Figure 3 National Natural Protected Areas Species Richness of Select Taxonomic Managed by SERNANP 43 Groups in Peru 40 Map 4 Figure 4 Forest Use Designations 45 Number of Threatened Plant Species 41 Figure 5 Number of Threatened Animal Species 41 Figure A5 1 Forest Loss in Selected Regions 135 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Table A2 1 Actions Necessary to Conserve Biodiversity Weekly Activities and Milestones 118 (Tropical Forests and Marine Ecosystems) 15 Table A5 1 Table 2 Ecosystem Categories 128 Policies and Other Legal Instruments Relevant for Biodiversity and Tropical Table A5 2 Forest Conservation 59 National Natural Protected Areas 130 Table 3 Table A5 3 Actions Necessary to Conserve Biodiversity CITES Listed Animal Species 133 (Tropical
    [Show full text]
  • Birdwatching Guide for Protected Natural Areas Published by Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Board - PROMPERU
    Birdwatching guide for Protected Natural Areas Published by Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Board - PROMPERU. Calle Uno Oeste N° 50, Piso 14, Urb. Córpac, San Isidro, Lima-Peru. Tel: (51-1) 616-7300 www.promperu.gob.pe © PROMPERÚ. All Rights Reserved. Legal Deposit made at the National Library of Peru No. 2015-06418 Printing office: Servicios Gráficos JMD S.R.L. Av. José Gálvez 1549, Lince / Tel: 470-6420 472-8273 June 2015 - Lima Research and content: Fernando Angulo Pratolongo, Principal Researcher at CORBIDI [email protected] Map design: Grupo Geographos Graphic design and edition: PROMPERU Subdirección de Turismo Interno y Subdirección de Producción (Sub-Directorate for Domestic Tourism and Sub-Directorate for Production) The content of this guide has been updated in December 2014 by PROMPERU through official information sources and the assistance of SERNANP (National Service of State-Protected Natural Areas). Free distribution- Not for sale Birdwatching guide for Protected Natural Areas Birdwatching guide for Protected Natural Areas Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary TUMBES LORETO Cerros de Amotape National Park Pacaya – Samiria PIURA AMAZONAS National Reserve Laquipampa Wildlife LAMBAYEQUE Refuge Bosque de Pómac SAN MARTÍN Historical Sanctuary CAJAMARCA LA LIBERTAD Tingo María National Park ÁNCASH HUÁNUCO Huayllay UCAYALI National PASCO Sanctuary Lachay JUNÍN National Reserve CALLAO Manu LIMA National Park MADRE DE DIOS HUANCAVELICA Ampay National Sanctuary CUSCO Paracas APURÍMAC National ICA Reserve PUNO AYACUCHO Titicaca National Salinas and Reserve Aguada Blanca National Reserve AREQUIPA Lagunas de Mejía MOQUEGUA National Sanctuary Ite TACNA Wetlands Aprobado por R.D. N° 0134 / RE del 20 de abril de 2015 Birdwatching guide for Protected Natural Areas Content Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary Introduction .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Peru National Trust Fund for Protected Areas
    GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY 1354 1IPC- Public Disclosure Authorized Republicof Peru NationalTrust Fund for ProtectedAreas Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ProjectDocument March 1995 Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK GEF Documentation The Global Environment Facility (GEF) assistsdeveloping countries to protect the global environmentin four areas:global warming, pollutionof internationalwaters, destructionof biodiversity,and depletion of the ozonelayer. The GEF is jointly implemented bytheUnited Nations Development Programme. the United Nations Environment Programme. andthe World Bank. GEF Project Documents - identifiedby a green band- provide extendedproject- specificinformation. The implementing agency responsible for eachproject is identifiedby its logo on the coverof the document. GlobalEnvironment Division Enviroinient Department World Bank 1818 H Street,NW Washington,DC 20433 Telephone:(202) 473-1816 Fax:(202) 522-3256 ReportNo. 23540-PER Republicof Peru NationalTrust Fund for ProtectedAreas ProjectDocument March 1995 CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS Currency Unit=New Sol US$1.0 = 0.4576 New Soles US$1.0 - 1.6044 Deutsche Mark WEIGHTSAND MEASURES The metric system is used throughoutthe report FISCALYEAR January 1 - December 31 GLOSSARY CIDA CanadianInternational Development Agency DGAPFS DirectorateGeneral of ProtectedAreas and Wildlife (DireccionGeneral de Areas Protegidasy Fauna Silvestre) FONANPE Trust Fund for the Conservationof Peru's Protected Areas (Fondo Nacionalpara Areas Naturales Protegidaspor el Estado)
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Conditions for Biodiversity and Fragile Ecosystems Conservation and Management in Peru
    Report Assessment of Conditions for Biodiversity and Fragile Ecosystems Conservation and Management in Peru July 1998 Task Order No. 819 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 Report Assessment of Conditions for Biodiversity and Fragile Ecosystems Conservation and Management in Peru By Douglas Pool, Team Leader Douglas Southgate, Environmental Economist Lily Rodriguez, Biologist Alfredo Garcia, Anthropologist Eliana Villar, Gender Specialist July 1998 For USAID/Peru Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group, Winrock International, and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc..; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute. Table of Contents Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................i List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.....................................................................................iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................v 1. Forest and Biodiversity Conservation in Peru: Opportunity and Problem .................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]