Chapter 7: the Ancient Greeks

Home , 405 BC, 429 BC, San (letter), Sea of Crete

TheGreeks and Romans

Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important contributions to history. • The Greeks developed the idea of citizenship and created the first democratic governments. • The Romans introduced the idea of the rule of law. • Christians introduced religious beliefs that many still follow today.

15001500 B..C.7.750 B..C.5.550 B..C.3.350 B..C..

Ancient c. 1400 B.C. 750 B.C. 594 B.C. c. 330 B.C. Greece Mycenaeans Greek Solon takes Aristotle replace colonies power in develops Cha & 8 pters 7 Minoans as established Athens theories major power in in Europe about Mediterranean and Africa government

Ancient 650 B.C. 509 B.C. 312 B.C. Rome Etruscans Rome becomes Romans rule Rome a republic build the Chap 10 ters 9 & Appian Way

Etruscan mural Roman soldiers

The Rise of ChristianityChristianity Chapter 11

328 (t)National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)file photo 0 1,000 miles N ° ° ° ° 0 1,000 kilometers 0 30 E 0 30 E Mercator projection W E

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T i g r E i up s Mediterranean h R Persian Sea ra . te EUROPE s Gulf EUROPE Caspian Sea Caspian S N R Chapters . Chapters Black Sea Black Sea

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c. 100 B.C. City of The Lighthouse of Alexandria Alexandria is the c. 290 B.C. largest in the Mediterranean

146 B.C. 44 B.C. A.D. 180 A.D. 312 Rome Julius Caesar Pax Constantine destroys is killed Romana comes to Carthage ends power

Emperor Constantine

A.D.30 C. A.D. 100 C. A.D. 600 Jesus preaches Churches founded Bishop of Rome in Galilee and throughout Roman takes title of pope Judaea world

Orthodox Church incense burner c. A.D. 1100

(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY EUROPEEUROPE

1 Greek Parthenon 3

See Ancient Greece Chapters 7 & 8 1

2 Alexandria Lighthouse Mediterranean Sea

AFRICA

See Ancient Greece Chapter 8

c. 750 B.C. c. 495–429 B.C. c. 356–323 B.C. Greek poet, wrote Iliad Athenian general and Macedonian 63 B.C.–A.D.14 and Odyssey leading statesman general and king Roman emperor Chapter 8, page 381 Chapter 7, page 361 Chapter 8, page 401 Chapter 9, page 447

330 3 Roman aqueduct

ASIAASIA

See Ancient Rome Chapters 9 & 10

4 Roman Pantheon

See Ancient Rome Chapter 10

5 5 MIDDLEMIDDLE Mount of the Beatitudes 2 EASTEAST

See Rise of Christianity Chapter 11

c. 6 B.C.–A.D.33 Crucifixion led to rise of c. A.D.10–65 c. A.D. 280–337 C. A.D. 500–548 Christianity Christian thinker Roman emperor Byzantine empress Chapter 11, page 504 Chapter 11, page 507 Chapter 10, page 478 Chapter 10, page 488

331 The Ancient Greeks

The Parthenon rises above the city of Athens. The people of ancient Greece built this temple to celebrate their goddess Athena.

700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C.400 B.C.

c. 750 B.C. c. 650 B.C. 480 B.C. 431 B.C. Greece’s Dark Tyrants over- Xerxes Peloponnesian Age comes to throw nobles invades War begins an end in city-states Greece

Vanni Archive/CORBIS Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 7. The Early Greeks Physical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and decline. Greece’s mountains, climate, and surrounding seas played a large role in its history. The earliest civilizations in Greece were the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. Sparta and Athens Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable societies. Athens and Sparta, the two major city-states in ancient Greece, developed different governments that emphasized opposite aspects of society. Sparta focused on its military, while Athens focused on trade, culture, and democracy. Persia Attacks the Greeks Conflict often brings about great changes. The Persian Empire gained control of most of southwest Asia. However, when the Persians tried to conquer the Greeks, Athens and Sparta united to defeat them. The Age of Pericles Civilizations with strong economies prosper and grow. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens became a powerful city-state with a strong economy and blossoming culture. View the Chapter 7 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Summarizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and summarize information about the ancient Greeks.

Step 1 Mark the Step 2 Fold Reading and Writing midpoint of a side edge the paper in As you read the chapter, of one sheet of paper. half again write information under Then fold the outside from side to each appropriate tab. Be edges in to touch the side. sure to summarize the midpoint. information you find by writing only main ideas Step 3 Open the Step 4 Label and supporting details. paper and cut along as shown. The Sparta Cut along the Early and the inside fold lines fold lines on Greeks Athens to form four tabs. both sides. Persia Attacks The the Age of Greeks Pericles

333 Comparing and Contrasting

Good readers compare and contrast information as they read. This means they look for similarities and differences. Comparing the ways in which people, places, or ideas are the same or different helps you understand how each is unique. Look for signal words in the text. Some comparison signal words are same, at the same time, like, and still. Contrast signal words include some, others, different, however, rather, yet, but, and or. Read the passage about Persian religion and then look at the questions that follow.

1) Persian religion is being compared to Jewish religion. Like the Jews, Zoroaster believed in one god. He viewed this supreme 2) The similarities are high- being as the creator of all things and lighted in blue and the con- a force of goodness. However, trasts in red. Zoroaster recognized evil in the world, too. He taught that humans 3) Like signals a comparison, had the freedom to choose between and however signals contrast. right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. — from page 353

As you compare and contrast, ask these questions: 1) What things are being compared or contrasted? 2) Which characteristics can be compared or contrasted? 3) How are they similar, and how are they different? Look for the compare and contrast signal words when 4) Are there any signal words? you take tests.

334 Read to Write Reread the passage labeled Roles of Men and Women in Section 4 of this chapter. Then write

Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY Resource, Foto Marburg/Art Read the passage and the directions below. a short paragraph comparing and contrasting what life Athens and Sparta, the two was like for men and women in ancient major city-states in ancient Greece, Athens. developed different governments that emphasized opposite aspects of society. Sparta focused on its military, while Athens focused on trade, culture, and democracy. Spartan warrior — from page 333

Read Section 2 and use a chart like the one below to organize the similarities and differences between Sparta and Athens. In the first column, fill in the characteristics that you will compare and contrast. In the second and third columns, describe the characteristics of each city- state.

Characteristic Sparta Athens

As you read the chapter, choose three pairs of subjects to compare and contrast. List the similarities and differences using a graphic organizer, such as the one above. 335 The Early Greeks

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Locating Places In Chapters 1 and 2, you learned Crete (KREET) History about Mesopotamia and Egypt. These Mycenae (my•SEE•nee) Social Science civilizations grew up in great river Peloponnesus Standards valleys with rich soil. Greece had no (PEH•luh•puh•NEE•suhs) WH6.4 Students great river valleys. Instead, it had analyze the geographic, mountains, rocky soil, and many political, economic, Content Vocabulary religious, and social miles of seacoasts. peninsula (puh•NIHN•suh•luh) structures of the early polis (PAH•luhs) civilizations of Ancient Focusing on the Greece. • The geography of Greece influenced agora (A•guh•ruh) where people settled and what they colony (KAH•luh•nee) did. (page 337) • The Minoans earned their living by Academic Vocabulary region (REE juhn) building ships and trading. (page 338) • culture (KUHL•chuhr) • Mycenaeans built the first Greek king- overseas (OH•vuhr•SEEZ) doms and spread their power across community (kuh MYOO nuh tee) the Mediterranean region. (page 339) • • • • The idea of citizenship developed in Reading Strategy Greek city-states. (page 341) Finding Details Draw a diagram like • Colonies and trade spread Greek the one below. In each oval write one culture and spurred industry. (page 343) detail about a polis. Meeting People polis Agamemnon (A•guh•MEHM•nahn)

2000 B..C.. 1250 B..C.. 500 B..C..

c. 2000 B.C. c. 1200 B.C. c. 750 B.C. GREECE Minoans Mycenaean Greece’s Dark Age control eastern civilization declines comes to an end Mycenae Mediterranean

Crete Knossos

336 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.

peninsula (puh•NIHN•suh•luh)—a body of The Geography of Greece land with water on three sides. The geography of Greece influenced Many ancient Greeks made a living from where people settled and what they did. the sea. They became fishers, sailors, and Steve Vidler/SuperStock Steve Vidler/SuperStock Reading Connection Do you rake leaves in the fall? traders. Others settled in farming communi- Do you walk uphill to school? Your answers explain how ties. Greece’s mountains and rocky soil were geography shapes your life. Read to learn how geogra- not ideal for growing crops. However, the cli- phy shaped life in early Greece. mate was mild, and in some places people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes. If you fly over Greece today, you will see They also raised sheep and goats. a mountainous land framed by sparkling Ancient Greeks felt deep ties to the land, blue water. To the west is the Ionian (eye• but the mountains and seas divided them OH • nee • uhn) Sea, to the south is the from one another. As a result, early Greek Mediterranean Sea, and to the east is the communities grew up fiercely independent. Aegean (ih • JEE • uhn) Sea. Hundreds of islands lie offshore, stretching across to Asia Cause and Effect How did like stepping-stones. Mainland Greece is a geography discourage Greek unity?

Ancient Greece c. 750 B.C.

N Sea of Marmara W E MACEDONIA S Mt. Olympus 40° N Troy KEY BALKAN Ancient Greece PENINSULA Aegean GREECE Sea ASIA MINOR Ionian 0 100 miles Sea Delphi Gu 0 100 kilometers lf of Thebes Cori Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection M 20°E nth e Athens d Corinth ° i 30 E t Mycenae Miletus e r PELOPONNESUS S r e a a n Sparta e a n

Sea of Crete Mediterranean 1. Location What body of water lies Sea directly east of the Balkan Knossos Peninsula? Crete 2. Movement20°E What transportation 30°E was probably most useful to the early Greeks? Mountains and seas Find NGS online map resources @ played an important www.nationalgeographic.com/maps role in Greek history. WH6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region. and storerooms packed with oil, wine, and The Minoans grain. Other spaces were workshops for The Minoans earned their living by making jewelry, vases, and small ivory stat- building ships and trading. ues. The palace even had bathrooms. Reading Connection Imagine what it would be like The Minoans made their wealth from to uncover a building that is more than 5,000 years old. trade. They built ships from oak and cedar Read to learn how such a discovery unlocked clues to trees and sailed as far as Egypt and Syria. Greece’s ancient past. There they traded pottery and stone vases for ivory and metals. By 2000 B.C., Minoan The island of Crete (KREET) lies southeast ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean of the Greek mainland. There, in 1900, an Sea. They carried goods to foreign ports English archaeologist by the name of Arthur and kept the sea secure from pirates. Evans made the find of a lifetime. Evans About 1450 B.C., the Minoan civilization uncovered the ruins of a grand palace that suddenly collapsed. Some historians think had been the center of Minoan (muh•NOH• undersea earthquakes caused giant waves uhn) civilization. The Minoans were not that washed away the Minoans’ cities. Greeks, but their civilization was the first to Others think the cities were destroyed arise in the region that later became Greece. by a group of Greeks from the mainland. The palace at Knossos (NAH • suhs) re- These invaders were called the Mycenaeans vealed the riches of an ancient society. Its (MY •suh•NEE•uhns). twisting passageways led to many different Explain How did the rooms: private quarters for the royal family Minoans become a trading civilization?

This wall painting from Knossos shows Minoans participating in a dangerous sport called bull leaping. Who discovered the palace at Knossos? Minoan calendar

338 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks (t)Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS, (bl)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY WH6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region. The First Greek Kingdoms Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region. Reading Connection What is the most important building in the area where you live? Is it a government building, a grocery store, or a hospital? Read to find out what building was most important in the Mycenaean civilization.

The Mycenaeans were originally from central Asia. They invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 B.C. and conquered the people living there. The Mycenaean leaders became the first Greek kings. Their warriors became nobles who ruled the people they had conquered. In the late 1800s, a German named Heinrich Schliemann (HYN• rihk SHLEE • MAHN) discovered one of their walled palaces in Mycenae (my • SEE • nee). He named the people of this civilization the Mycenaeans. What Were Mycenaean Kingdoms Like? The ruins at The centerpiece of each Mycenaean king- Mycenae included dom was a fortified palace on a hill. The this gate. What lay ruler lived there, surrounded by giant stone outside the walls of a walls. Beyond the palace walls lay large Mycenaean palace? farms, or estates, that belonged to the nobles. Slaves and farmers lived on the Gold mask of Agamemnon estates and took shelter inside the fortress in times of danger. Mycenaean palaces hummed with activ- As a result, Mycenaeans learned much ity. Artisans tanned leather, sewed clothes, about Minoan culture. They copied the and made jars for wine and olive oil. Other ways Minoans worked with bronze and workers made bronze swords and ox-hide built ships. They learned how the shields. Government officials kept track of Minoans used the sun and stars to find the wealth of every person in the kingdom. their way at sea. The Mycenaeans even Then they collected wheat, livestock, and started worshiping the Earth Mother, the honey as taxes and stored them in the palace. Minoans’ chief goddess. Around 1400 B.C., the Mycenaeans Power From Trade and War Soon after replaced the Minoans as the major power the Mycenaeans set up their kingdoms, on the Mediterranean. They traded widely, Minoan traders began to visit from Crete. sailing to Egypt and southern Italy. Some

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 339 (t)Alberto Incrocci/Getty Images, (b)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY historians think they conquered Crete and The years between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C. nearby islands. were difficult for the Greeks. Overseas trade Although trade made the Mycenaeans slowed, and poverty took hold. Farmers grew wealthy, they were prouder of their deeds only enough food to meet their own family’s in battle. Their most famous victory is prob- needs. People also stopped teaching others ably the Trojan War. In the next chapter, you how to write or do craftwork. Before long, the will learn the legend of how the Mycenaean Greeks had forgotten their written language king Agamemnon (A • guh • MEHM • nahn) and how to make many things. As a result, used trickery to win that war. historians call this time the Dark Age. The changes that took place in the Dark What Was the Dark Age? By 1200 B.C., the Age were not all bad, however. One posi- Mycenaeans were in trouble. Earthquakes tive development was a huge population and fighting among the kingdoms had shift. Thousands of Greeks left the main- destroyed their hilltop forts. By 1100 B.C., land and settled on islands in the Aegean Mycenaean civilization had collapsed. Sea. Other Greeks moved to the western shores of Asia Minor, to what is now the The Greek Alphabet country of Turkey. This wave of movement expanded the reach of Greek culture. Greek Written English Meanwhile, people known as the Letter Name Sound Dorians (DOHR • ee • uhns) invaded Greece. alpha a Many settled in the southwest on the beta b Peloponnesus (PEH •luh•puh•NEE•suhs) pen- gamma g delta d insula. The Dorians brought iron weapons epsilon e with them, giving Greece more advanced zeta z technology. Iron weapons and farm tools eta e were stronger and cheaper than those made theta th of bronze. iota i Gradually, farmers began to produce sur- kappa c, k lambda l plus food again. As a result, trade revived. mu m One benefit of the increased trade was a new nu n way of writing. As you read in Chapter 3, the xi x Greeks picked up the idea of an alphabet omicron o from the Phoenicians, one of their trading pi p partners who lived on the coast of the eastern rho r sigma s Mediterranean. tau t The Greek alphabet had 24 letters that upsilon y, u stood for different sounds. It made reading phi ph and writing Greek much simpler than ever chi ch before. Soon people were writing down tales psi ps that had been passed down by storytellers omega o for generations. The Greek alphabet was based on the Identify Why were the Phoenician alphabet. What happened to Mycenaeans able to become a major power in the Greek writing during the Dark Age? Mediterranean region?

340 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the Mediterranean region. WH 6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles’ Funeral Oration). The Polis The idea of citizenship developed in Athenian Greek city-states. Soldier’s Oath Reading Connection Did you know that the word “poli- In the Greek city of Athens, tics” comes from polis,the Greek term for a city-state? Read soldiers took this oath: to find how the Greeks also created the idea of citizenship. “I will not disgrace my sacred arms nor desert my comrade, By the end of the Dark Age, many wherever I am stationed.... nobles who owned large estates had over- I will obey the ruling magis- thrown the Greek kings. They created city- trates who rule reasonably. states. Like the Mesopotamian city-states And I will observe the established laws and you read about in Chapter 1, those in whatever laws in the Greece were made up of a town or city and future may be reasonably the surrounding countryside. Each Greek established. If any person city-state, known as a polis (PAH•luhs), was seek to overturn like a tiny independent country. the laws.... The main gathering place in the polis I will oppose him. was usually a hill. A fortified area, called an I will honor the religion of my acropolis (uh•KRAH•puh•luhs), stood at the fathers.” top of the hill. It provided a safe refuge in —Athenian Ephebic Oath, Greek soldier case of attacks. Sometimes the acropolis Clarence A. Forbes, trans. also served as a religious center. Temples and altars were built there to honor the Identify six things each soldier promises many Greek gods and goddesses. to do in taking the oath. Below the acropolis was an open area called an agora (A•guh•ruh). This space had two functions: it was both a market and a bers of a political community who treat place where people could meet and debate each other as equals and who have rights issues. Just beyond the agora lay the farm- and responsibilities. This was very differ- land that belonged to the city-states. ent from ancient Mesopotamia or Egypt. City-states varied in size. Because of the There, most people were subjects. They mountains and seas, most city-states were had no rights, no say in government, and small and very independent. A few were no choice but to obey their rulers. only a few square miles in size, but some The Greeks were the first people to covered hundreds of square miles. They develop the idea of citizenship. Today, the also varied in population. Athens was by word applies to almost everyone in a society. far the largest. By 500 B.C., more than However, in most Greek city-states, only free 300,000 people lived there. Most city-states native-born men who owned land could be were much smaller than Athens. citizens. From their point of view, the city- state was made up of their lands, and it was What Was Greek Citizenship? Each their responsibility to run it. Greek city-state was run by its citizens. Some city-states, such as Athens, eventu- When we speak of citizens, we mean mem- ally dropped the land-owning requirement.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 341 Slaves and foreign-born residents, however, Unable to afford horses, the hoplites continued to be excluded. Women and chil- fought on foot and went into battle heavily dren might qualify for citizenship, but they armed. Each soldier carried a round shield, a had none of the rights that went with it. short sword, and a 9-foot (2.7-m) spear. Row What exactly were the rights of Greek cit- upon row of soldiers marched forward izens? They could gather in the agora to together, shoulder to shoulder in a formation choose their officials and pass laws. They had called a phalanx (FAY • langks). With their the right to vote, hold office, own property, shields creating a protective wall, they gave and defend themselves in court. In return, their enemies few openings to defeat them. citizens had a duty to serve in government Hoplites made good soldiers because, as and to fight for their polis as citizen soldiers. citizens, they took pride in fighting for their city-state. However, “hometown” loyalties Citizens as Soldiers In early Greece, wars also divided the Greeks and caused them to were waged by nobles riding horses and distrust one another. A lack of unity always chariots. As the idea of citizenship devel- existed among the Greek city-states. oped, however, the military system changed. By 700 B.C., the city-states had Explain How did citizenship begun to depend on armies of ordinary cit- make the Greeks different from other ancient izens called hoplites (HAHP• LYTS). peoples?

Greek50° NColonies and Trade 750–550 B.C.

50°N ATLANTIC KEY OCEAN Trade route 0° Greece Greek colonies

ITALY Black Sea Corsica GREECE

Tigr Troy ASIA is R. E Sicily MINOR u ph rat Athens es N Sparta R.

W Crete E AFRICA Mediterranean Cyprus Tyre S Sea 30 40°E °N

0 500 miles EGYPT N i le Red Sea R 0 500 kilometers . 1. Movement Which islands were Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection home to Greek0° colonies? 20°E 2. Location On which continents could Greek colonies be found?

342 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks The Art Archive/National Archaeological Museum Athens/Dagli Orti WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.

Colonists traded regularly with their A Move to Colonize “parent” cities, shipping them grains, metals, Colonies and trade spread Greek culture fish, timber, and enslaved people. In return, and spurred industry. the colonists received pottery, wine, and olive Reading Connection If you read labels, you know oil from the mainland. Overseas trade got an that your food and clothing come from all over the extra boost during the 600s B.C., when the world. Read to find out where the early Greeks got Greeks began to mint coins. Merchants were their goods. soon exchanging goods for currency rather than for more goods. As Greece recovered from its Dark Age, By importing grain and other foods from its population rose quickly. By 700 B.C., city- their colonies, many city-states could support states could no longer grow enough grain a much larger population. This made it very to feed everyone. As a result, cities began important to protect their colonies, otherwise sending people outside Greece to start people would starve. Trade also led to the colonies (KAH•luh•nees).Acolony is a settle- growth of industry. As the demand for goods ment in a new territory that stays closely grew, producers had to keep pace. People in linked to its homeland. different areas began specializing in certain Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., adventur- products. For example, pottery became pop- ous Greeks streamed to the coasts of Italy, ular in places with large amounts of clay. France, Spain, North Africa, and western Asia. With each new colony, Greek culture Cause and Effect How did spread farther. the founding of new colonies affect industry?

Study Central Need help understanding the importance of geography in ancient Greece? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What made the Minoans 5. Citizenship Skills Name wealthy? Review the three rights granted to Greek 2. How was a Greek city-state citizens that American citizens • Geography influenced the way have today. CA 6RC2.3 Greek communities developed. different from a city? Critical Thinking 6. Economics Connection Why • The Minoan civilization on the did the use of money help island of Crete built ships and 3. Compare Create a Venn dia- trade to grow? CA HI6. became wealthy from trade. gram to compare the Minoans and Mycenaeans. CA 6RC2.2 7. Comparing and • The Mycenaeans created the Contrasting Write an essay first Greek kingdoms. Minoan Both Mycenaean that compares and contrasts • After the Dark Age, the Greeks set the Mycenaeans and the Dorians. Look for clues in the up colonies and trade increased. 4. How did early text that will help you make Greek civilizations use their • The idea of citizenship developed these comparisons. CA 6WA2.2 in Greek city-states. natural surroundings to prosper and grow? CA CS3.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 343 National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library Sparta and Athens

Looking Back,Looking Ahead Meeting People Although Greek city-states devel- Solon (SOH•luhn) History oped the idea of citizenship, they had Peisistratus (py•SIHS•truht•uhs) Social Science many different types of government. Cleisthenes (KLYS•thuh•NEEZ) Standards This section describes their different WH6.4 Students governments and compares the best- Content Vocabulary analyze the geographic, known city-states, Athens and Sparta. political, economic, tyrant (TY•ruhnt) religious, and social oligarchy (AH•luh•GAHR•kee) structures of the early Focusing on the civilizations of Ancient democracy (dih•MAH•kruh•see) • Tyrants were able to seize power Greece. helot (HEH•luht) from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans. (page 345) Academic Vocabulary enforce (ihn•FOHRS) • The Spartans focused on military participate (pahr•TIH•suh•PAYT) skills to control the people they conquered. (page 346) Reading Strategy • Unlike Spartans, Athenians were Compare and Contrast Use a Venn more interested in building a diagram to compare and contrast life democracy than building a military in Sparta and Athens. force. (page 348) Sparta Both Athens Locating Places Sparta (SPAHR•tuh) Athens (A•thuhnz)

770000 B..C.. 600 B..C.. 500 B..C..

c. 650 B.C. 594 B.C. 508 B.C. Tyrants overthrow Solon takes Cleisthenes GREECE nobles in power in reforms Athenian Athens city-states Athens government PELOPONNESUS Sparta

344 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration).

they could harvest and sell their crops. Tyranny in the City-States Many borrowed money from the nobles, Tyrants were able to seize power from promising to give up their fields if they the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, mer- could not repay the loans. Time and time The Art Archive/E.T. Archive The Art Archive/E.T. chants, and artisans. again, farmers lost their land. Then they Reading Connection How do you feel when someone had to work for the nobles or become labor- makes a decision that affects you without asking for ers in the city. In desperate cases, they sold your opinion? Read to find out how ancient Greeks who themselves into slavery. were shut out of governing made their voices heard. By 650 B.C., owners of small farms began to demand changes in the power As you read in the last section, kings structure. Merchants and artisans also ruled the first Greek communities. However, wanted to share in governing. Both groups by the end of the Dark Age, the nobles who had become very wealthy from the trade owned large farms had seized power from between city-states. Because they did not the kings. own land, however, they were not citizens Rule by the nobles would also be short- and had no say in running the polis. lived. The first challenge to their rule came The growing unhappiness led to the rise from the owners of small farms. These of tyrants. A tyrant (TY • ruhnt) is someone farmers often needed money to live on until who takes power by force and rules with

Sparta and Athens c. 700 B.C.

W E 24°E

20°E S

0 50 miles

0 50 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection KEY Territory controlled by Sparta °N Territory controlled by Athens 38 Athens

Olympia PELOPONNESUS

Sparta

Athenian coin 1. Location How many miles apart were Sparta and Athens?

20°E 2. Place24°E Which city-state’s geography might make it more open to attack in a military battle? Explain. WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

total authority. Today the word describes a harsh, oppressive ruler. Most early Greek Sparta tyrants, though, acted wisely and fairly. The Spartans focused on military skills During the 600s B.C., tyrants managed to to control the people they conquered. overthrow the nobles because they had the Reading Connection What would it be like to leave backing of the common people. Key sup- home when you were only seven? Read to learn how port came from the hoplites in the army, Spartan boys faced this challenge. many of whom were also farmers. Tyrants made themselves popular by As you read in the last section, Sparta building new marketplaces, temples, and was founded by the Dorians—Greeks who walls. However, rule by one person was the invaded the Peloponnesus in the Dark Age. opposite of what most Greeks wanted. They Like other city-states, Sparta needed more longed for rule by law with all citizens par- land as it grew, but its people did not set up ticipating in the government. colonies. Instead, they conquered and en- By 500 B.C., tyrants had fallen out of slaved their neighbors. The Spartans called favor in Greece. Most city-states became their captive workers helots (HEH • luhts). either oligarchies or democracies. In an This name comes from the Greek word for oligarchy (AH•luh• GAHR •kee), a few people “capture.” hold power. In a democracy (dih•MAH•kruh• see), all citizens share in running the Why Was the Military So Important? government. The oligarchy of Sparta (SPAHR• Spartans feared that the helots might some- tuh) and the democracy of Athens (A•thuhnz) day rebel. As a result, the government became two of the most powerful govern- firmly controlled the people of Sparta and ments of early Greece. trained the boys and men for war. Evaluate Why were tyrants At age seven, boys left their family to popular in the city-states? live in barracks. They were harshly treated to make them tough. The Greek historian Plutarch describes life for Spartan boys: Spartan Warrior After they were twelve years old, Spartan boys and men they were no longer allowed to spent many years wear any undergarment; they had training for war. one coat to serve them a year; . . . At what age did Spartan boys leave They lodged together in little their families for the bands upon beds made of the military? reeds [grasses] . . . which they were to break off with their hands without a knife. —Plutarch, “Spartan Discipline”

At age 20, Spartan men entered the reg- ular army. The men remained in military barracks for 10 more years. They ate all their meals in dining halls with other soldiers.

346 Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY Spartan girls were trained in sports.

Spartan boys began training for the military at age 7. Why did the Spartan government want its young people to be physically fit?

A typical meal was a vile-tasting dish called All Spartan men over age 30 belonged black broth—pork boiled in animal blood, to the assembly. They voted on the coun- salt, and vinegar. cil’s laws and chose five people to be Spartans returned home at age 30 but ephors (EH • fuhrs) each year. The ephors stayed in the army until age 60. They con- enforced the laws and managed tax tinued to train for combat. They expected to collection. either win on the battlefield or die, but To keep anyone from questioning the never to surrender. One Spartan mother Spartan system, the government discour- ordered her son to “Come home carrying aged foreign visitors. It also banned travel your shield or being carried on it.” abroad for any reason but military ones. It Girls in Sparta were trained in sports— even frowned upon citizens who studied running, wrestling, and throwing the literature or the arts. javelin. They kept fit to become healthy The Spartans succeeded in keeping con- mothers. Wives lived at home while their trol over the helots for nearly 250 years. husbands lived in the barracks. As a result, However, by focusing on military training, Spartan women were freer than other Greek the Spartans fell behind other Greeks in women. They could own property and go trade. They also knew less about science where they wanted. and other subjects. However, their soldiers were especially strong and swift. The What Was Sparta’s Government Like? Spartans would play a key role in defend- The Spartan government was an oligarchy. ing Greece. Two kings headed a council of elders. The council, which included 28 citizens over age Cause and Effect Why did 60, presented laws to an assembly. the Spartans focus on military training?

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 347 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Michael Holford WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration). WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

Athens What Was Life in Athens Like? Athenian citizens raised their children very differ- Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more ently from Spartans. In Athenian schools, interested in building a democracy than building a one teacher taught boys to read, write, and military force. do arithmetic. Another teacher taught them Reading Connection When visiting a new city, does sports. A third teacher taught them to sing everything feel strange to you? Spartans who visited and to play a stringed instrument called the Athens probably felt the same way. Read to find out why. lyre. This kind of instruction created well- rounded Athenians with good minds and Athens lay northeast of Sparta, at least a bodies. At age 18, boys finished school and two-day trip away. The two city-states were became citizens. also miles apart in their values and systems Athenian girls stayed at home. Their of government. mothers taught them spinning, weaving,

The Olympics Modern Olympic athletes

In ancient Greece, only men could participate in and view the Olympic games. Athletes competed by themselves, not as part of a team. Contests included running, jumping, wrestling, and boxing. Each winning athlete won a crown of olive leaves and brought glory to his city.

In today’s Olympic games, both men and women compete. These athletes come from all over the world. They may compete in either individual or team sporting events. Olympic athletes strive to win gold, silver, or bronze medals. What did ancient Greek Olympic winners receive? What A warrior’s race in the ancient Olympics do present-day Olympic winners receive?

348 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks (l)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection, (r)Dan Helms/NewSport/CORBIS The city of Athens was named for the goddess Athena. WebActivity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and What group ruled click on Chapter 7—Student Web Activity Athens during to learn more about ancient Greece. the 600s B.C.?

and other household duties. Only in some wealthy families did girls learn to read, write, and play the lyre. When they married, women stayed home to keep house and to teach their own daughters.

A Budding Democracy Early Athens, like other city-states, was ruled by landowning nobles during the 600s B.C. An assembly of all citizens existed, but it had few powers. Actually, the government was an oligarchy, as in Sparta. Around 600 B.C., the Athenians began to rebel against the nobles. Most farmers owed the nobles money, and many sold themselves into slavery to pay their debts. Over and over, farmers demanded an end to all debts, along with land for the poor. In 594 B.C. the nobles turned to the one continued to press Solon to give away the man both sides trusted: a noble named Solon wealthy nobles’ land. This he refused to do. (SOH • luhn). Solon canceled all the farmers’ After Solon, there were 30 years of tur- debts and freed those who had become moil. Finally, a tyrant named Peisistratus slaves. He also allowed all male citizens to (py•SIHS•truht•uhs) seized power in 560 B.C. participate in the assembly and law courts. A He won the support of the poor by dividing council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote the large estates among landless farmers. He also laws, but the assembly had to pass them. loaned money to poor people and gave them Solon’s reforms were popular among jobs building temples and other public the common people. However, the farmers works.

Token used to select jurors for Athenian courts

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 349 (t)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY, (b)The Brooklyn Museum, Charles Wilbour Fund The most important leader after This stone Peisistratus died was Cleisthenes (KLYS •thuh• carving shows Democracy NEEZ). When he came to power in 508 B.C., he crowning a reorganized the assembly to play the central figure that role in governing. As before, all male citizens symbolizes could belong to the assembly and vote on Athens. What laws. However, members had new powers. leader is They could debate matters openly, hear court credited with making Athens cases, and appoint army generals. a democracy? Most importantly, Cleisthenes created a new council of 500 citizens to help the assembly carry out daily business. The council proposed laws, dealt with foreign Noncitizens, which included all women, countries, and oversaw the treasury. foreign-born men, and slaves, were still Athenians chose the members of the excluded. Nonetheless, Cleisthenes is council each year in a lottery. They believed credited with making the government of this system was fairer than an election, Athens a democracy. which might favor the rich. Cleisthenes’ reforms did not bring Explain How did all Athenians into the political process. Cleisthenes build a democracy in Athens?

Study Central Need help comparing Athens and Sparta? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who were the helots? 5. Explain How did Greek nobles gain power? CA 6RC2.0 Review the 2. Why did tyrants fall out of favor with the Greeks? • The support of wealthy mer- 6. Analyze Why was Solon pop- chants and artisans helped Critical Thinking ular among some Athenian tyrants seize power from nobles farmers and unpopular among 3. Persuasive Writing Athenians others? CA HR5. in the city-states. chose officials by lottery. Write an essay arguing for or against 7. To ensure stability, • Sparta was a powerful city-state. this idea. CA 6WA2.5 the Athenians set up their gov- It created a military state to ernment to keep one person 4. Classifying Information control the people it conquered from gaining too much power. Draw a diagram like the one and to prevent uprisings. How did they do this? below. In each oval write a fact CA 6RC2.4 about the Spartan oligarchy. • Athens was a powerful demo- CA 6RC2.4 8. Expository Writing Imagine cratic city-state. Athenians were that you are a 28-year-old man more involved in government, living in Sparta in 700 B.C.Write education, and the arts than the a letter to your 6-year-old Spartans. Oligarchy nephew telling him what to expect when he leaves home on his next birthday. CA 6WS1.1

350 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Persia Attacks the Greeks

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Meeting People Section 2 explained how Greeks Cyrus the Great (SY•ruhs) built strong but separate city-states. Darius (duh•RY •uhs) History At the same time far to the east, the Xerxes (ZUHRK•SEEZ) Social Science Persians were building a powerful Themistocles Standards empire. It was only a matter of time (thuh•MIHS•tuh•KLEEZ) WH6.4 Students before Persia would try to invade analyze the geographic, Greece. political, economic, Content Vocabulary religious, and social satrapies (SAY•truh•peez) structures of the early Focusing on the civilizations of Ancient satrap (SAY•TRAP) • The Persian Empire united a wide Greece. area under a single government. Zoroastrianism (ZOHR•uh•WAS • (page 352) tree•uh•NIH•zuhm) • Both Sparta and Athens played roles Academic Vocabulary in defeating the Persians. (page 354) vision (VIH•zhuhn) internal (ihn•TUHR•nuhl) Locating Places Persia (PUHR•zhuh) Reading Strategy Marathon (MAR•uh•THAHN) Organizing Information Create a Thermopylae chart like the one below to list the (thuhr•MAH•puh•lee) accomplishments of Cyrus, Darius, Salamis (SA•luh•muhs) and Xerxes. Plataea (pluh•TEE•uh) Ruler Accomplishments

650 B..C.5.550 B..C.4.450 B..C..

660 B.C. 559 B.C. 480 B.C. Zoroaster Cyrus becomes Xerxes invades born ruler of Persia Greece

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 351 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Roger Wood/CORBIS WH6.4.5 Outline the founding, expansion, and political organization of the Persian Empire.

to unite the Persians into a powerful The Persian Empire kingdom. Under Cyrus, who ruled from The Persian Empire united a wide area 559 B.C. to 530 B.C., Persia began building under a single government. an empire larger than any yet seen in the Reading Connection Have you ever seen soldiers world. marching through city streets on the news? Imagine the same thing happening in Asia in the 500s B.C.Read to The Rise of the Persian Empire In 539 B.C. learn what happened as Persian armies marched west- Cyrus’s armies swept into Mesopotamia ward from Asia. and captured Babylon. Then they took over northern Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, The people of Persia (PUHR•zhuh) lived Canaan, and the Phoenician cities. Cyrus in what is today southwestern Iran. Early treated all his new subjects well. As you Persians were warriors and nomads who read in Chapter 3, he allowed the captive herded cattle. For a time, they were domi- Jews in Babylon to return home. Cyrus’s nated by others. Then one remarkable merciful rule helped hold his growing leader, Cyrus the Great (SY•ruhs), managed empire together.

The Persian Empire 500 B.C.

20°E 40°E 60°E

N Aral Sea 40°N Black Sea W E C a s S p GREECE i a n A ASIA S m Sardis u e D M MINOR a arya R. e M Tigr di Crete is te E R rra SO . ne Cyprus P Nineveh an O S . ea E T Byblos R u A KEY p M s PHOENICIA hr u at I Persian Empire d es A n Tyre I Jerusalem R PERSIA Royal Road . Babylon Susa EGYPT CANAAN Persepolis N P i l e e r R s . i Thebes an R G u e lf d S Arabian Sea e a 20°N

1. Location About how long was the 0 500 miles Royal Road? 0 500 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 2. Movement Based on the map, why might the Persian Empire have been a threat to Greece?

Bronze model of Persian chariot

352 SEF/Art Resource, NY The leaders who followed Cyrus con- was born in 660 B.C. He began preaching tinued to add to Persian territory. They after seeing visions as a young man. conquered Egypt, western India, and Like the Jews, Zoroaster believed in Thrace, a region northeast of Greece. From one god. He viewed this supreme being as one end to the other, the Persian Empire the creator of all things and a force of was about the size of the continental goodness. However, Zoroaster recognized United States today. evil in the world, too. He taught that To connect their vast holdings, the humans had the freedom to choose Persians built miles of roads. The Royal between right and wrong, and that good- Road stretched from Asia Minor to Susa, ness would triumph in the end. The the Persian capital. Along the way, the Persians practiced Zoroastrianism for cen- Persians set up roadside stations to supply turies, and it still has a small number of food, shelter, and fresh horses to the followers today. king’s messengers. Explain What did Darius do to make his government work better? What Was Persian Government Like? As the Persian Empire grew bigger, it became very difficult to manage. When Darius King Darius (duh•RY •uhs) came to the throne in 521 B.C., he reorganized the government to make it Darius helped to organize the Persian government. work better. What methods did he use? Darius divided the empire into 20 states called satrapies (SAY•truh•peez). Each was ruled by an official with the title of satrap (SAY• TRAP), meaning “protector of the kingdom.” The satrap acted as tax collector, judge, chief of police, and head recruiter for the Persian army. However, all the satraps answered to the Persian king. The king’s power depended upon his troops. By the time of Darius, Persia had a large army of professional soldiers. Unlike the Greek city-states, where the citizens took up arms in times of war, in Persia the government paid people to be full-time soldiers. Among them were 10,000 specially trained soldiers who guarded the king. They were called the Immortals because when a member died, he was immediately replaced.

The Persian Religion The Persian religion was called Zoroastrianism (ZOHR •uh•WAS • tree • uh • NIH • zuhm). Its founder, Zoroaster,

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 353 The Art Archive/Dagli Orti WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

against their Persian rulers. The rebellion The Persian Wars failed, but King Darius decided the main- Both Sparta and Athens played roles in land Greeks had to be stopped from inter- defeating the Persians. fering in the Persian Empire. Reading Connection Have you and a rival ever set aside your differences to work for a common cause? This hap- The Battle of Marathon In 490 B.C.a pened in ancient Greece when Sparta and Athens came Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on the together to fight the Persians. Read about the outcome. plain of Marathon (MAR• uh• THAHN), only a short distance from Athens. For several days, the Persians waited there for the As the Greeks set up colonies in the Athenians to advance. The Athenians, how- Mediterranean area, they often clashed ever, did not take the bait. They had only with the Persians. By the mid-500s B.C., 10,000 soldiers compared to the Persians’ Persia already controlled the Greek cities in 20,000. They knew that attacking was too Asia Minor. In 499 B.C. the Athenian army dangerous. Instead they held back in the helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel hills overlooking the plain.

Persian Wars 499–479 B.C.

0 100 miles

0 100 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Sea of Marmara

1 Athenian army defeats Persian army. 40°N

2 Greek force, led by Spartans, falls to Aegean Persian army. Sea Thermopylae Sardis 4 Greeks defeat Persians, Plataea Marathon ending the war. Salamis 3 Greek fleet defeats Miletus Persian navy. Athens Sparta 20°E

KEY W E 30°E Greek states S Persian Empire Crete 1st Persian invasion, 490 B.C. 30°E 2nd Persian invasion, 1. Movement Which of the major battles 480 B.C. Mediterraneanshown was a naval battle? Major battle 2. Place WhSeay might attacks on the Greek city-states have been difficult for the Persians?

354 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks Tired of waiting, the Persian commander decided to sail south and attack Athens directly. He ordered his troops back Herodotus’s onto the ships, and it was then that he made History a big mistake. The first to board, he decided, would be the horsemen in the cavalry, the strongest part of the Persian army. As soon as the cavalry was out of fighting range, the Greeks charged down from the hills and onto the plain of Marathon. They caught the Persian foot soldiers standing in the water, waiting their turn to board the ships. Unable to defend themselves, the Persians were easily defeated. According to legend, the Athenians sent a messenger named Pheidippides (fy•DIHP• uh • DEEZ) home with the news. The runner raced nearly 25 miles (40.2 km) from Marathon to Athens. He collapsed from exhaustion and, with his last breath, announced, “Victory.” Then he died. Herodotus reading to a crowd Modern marathon races are named for this famous run and are just over 26 miles long. The Greek historian Herodotus (hih•RAH• duh•tuhs) wrote History of the Persian Wars. This is thought to be the first real history in After Darius died Another Persian Strike Western civilization. Herodotus described the in 486 B.C., his son Xerxes (ZUHRK • SEEZ) conflict between the Greeks and Persians as became the Persian king. Xerxes vowed one between freedom and dictatorship. Here revenge against the Athenians. In 480 B.C. he tells of Xerxes’ address to Persian nobles: he launched a new invasion of Greece, this “And truly I have pondered upon this, until at last time with about 180,000 troops and thou- I have found out a way whereby we may at once sands of warships and supply vessels. win glory, and likewise get possession of a land which is as large and as rich as our own ...while To defend themselves, the Greeks joined at the same time we obtain satisfaction and forces. Sparta sent the most soldiers, and revenge . . . My intent is to ...march an army their king, Leonidas (lee • AH • nuh • duhs), through Europe against Greece, that thereby I served as commander. Athens provided the may obtain vengeance from the Athenians for navy. An Athenian general, Themistocles the wrongs committed by them against the (thuh • MIHS • tuh • KLEEZ), created a plan to Persians and against my father.” fight the Persians. —Herodotus, The Persian Wars, Book VII The Greeks knew that as the huge Persian army marched south, it depended on shipments of food brought in by boat. What reasons besides revenge does Xerxes Themistocles argued that the Greeks’ best have for invading Greece? strategy would be to attack the Persians’ ships and cut off food supplies to the army.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 355 Bettmann/CORBIS To ready their fleet for battle, the Greeks stayed behind and fought to the death. The needed to stall the Persian army before it Greeks lost the battle at Thermopylae, but reached Athens. The Greeks decided the their valiant stand gave Athens enough best place to block the Persians was at time to assemble 200 ships. Thermopylae (thuhr • MAH • puh • lee). Ther- The Greek fleet attacked the Persian mopylae was a narrow pass through the fleet in the strait of Salamis (SA•luh•muhs), mountains that was easy to defend. About not far from Athens. A strait is a narrow strip 7,000 Greek soldiers held off the Persians of water between two pieces of land. The there for two days. The Spartans in the Greeks expected to have the upper hand in Greek army were especially brave. As one the battle because their ships could maneu- story has it, the Greeks heard that Persian ver well in tight spaces. Greek ships were arrows would darken the sky. A Spartan smaller, faster, and easier to steer than the big warrior responded, “That is good news. We Persian ships, which became easy targets. will fight in the shade!” The Greek plan worked. After a ferocious Unfortunately for the Greeks, a traitor battle, the Greeks destroyed almost the entire exposed a mountain path to the Persians Persian fleet. Still, the Persian army marched that led them around the Greeks. As the on. When their troops reached Athens, the Persians mounted a rear attack, King Greeks had already fled. Leonidas sent most of his troops to safety. The Persians burned the city. This only He and several hundred others, however, stiffened the resolve of the Greek city-states.

BattleBattle ofof SalamisSalamis

At the Battle of Salamis, smaller, faster Greek ships defeated the Persian fleet. Near what Greek city-state was the strait of Salamis located?

Peter Connolly In early 479 B.C., they came together to The high taxes angered their subjects form the largest Greek army ever assem- and caused many rebellions. At the same bled. With solid body armor, longer spears, time, the Persian royal family fought over and better training, the Greek army who was to be king. Many of the later crushed the Persian army at Plataea (pluh• Persian kings were killed by other family TEE•uh), northwest of Athens. members who wanted the throne. The battle was a turning point for the Persian kings had many wives and Greeks, convincing the Persians to retreat to children. The sons had little, if any, power Asia Minor. By working together, the Greek so they were constantly plotting to take city-states had saved their homeland from over the throne. As a result of such plots, invasion. six of the nine rulers after Darius were murdered. What Caused the Persian Empire to Fall? All of these problems made Persia When the Greeks defeated the Persian vulnerable to attack. By the time a young army, they helped to weaken it. The empire Greek conqueror named Alexander in- was already affected by internal problems. vaded the empire in 334 B.C., the Persians As these problems worsened, the empire were no match for his troops. would gradually lose its strength. By 330 B.C., the last Persian king was dead Persia remained intact for almost 150 and Alexander ruled over all his lands. You more years. However, after Darius and will learn more about Alexander the Great Xerxes, other Persian rulers raised taxes to and his many achievements in Chapter 8. gain more wealth. They spent the gold and silver that flowed into the treasuries on lux- Cause and Effect What led uries for the royal court. to the Persian Wars?

Study Central Need help understanding Persia or the Persian wars? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Why was Cyrus considered a 4. Imagine you are fair ruler? an adviser to Xerxes and are Review the 2. What was the Royal Road? alarmed about his plan for • The Persian Empire united its revenge on Greece. Compose a many lands under a single Critical Thinking letter to him listing possible government. 3. Summarize Draw a table like outcomes of the war. the one below. Then summarize CA 6WS1.1; 6WA2.5 • The Persian Empire attacked what happened at each battle 5. Determining Greece several times. Despite in the Persian Wars. CA 6RC2.4 Context Reread the Primary their rivalry, Athens and Sparta Source quote on page 355. Does joined forces to defeat the Battle Action it matter that the quote comes Persians. Marathon Thermopylae from a Greek? Write an essay Salamis discussing different ways the Plataea quote can be interpreted. CA HR5.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 357 The Age of Pericles

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary In Section 3, you learned how direct democracy History the Greeks defeated the Persians at (dih•MAH•kruh•see) Social Science Plataea. One lesson the Greeks drew representative democracy Standards from the war was that they needed (REH•prih•ZEHN•tuh•tihv) WH6.4 Students each other for security. Athens and philosopher (fuh•LAH•suh•fuhr) analyze the geographic, several other city-states soon political, economic, religious, and social banded together in a league for Academic Vocabulary structures of the early the common defense. behalf (bih•HAF) civilizations of Ancient Greece. economy (ih•KAH•nuh•mee) Focusing on the framework (FRAYM•WUHRK) • Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic. Reading Strategy (page 359) Organizing Information Create • Athenian men and women had very a circle graph to show how many different roles. (page 362) citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C. • Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece. (page 364)

Locating Places Foreigners Slaves Delos (DEE•LAHS) Meeting People Pericles (PEHR•uh•KLEEZ) Citizens Aspasia (as•PAY •zhuh)

500500 B..C.4.450 B.C. 400 B.C.

GREECE 478 B.C. 461 B.C. 431 B.C. Delian League Pericles leads Peloponnesian Athens forms Athens War begins

Sparta Delos

358 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks WH6.4.3 State the key differences between Athenian, or direct, democracy and representative democracy.

The Athenian Empire Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic. Reading Connection Do you vote in school elec- tions? Why do you choose one classmate over another? Read to learn why Athenians kept electing Pericles.

As you read in Section 3, the Battle of Plataea in 479 B.C. put an end to the Persians’ invasion of Greece. Although the Persians retreated, they still remained a threat. In 478 B.C. Athens joined with other city-states— but not Sparta—to form the Delian League. The Delian League promised to defend its members against the Persians. It also worked to drive Persia out of Greek territo- ries in Asia Minor. Eventually, the league freed almost all of the Greek cities under Persia’s control. These ruins are of the agora—an ancient At its start, the Delian League had head- marketplace in Athens where the assembly met. quarters on the island of Delos (DEE• LAHS). What type of democracy did Athens have? However, its chief officials—the treasurers in charge of its money and the commanders Can you imagine such a system in the in charge of its fleet—were from Athens, as United States? A mass meeting of our were most of the troops. Little by little, millions of citizens would be impossible! Athens gained control over the other city- Instead, in the United States we have a states in the alliance. Soon the league was representative democracy (REH •prih•ZEHN• no longer a partnership to fight Persia but tuh•tihv). Under this type of democracy, cit- an Athenian empire. izens choose a smaller group to make laws In 454 B.C. the Athenians moved the and governmental decisions on their Delian League’s treasury from Delos to behalf. This is a much more practical sys- Athens. The Athenians also began sending tem when the population is large. troops to other Greek city-states, to help the What made direct democracy workable common people rebel against the nobles in in ancient Athens was the relatively small power. number of citizens. In the mid-400s B.C., about 43,000 male citizens over 18 years old Democracy in Athens Athenians had a made up the assembly. Usually fewer than strong faith in their democratic system. 6,000 attended the meetings, which were We call their system direct democracy held every 10 days. The assembly passed all (dih•MAH•kruh•see). In a direct democracy, laws, elected officials, and made decisions people gather at mass meetings to decide on war and foreign affairs. Ten officials on government matters. Every citizen can known as generals carried out the assembly’s vote firsthand on laws and policies. laws and policies.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 359 Steve Vidler/SuperStock Comparing Governments Athenian Democracy American Democracy Type of Democracy Direct Representative

Right to Vote Only adult males born in Athens All citizens, male and female age 18 or over

Laws Proposed by the council and Approved by both houses of approved by a majority in the Congress and signed by the assembly president

Citizen Involvement Citizens with voting rights can Citizens with voting rights can vote for or against any law vote for or against the officials who make the laws

The small number of citizens made a direct democracy possible in Athens. The Achievements of Pericles Athenians 1. In Athens, how was a law approved? reelected their favorite generals again and 2. Compare Which government granted the again. After the Persian Wars, the leading fig- right to vote to more of its population? ure in Athenian politics was a general named Pericles (PEHR • uh • KLEEZ). This great statesman guided Athens for more than 30 years, Culture also blossomed under the rule from 461 B.C., when he was first elected, until of Pericles. The Age of Pericles was a 429 B.C., shortly before his death. Pericles helped Athens dominate the period of tremendous creativity and Delian League. He treated the other city- learning that peaked in the mid-400s B.C. states like subjects, demanding strict loy- The Persians had destroyed much of the alty and steady payments from them. He city during the Persian Wars. So Pericles even insisted that they use Athenian coins started a major rebuilding program. He and measures. had new temples and statues built across At the same time, Pericles made Athens the city. more democratic at home. He believed that Pericles supported artists, architects, (fuh LAH suh people’s talents were more important than writers, and philosophers • • • fuhrs) their social standing. For this reason, . Philosophers are thinkers who pon- Pericles included more Athenians than der questions about life. In Chapter 8, you ever before in government. He allowed will read more about the Greeks’ achieve- lower-class male citizens to run for public ments and understand why Pericles called office, and he also paid officeholders. As a Athens “the school of Greece.” result, even poor citizens could, for the first Identify What is the differ- time, be part of the inner circle running the ence between a direct democracy and a represen- government. tative democracy?

360 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles’ Funeral Oration).

PERICLES c. 495– 429 B.C. Pericles was born just outside Athens, to a wealthy and powerful family. He received his education from philosophers. As a young man, he was known for his skill with words. Later, when he became a political leader, he strongly supported democracy. Pericles Although he was from a wealthy family himself, he believed that citizenship should not be limited to the wealthy and powerful. He made changes to take power from the few and give it to the many. However, in describing Pericles’ rule over Athens, Greek historian Thucydides wrote “In name democracy, but in fact the rule of one man.” The “Age of Pericles” was Athens’s Golden Age, and the city blossomed under his leadership. Pericles wanted Athens to be a model for the world. He made it a centerpiece of art, philosophy, and democracy. “Athens...is the Pericles’ goal was to make Athens a city that Greeks school of Greece.” could be proud of. He hired hundreds of workers to —— Pericles, as recorded construct public buildings in Athens. The most well known by Thucydides is the Parthenon. Based on the value of money today, it cost about $3 billion to build. Workers hauled 20,000 tons of marble from a nearby mountain and spent almost 15 years completing it. Pericles was a private person. He avoided being in public as much as possible. He spent most of his time alone, with family, or with close friends. He married and had three sons. In 429 B.C.Pericles died from the plague.

Consider what Thucydides wrote about Pericles’ rule in Athens. Do research to find out how the U.S. Constitution ensures that our government is not dominated by one leader. The Parthenon sits at the top of the Acropolis.

361 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Vanni Archive/CORBIS WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

Daily Life in Athens rights. Foreigners in Athens numbered about 35,000. The population also included Athenian men and women had very about 100,000 enslaved people. different roles. Reading Connection School may be difficult at times, Roles of Men and Women Athenian men but how would you feel if you could not go to school? Read usually worked in the morning and then on to learn about the limits placed on some Athenians. exercised or attended meetings of the assembly. In the evenings, upper-class men enjoyed In the 400s B.C., more people lived in all-male gatherings where they drank, dined, Athens than in any other Greek city-state. and discussed politics and philosophy. Athens had about 285,000 residents in all. For Athenian women, life revolved Some 150,000 were citizens, although only around home and family. Girls married 43,000 of these were men with political early—at 14 or 15—and were expected to

Athenian Homes

Many wealthy Athenians had large homes made of mud bricks and tiled roofs. They had many small windows to let light and air in the house. Where are religious influences seen in the house? Altar and Courtyard Wool Room Greek courtyards usually had an Yarn was spun and cloth altar to the favorite family god. was woven here.

Bedroom

Family Room

Kitchen Dining Room Cooking was often done Men ate their meals alone over an open fire. while served by women.

Athenian urn

362 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks Smithsonian Institution have children and take care of household Greeks were also enslaved after being taken duties. Poor women might also work with prisoner during a war by other Greeks. their husbands in the fields or sell goods in Enslaved men usually worked on projects the agora. Respectable upper-class women, requiring heavy labor. Enslaved women and however, stayed at home. They supervised children become cooks and maids in Greek the household servants and worked wool homes. Educated slaves sometimes became into cloth—spinning, dyeing, and weaving tutors to the children in the home. Others it. They rarely went out, except to funerals or worked in the fields and in artisans’ shops. festivals. Even then, they could leave the Enslaved people were treated differently house only if a male relative went with them. from place to place. Those working in the Although Athenian women could not mines often died at a young age. Skilled slaves attend school, many learned to read and to often worked with citizens creating their play music. Still, even educated women crafts. A few held positions of privilege, such were not considered the equals of men. They as overseers on farms. In some instances, they had no political rights and could not own were able to earn money and even buy their property. Fathers took charge of unmarried freedom, but this did not happen very often. daughters. Husbands looked after their The Greek city-states depended on enslaved wives. Sons or other male relatives looked labor. Without it, Athens could not have sup- after the welfare of widows. ported its bustling economy. A few women did move more freely in public life. Aspasia (as • PAY • zhuh) is What Drove the Athenian Economy? perhaps the most famous example. Many Athenians depended on farming for Aspasia was not a native Athenian. This a living. Herders raised sheep and goats for gave her special status. She was well- wool, milk, and cheese. Some farmers educated and taught public speaking to grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local many Athenians. Her writings have not use. Others grew grapes and olives to make survived, but Plato, the famous Greek wine and olive oil to sell abroad. philosopher, said her work helped shape Athens did not have enough farmland his ideas. Pericles often consulted to grow crops for all its people. As a result, Aspasia, as did many other Athenian the city had to import grain from other leaders. In this way, she became influen- places. This had much to do with Athens’s tial in politics even though she was not geographic location. Athens was located allowed to vote or hold office. near the coast of Greece in the middle of Greek civilization. Slavery in Athens Most people in the The city built a large fleet of ships to ancient world considered slavery to be a trade with colonies and other city-states in normal way of life, even the enslaved peo- the Mediterranean. During the 400s B.C., ple. Athens was no exception. Slavery was Athens became an important crossroads for common even in the city of democracy. people, ideas, and goods traveling through Most Athenian homes had at least one the region. Merchants and artisans grew enslaved person, and wealthy Athenian wealthy by making and selling pottery, jew- households often had many. Many of the elry, leather goods, and other items. enslaved were people Athenians had cap- Describe How did Athenian tured in battle with non-Greeks. Sometimes men and women spend their time?

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 363 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles’ Funeral Oration). WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their rules in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. The Peloponnesian War Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece. Reading Connection Have you ever tried to get people to work together and been frustrated when they will not cooperate? Read to find out how the Greek city- states’ refusal to cooperate nearly led to their destruc- Women’s Duties In ancient Athens, a tion. woman’s place was in the home. Her two main responsibilities were caring for the As the Athenian empire became rich and household and raising children. The Greek powerful, other city-states, especially Sparta, writer Xenophon (ZEH•nuh•fuhn) recorded grew suspicious of Athenian aims. Sparta a man’s explanation of women’s duties. and Athens had built two very different “Thus your duty will be to remain indoors and kinds of societies, and neither state under- send out those servants whose work is outside, stood or trusted the other. After the Persian and superintend those who are to work indoors ....And when wool is brought to you, Wars, both city-states desired to be the major you must see that cloaks are made for those power in the Greek world. They clashed over that want them. You must see too that the dry this goal several times between 460 B.C. and corn is in good condition for making food.” 445 B.C. In this year, Athens and Sparta —Xenophon, Memorabilia and Oeconomicus signed a peace treaty. The second floor of each home was Conflict Between Athens and Sparta In the women’s quarters. An Athenian the years following the Persian Wars, woman lived there with her children. She Sparta suffered from a major earthquake was expected to keep her children well and happy. She and the revolt of the helots. Both of these encouraged them events weakened Sparta for some time. to learn sports and Meanwhile, Athens continued gaining play with toys, and more control over its empire, sometimes taught them how using its military to force other city-states to interact with to pay tribute. Between 460 B.C. and 450 friends and family B.C., Athens was able to gain a land empire members. Some boys near Thebes and Corinth. However, these went to school, while city-states were able to throw off Athenian the girls stayed at control by 446 B.C. Both Corinth and home. Thebes remained distrustful of Athens and became allies with Sparta. Although Athens had lost some of its Greek woman and servant land in mainland Greece, it grew by gaining influence over other city-states and by set- Connecting to the Past tling colonies. Sometimes Athenian colonists 1. Why do you think women and children fought with other Greeks who lived nearby lived on the second floor of the home? because the Athenians were too aggressive. 2. Over what areas of life did an Athenian This angered Sparta, but the Spartans were woman have authority? not yet ready to declare war.

Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS However, in 433 B.C.Athenian activities had died in battle. The relatives of the dead interfered directly with some of Sparta’s wept for their loved ones. The rest of the cit- allies. These allies began pushing Sparta to izens joined in a procession. attack Athens. Finally, war broke out in As was the custom, a leading Athenian 431 B.C. It would drag on until 404 B.C. addressed the crowd. On this day, Pericles and shatter any possibility of future spoke. He talked about the greatness of cooperation among the Greeks. Historians Athens and reminded the people that they call this conflict the Peloponnesian War made their government strong. because Sparta was located in the In this famous speech, called the Funeral Peloponnesus. Oration, Pericles pointed out that Athenians Pericles’ Funeral Oration In the first win- were part of a community. As citizens, they ter of the war, the Athenians held a public agreed to obey the rules in their constitu- funeral. Its purpose was to honor those who tion—their framework of government.

The Peloponnesian War 431–404 B.C.

20°E 30°E N Black Sea Adriatic W E Sea S Sea of KEY Marmara 422 B.C. °N Sparta and allies 405 B.C. 410 B.C. 40 Athens and allies 429 B.C. °N Neutral states 411 B.C. PERSIAN EMPIRE Spartan victory Aegean 406 B.C. Athenian victory Sea

424 B.C. Ionian Theb es 407 B.C. Sea Corinth Athens 418 B.C. Delos Miletus Sp arta 425 B.C.

Mediterranean Sea Crete

0 1 00 m iles 0 1 00 kilom eters 1. MovementLambert AzimuthalIn Equa whatl-Area year projection was the earliest Greek warriors battle of the war fought? In whose territory? 2. Human/Environment Interaction Which major cities were allied with Sparta? How do you think having those allies helped the Spartans to win the war?

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 365 Scala/Art Resource, NY They accepted certain duties, such as pay- Why Was Athens Defeated? At the begin- ing taxes and defending the city. They also ning of the Peloponnesian War, both Sparta gained certain rights, such as the ability to and Athens thought they knew how to win. vote and run for office. Pericles’ speech The Spartans and their allies surrounded reminded Athenians of the power of Athens. They hoped that the Athenians democracy and gave them the courage to would send out an army to fight. However, keep fighting. Its ideas are still important Pericles knew that Spartan forces could beat for people living in democratic nations the Athenians in open battles. Believing his today. people would be safe behind the city walls, he urged farmers and others on the outskirts to move inside the city. There Pericles’ Athenians stayed put and had the navy Funeral Oration deliver supplies from their colonies and allies. Because Sparta did not have a navy, it Pericles was a dominant figure in Athenian could not attack the Athenian ships. politics between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C., a period historians call the Age of Pericles. Athens escaped serious harm for some In his Funeral Oration, given during the time. Then, in the second year of the war, a Peloponnesian War, Pericles described deadly disease spread through the over- democracy, the importance of the individual, crowded city. It killed more than a third and citizenship. of the people, including Pericles himself in “Our constitution is called 429 B.C.Despite these terrible losses, the a democracy because Athenians fought on. Over the next 25 power is in the hands not years, each side won victories but did not of a minority but of the have the strength to defeat the other city- whole people. When it is a question of settling state. private disputes, everyone The historian Thucydides recorded is equal before the law; what he saw: when it is a question of putting one person before This, then, was the calamity another in positions of which fell upon Athens, and the public responsibility, what times were hard indeed, with men counts is not membership dying inside the city and the land of a particular class, but outside being laid waste. Pericles the actual ability which the man possesses. —Thucydides, No one ...is kept [out of government] because History of the Peloponnesian War of poverty. And, just as our political life is free and open, so is our day-to-day life in our Finally, desperate to win, the Spartans relations with each other.” made a deal with the Persian Empire. In —Pericles, as recorded by Thucydides, exchange for enough money to build a History of the Peloponnesian War navy, they gave the Persians some Greek territory in Asia Minor. When Pericles said “everyone is equal In 405 B.C. Sparta’s new navy destroyed before the law,” what did he mean? the Athenian fleet. The next year, after losing more battles on land, Athens surrendered.

366 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks The Spartans and their allies then tore down the city walls and broke up the Athenian empire. The Results of the War The Peloponnesian War weakened all of the major Greek city- Thucydides is one of the greatest ancient states, both the winners and the losers. historians. He fought Many people died in the fighting, and in the Peloponnesian many farms were destroyed. Thousands of War for Athens and people were left without jobs. It was an recorded the events extremely difficult time. he witnessed. After defeating Athens, Sparta created its own empire. However, the Spartans soon began creating enemies among their The Greek city-states continued to fight allies, much as the Athenians had before. among themselves, growing progressively Over the next 30 years, Sparta fought Persia weaker. All the while, they failed to notice again and then tried to maintain control of that to their north, the kingdom of Macedonia was growing in power. This rebellious allies. Finally, in 371 B.C., Sparta fell to an army led by Thebes. This city-state would eventually cost them their freedom. held a position of leadership in Greece for Cause and Effect What ef- less than 10 years before collapsing. fects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece?

Study Central Need help understanding the causes of the Peloponnesian War? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What caused the 4. Analyze What caused the Peloponnesian War? Review the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens? CA HI2. • Democracy and culture in Athens 2. According to Pericles, what flourished under the leadership duties did Athenian citizens 5. Under Pericles’ of Pericles. have? leadership, the economy of Critical Thinking Athens grew. Which groups of • Athenian men worked as farmers, workers were important to this artisans, and merchants, while 3. Summarize Use a chart like growth? CA 6RC2.0 most women stayed secluded at the one below to summarize home. what Athens was like in the 6. Civics Link How did the direct Age of Pericles. CA 6RC2.4 democracy of Athens differ • Athens and Sparta fought each from the democracy we have other in the Peloponnesian War. Government in the United States? The fighting led to the defeat of CA 6RC2.2 Athens and the weakening of all Economy the Greek states. 7. Expository Writing Describe Culture the role of the Delian League in Wars the creation of the Athenian empire. CA 6WA2.2

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 367 WH6.4.4 Explain the significance of Greek mythology to the everyday life of people in the region and how Greek literature continues to permeate our literature and language today, drawing from Greek mythology and epics, such as Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and from Aesop’s Fables. WH6.4.8 Describe the enduring contributions of important Greek figures in the arts and sciences (e.g., Hypatia, Socrates, Greek Historians Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Thucydides). Writing history is not easy. The ancient Greeks wrote many histories, but their approach changed over time. Three of the most famous Greek writers are Homer, Herodotus, and Thucydides. They wrote at different times, and each explained historical events in a different way. Read the passages on pages 368 and 369, and answer the questions that follow. Pay attention to how each writer explains events. Homer

Reader’s Dictionary

Hector:a prince of Troy Helen:a beautiful Greek woman who Deïphobus (day•ee•FOH•buhs): a was kidnapped by Paris, causing the powerful fighter from Troy Trojan War. Paris: brother of Hector and a prince of Medea (meh•DEE•uh): a woman the Troy Greeks had kidnapped from the Persians Priam (PREE•uhm): father of Hector and Paris Homer’s Iliad

Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the Trojan But Deïphobus was nowhere in sight. War and shows how early Greeks explained It was then that Hector knew in his heart events. In this excerpt, the Trojan warrior What had happened, and said to himself: Hector realizes that he will be killed by Achilles. “I hear the gods calling me to my death. I thought I had a good man here with me, And Hector let his heavy javelin fly, Deïphobus, but he’s still on the wall. A good throw, too, hitting Achilles’ shield Athena tricked me. Death is closing in Dead center, but it only rebounded away. And there’s no escape. Zeus and Apollo Angry that his throw was wasted, Hector Must have chosen this long ago, even though Fumbled about for a moment, reaching They used to be on my side. My fate is here, For another spear. He shouted to But I will not perish without some great deed Deïphobus, That future generations will remember.”

—Homer, Iliad 368 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks The Histories Thucydides’ History of the by Herodotus Peloponnesian War

Herodotus often tried to provide sources for his Thucydides took great care to analyze the causes history. Here he gives one of the reasons he of events and the sources for his history. In this believes the Greeks and the Persians did not like passage, he discusses a terrible plague that hit each other. the mythological story about how the Athens in 430 B.C. Greeks had kidnapped the woman Medea from The most terrible thing people in the land near Troy. of all was the despair into Paris, the son of Priam, was inspired . . . to which people fell when steal a wife for himself out of Greece, being they realized that they had confident that he would not have to pay for the caught the plague; for they venture any more than the Greeks had done. would immediately adopt And that was how he came to carry off Helen. an attitude of utter hope- The first idea of the Greeks . . . was to send a lessness, and, by giving in demand for satisfaction and for Helen’s return. this way, would lose their The demand was met by a reference to the powers of resistance. Terri- Thucydides seizure of Medea and the injustice of expecting ble, too, was the sight of people dying like satisfaction from people to whom they them- sheep through having caught the disease as a selves had refused it, not to mention the fact result of nursing others. This indeed caused that they had kept the girl. more deaths than anything else. For when peo- . . . [T]he Greeks, merely on account of a girl ple were afraid to visit the sick, then they died from Sparta, raised a big army, invaded Asia with no one to look after them; indeed, there and destroyed the empire of Priam. From that were many houses in which all the inhabitants root sprang their belief in the perpetual enmity perished through lack of any attention. When, of the Grecian world towards them—Asia with on the other hand, they did visit the sick, they its various foreign-speaking peoples belonging lost their own lives. to the Persians, Europe and the Greek states —Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War being, in their opinion, quite separate and dis- tinct from them. Such then is the Persian story. In their view it was the capture of Troy that first made them the enemies of the Greeks.

—Herodotus, The Histories

Homer’s Iliad Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War 1. What does Hector think Athena did? 5. According to Thucydides, what caused more 2. Why does Hector believe he is going to die? deaths than anything else during the plague? The Histories by Herodotus 6. What caused people to lose their powers of resistance? 3. Why does Paris think he can get away with kidnapping Helen? Read to Write 7. Which passage seems the most reliable? 4. What does Herodotus’s use of myths say Why? How is Thucydides’ approach to history about how he wrote his history? different from the way Homer and Herodotus explain events? CA 6RC2.6 CA HR5.

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 369 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY Standard WH6.4

Review Content Vocabulary Section 4 • The Age of Pericles Write the vocabulary word that completes each 15. How was democracy expanded during the sentence. Write a sentence for each word not Age of Pericles? used. 16. What were the main duties of women in a. satrap d. direct democracy Athens? b. agora e. oligarchy 17. What was the result of the Peloponnesian War? c. democracy f. peninsula 1. In a(n) ___, a few wealthy people hold Critical Thinking power. 18. Cause and Effect How did the geography 2. The Greek mainland is a(n) ___, a body of of Greece help to encourage trade? CA CS3. land with water on three sides. 19. Conclude Did the people of ancient Athens 3. In a(n) ___, people at mass meetings make have a full democracy? Explain. CA 6RC2.0 decisions for the government. 20. Explain Do you think people would enjoy 4. A(n) ___ acted as tax collector, judge, chief more freedom in an oligarchy or a tyranny? of police, and army recruiter. Explain. CA 6RC2.2 Review the Geography Skills Section 1 • The Early Greeks Study the map below and answer the follow- 5. How did the geography of Greece influ- ing questions. ence where people settled and how they 21. Place What sea lies along the west coast made a living? of Greece? CA CS3. 6. How did the building of ships affect 22. Location Where was Knossos? CA CS3. Minoan civilization? 23. Movement If you traveled from Athens to 7. Which group built the first Greek king- Troy, in what direction would you be going? doms? CA CS3. 8. How did the Greek colonies help industry to grow? Ancient Greece 9. What are Greek city-states also known as? Section 2 • Sparta and Athens 10. Why were tyrants able to seize control

from Greek nobles? N 40°N Troy 11. Who did the Spartans fear most within E their city-states? GREECE Aegean W Ionian Sea S 12. Describe the differences between Athens Sea Athens and Sparta. Mycenae M Section 3 • Persia Attacks the Greeks ed Sparta ite 13. What system did Darius use to unite his rra nea large empire under one government? n Sea Knossos 14. Why did Sparta and Athens unite during Crete 20°E 30°E the Persian Wars?

370 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for Read to Write the Chapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com 24. Writing Research Reports Write an essay explaining how democracy helped create a strong and stable society in Greece. CA 6WA2.3 Reviewing Skills 25. Using Your Use the information from your completed chapter opener fold- 29. Comparing and ables to create a brief study guide for the Contrasting Write an essay comparing chapter. Your study guide should include at and contrasting the Persian Empire to the least five questions for each section. Greek city-states. Explain how these Questions should focus on the main ideas. similarities and differences affected the Exchange your study guide with a partner result of the Persian Wars. CA WS1.3 and answer each of the questions. CA HR1. 30. Facts and Opinions Reread Using Academic Vocabulary the quotations from Xenophon (page 364) 26. Separate the words below into three cate- and Pericles (page 366). Determine whether gories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Keep these statements are facts or opinions. in mind that some of the words can be Write a paragraph about each quotation CA HR2.; HR5. placed in more than one column. explaining your decision. region participate culture economy overseas vision community internal enforce framework Read the passage below and Linking Past and Present answer the following question. 27. Making Comparisons Choose a person “My intent is to ...march an army mentioned in Chapter 7. Write a descrip- through Europe against Greece, that tion of someone in the news today who has thereby I may obtain vengeance similar ideas or has acted in similar ways. from the Athenians for the wrongs List some of their similarities. CA 6WA2.0 committed by them . . .”

Building Citizenship 31 The above words were spoken 28. Analyze Democracy is not easy to achieve by the leader of which group or maintain. Make a chart like the one of people? below to identify things that challenged or threatened democracy in Athens. CA HI2. A the Romans B the Athenians C the Persians Challenges to Democracy D the Minoans

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 371