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Front Cover.Indd Southwestern Journal of International Studies WHO VOTES IN EUROPE? CAN WOLFINGER AND ROSENTSTONE APPLY TO TURNOUT IN EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS? ……………………….……… 1 Jeff Wm. Justice The BEAUTY AND THE BEAST: CIVIL SOCIETY AND NATIONALISMS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ……………………………………………………………...... 25 Joan Davison and Jesenko Tesan AFTER DOI MOI: VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES 2003 – 2010……..….. 55 John H. Barnett LEGENDS OF SAN KUAN MIAO: HOW THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE’S CHINESE LANGUAGE TRAINING PROGRAM BEGAN………………………………... 73 William J. Cunningham, FSO (ret.) RESEARCH NOTE: HUAWEI AND AMERICA ……………………………………………. 107 William Abbott Foster Undergraduate Paper INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND THE ROLE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE…….. 113 Grant Bethurum and Marsha Hutchison Volume 4 Number 1 Fall 2011 Published by the Southwestern International Studies Association SOUTHWESTERN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT Mehdi Noorbaksh, Ph.D. Department of International Affairs & Coordinator of General Education Harrisburg University [email protected] 2011 CONFERENCE PROGRAM CHAIR Jeff Justice, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Tarleton State University [email protected] JOURNAL EDITOR Hans Stockton, Ph.D. Center for International Studies University of St. Thomas [email protected] TREASURER Linda Dolive, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Northern Kentucky University [email protected] EX-OFFICIO Abbas Manafy, Ph.D. Department of Political Science New Mexico Highland University [email protected] *SOUTHWESTERN INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION IS AN AFFILIATE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES JOURNAL EDITOR Hans Stockton, Ph.D. Center for International Studies University of St. Thomas [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Jawad Barghothi, Department of Political Science, Appalachian State University Jeff Justice, Department of Political Science, Tarleton State University Rathnam Indurthy, Department of Government, McNeese State University Betcy Jose-Thota, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado - Denver Abbas Manafy, Department of Political Science, New Mexico Highlands University Dean A. Minix, Department of Political Science, Northern Kentucky University COPY EDITOR: Print Version: Rakel Berg, Center for International Studies, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Transitions are times of great opportunity and risk. As the new editor of the Southwestern Journal of International Studies, or the “SISA Journal,” it is my hope to capitalize on the opportunity and minimize the risk taken by my Southwestern International Association colleagues in trusting me with this fine journal. The SJIS was established as an outlet for scholarly work presented at the annual meetings of the Southwest International Studies Association, and to encourage SISA activity in-between conferences. As well, scholars engaged in inter-disciplinary research continue to face challenges in publishing such efforts because they do not often fall into the neater categories of the defined disciplines. While this is changing, the SJIS remains an important outlet for scholars seeking to build theoretical and methodological bridges across the disciplines. Another long-standing character of the SISA is to actively encourage undergraduate research through professional integration. SISA is one of few regional or national professional associations that actively and regularly reserves panel space for undergraduate research presentations. The ultimate incentive for our undergraduate (and future graduate) students to engage in rigorous research is to also reserve space in the SJIS for publication of such research. All papers are subjected to the traditional blind review process. While preference is given to manuscripts of research presented at the annual SISA meetings, we are now open to all submissions. Finally, and most importantly, I join all of our SISA colleagues in extending deep thanks to our founding editor, Dr. Dragan Stefanovic, professor of political science at Apalachian State University. Dr. Stefanovic’s dedication to the profession, developing junior professionals, and support of undergraduate research are now proud hallmarks of the Southwest International Studies Association and a major point of distinction for our association. Hans Stockton, Editor Southwestern Journal of International Studies SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VOLUME 4 NUMBER 1 FALL 2011 CONTENTS WHO VOTES IN EUROPE? CAN WOLFINGER AND ROSENTSTONE APPLY TO TURNOUT IN EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS? ……………………….……… 1 Jeff Wm. Justice The BEAUTY AND THE BEAST: CIVIL SOCIETY AND NATIONALISMS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ……………………………………………………………. 25 Joan Davison and Jesenko Tesan AFTER DOI MOI: VIETNAMESE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES 2003 – 2010……..……. 55 John H. Barnett LEGENDS OF SAN KUAN MIAO: HOW THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE’S CHINESE LANGUAGE TRAINING PROGRAM BEGAN………………………………… 73 William J. Cunningham, FSO (ret.) RESEARCH NOTE: HUAWEI AND AMERICA …………………………………………… 107 William Abbott Foster Undergraduate Paper INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND THE ROLE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE……..... 113 Grant Bethurum and Marsha Hutchison Who Votes in Europe? Can Wolfinger and Rosenstone Apply to Turnout in European Parliament Elections? Jeff Wm. Justice Department of Political Science, Tarleton State University ([email protected]) Abstract Wolfinger and Rosenstone’s Who Votes? provides a classic examination of demographics affecting turnout in American elections, in which they found that education, age, and being in a spousal relationship have the greatest impact on who decides to vote. This paper attempts to apply this model in an effort to explain the turnout in elections to the European Parliament, which has decreased in every election held since the body was opened to selection by direct democratic vote. It is my expectation that this model will generally hold true when applied externally, but it is also my expectation that other factors involving attitudes toward the European Union and its brand of democracy will have a significantly stronger impact. Introduction The first direct elections for the European Parliament took place in 1979, with a turnout rate of just under 62 percent. Since then, this figure declined with every successive election, falling below 50 percent in the 1999 contest, and reaching an all-time low of 43.24 percent in 2009. One country – Slovakia – reported a turnout in the most recent election of a mere 19.63 percent, according to official European Union sources.1 That same country reported a turnout of nearly 55 percent in its 2006 national election.2 While this decline has been persistent, it took a marked nosedive in the 1999 contest, dropping over five percentage points, whereas each of the previous drops was less than two percentage points lower than that of the previous contest. 3 There can be little doubt of the growing importance and clout of the European Union, not only within Europe itself, but also on the global stage. The Euro, now in its eighth year of regular circulation, rapidly ascended to a place alongside the American dollar and the British pound sterling as a currency against we compare all others. The blue flag of Europe frequently takes a place on the dais alongside the national flag in the national parliaments of the Union, and so forth. Thanks to the Schengen Agreement, crossing national boarders within the EU is just as Southwestern Journal of International Studies 1 uneventful as crossing state lines within the United States. Why, then, do Europeans – who turn out in droves for their national parliamentary elections – treat elections to the European Parliament with a yawn? Who does vote in these contests, and who stays home? This brief paper attempts to address this question. To be sure, there is a plethora of models that attempt to explain who votes and how they vote, and there is a lesser amount of extant literature explaining who does not vote. Some models look into systemic reasons. Others examine demographics. Still others look at this problem through cultural and economic norms. Nearly all studies involve either a case study or a comparative analysis. While the European Parliament has been subject to popular vote since 1979, the literature examining mass public behavior of any kind regarding its elections is very scant. The unique evolution and current structure of the European Union makes research difficult in terms of applying extant models to many of its aspects, but until we can uncover the factors that do explain what happens there, and election behavior models are no exception to this. In this paper, I choose to offer a model that continues to influence electoral turnout research, and that is Wolfinger and Rosenstone’s model as presented in their 1980 work Who Votes?, which examined American election turnout. Their work found that multiple demographic factors that impact whether a given person is more likely than not to cast a ballot. Their strongest variable is in education, with those spending more time at study being more likely to vote. Similarly, they found that those who are currently in school are more likely to vote as well, given the nature of universities and colleges to stir discussion on political issues of the day. They also found that married couples are more likely to vote, and they found a positive correlation between age and likelihood to vote. Additionally, those who recently changed residences were less likely to vote,
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