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I Meme-Perception of Three Generations: a Study of Cultural And i Meme-Perception of three Generations: A Study of Cultural and Behavioural Transformation of Drogpa in Bhutan Dorji Wangchuk A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Human and Social Development Prince of Songkla University 2013 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University ii Thesis Title Meme-Perception of three Generations: A Study of Cultural and Behavioural Transformation of Drogpa in Bhutan Author Mr. Dorji Wangchuk Major Program M.A. Human and Social Development Major Advisor Examining Committee: …………………………….…………… ……………………...…….…Chairperson (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Wanchai Dhammasaccakarn) (Asst.Prof. Dr.Premin Karavi) Co-advisor ……………………..….……………........ (Assist.Prof.Dr.Thirawuth Senakham) …………………………….…................. …………………………….……..……… (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Punya Tepsing) (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Wanchai Dhammasaccakarn) …………………………….................…. (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Punya Tepsing) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Human and Social Development. ………………………..…………… (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Teerapol Srichana) Dean of Graduate School iii This is to certify that the work here submitted is the result of the candidate’s own investigations. Due acknowledgement has been made of any assistance received. ……………...………………… Signature (Assoc.Prof.Dr.Wanchai Dhammasaccakarn) Major Advisor ……………...………………… Signature (Dorji Wangchuk) Candidate iv I hereby certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any other degree, and is not being currently submitted in candidature for any degree. ……………...………………… Signature (Dorji Wangchuk) Candidate v ชื่อวิทยานิพนธ์ การรับรู้ความเชื่อ และค่านิยมของคนสามรุ่น: การศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลง ทางพฤติกรรมและวัฒนธรรมของชนเผ่า Drogpa ในประเทศภูฏาน ผู้เขียน Mr.Dorji Wangchuk สาขาวิชา พัฒนามนุษย์และสังคม ปีการศึกษา 2556 บทคัดย่อ การรับรู้ความเชื่อ และค่านิยมของชนเผ่า Drogpa คร้ังน้ี เนน้ การศึกษาเปรียบเทียบการ รับรู้ถึงการเปลี่ยนแปลงประเพณี วัฒนธรรม และพฤติกรรมของชนเผ่า Drogpa สามรุ่น (อายุ 15-35 ปี , 36-56 ปี และ 57 ปี ข้ึนไป) โดยศึกษาในสองชุมชน ได้แต่ ชุมชน Me rag และ Sag steng นอกจากน้ียงั ศึกษาผลกระทบทางบวกและลบของนโยบายและแผนในการส่งเสริม ประเพณีและวัฒนธรรมของประเทศที่มีอยู่ในปัจจุบัน ใช้วิธีการวิจัยแบบผสานวิธี (mixed methods) เก็บข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณและข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพ กับกลุ่มตัวอย่าง 180 คน และ 30 คน ตามลาดับ วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณด้วยสถิติไคสแควร์ และขอ้ มลู เชิงคุณภาพดว้ ยการวิเคราะห์เน้ือหา ผลการศึกษาพบว่า กลุ่มคนสูงวัยส่วนใหญ่ (ร้อยละ 78.4) รับรู้ว่าเยาวชนไม่ค่อย สนใจในการเปลี่ยนแปลงด้านประเพณีและวัฒนธรรม ในขณะที่กลุ่มเยาวชน (ร้อยละ 45.0) ไม่มีความเห็นในเรื่องน้ี นอกจากน้ีกลุ่มคนสูงวยั (ร้อยละ 58.4) รู้สึกว่าครอบครัวไม่ได้แสดง บทบาทในการรักษาและส่งเสริมวัฒนธรรม ประเพณีให้ดารงอยู่ต่อไป ภายใต้สถานการณ์ดังกล่าวการดารงอยู่ของวัฒนธรรม ประเพณีของชนเผ่า Drogpa จึงเป็นเรื่อจาเป็น อย่างย่ิงที่รัฐบาลควรใส่ใจและหาทางอนุรักษ์และส่งเสริม เพื่อให้ชุมชน Me rag และ Sag steng สามารถดารงไว้ซึ่งวัฒนธรรม ประเพณีของตนสืบต่อไปได้ vi Title Meme-Perception of three Generations: A Study of Cultural and Behavioural Transformation of Drogpa in Bhutan Author Mr.Dorji Wangchuk Major Program M.A. Human and Social Development Academic Year 2013 ABSTRACT The study on meme-perception among the three Drogpa generations is a cultural, traditional and behavioural study. The study emphasizes on the assimilation of opinions of the three generations [respondents] on the trends of culture and traditions, and the behaviour of Drogpa. This study has empirically focused on to what extent the modern amenities have brought impact on the Drogpa of Me rag and Sag steng. It has also reviewed the pros and cons of those existing plans and policies affiliated to promoting cultures and traditions of Bhutan. This study has adopted mix methodological approach to determine the meme-perception of 210 respondents [n=180 for survey and, n= 30 for interview] of three different age groups [15-35; 36- 56; 57 and above] through survey and interview. The data collected through conducting the interview and survey questionnaire were analyzed performing cross- tabulation, Chi-square test and the content analysis. The respondents of three generations of Drogpa have common meme-perception on modern development and the preservation and promotion of culture and traditions. The meme-perception among the three generations of Drogpa on modern development, and the culture and traditions are determined as their response to their cultural and traditional future. The older generation respondents [78.4%, n=47] feel that the youths are not concerned about the transforming culture and traditions and 45% [n=27] of younger generation is Not Sure of it. In addition, 58.4% of older generation also feels that parents don’t play essential role in preserving and promoting culture and traditions. Under such circumstance, the endurance of Drogpa culture and traditions is a great concern, and therefore, the government’s assistance is very critical to preserve and promote the cultural and traditional milieus of Drogpa of Me rag and Sag steng. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Primarily, I would like to thank the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University for providing me the scholarship to pursue master degree in Human and Social Development. I acknowledge my advisor Associate Professor Dr. Wanchai Dhammasaccakarn and the co-advisor Associate Professor Dr. Punya Tepsing for their guidance and support rendered during the entire course of the study. Thanks to Mr. Kittipat Sangngam, Faculty of Liberal Arts for his duly helps whenever in need. My special acknowledgement goes to Assistant Professor Dr. Premin Karavi and Assistant Professor Dr. Thiranwuth Senakham of Walailak University for their genuine comments and suggestions for the betterment of this thesis. My inexpressible gratitude is due to Gross National Happiness Commission [GNHC] of Bhutan for providing me fund to complete this research. Without the funding, this research would not have been analyzed in depth and perhaps not be successful. In addition, I would like to thank the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs [MoHCA] and the Department of Local Governance [DLG] for approving my proposal and allowing me to collect data from Me rag and Sag steng. I am grateful to Mr. Sangay Tenzin [Teacher of DMSS], Mr. Tenzin Dorji [Teacher of DMSS], Mr. Phuntsho [Park Ranger, Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, SWS], Mr. Leki Khandu [Ranger of RNRC, Sag steng], Mr. Pema Khandu [B.Sc. student of Sherubtse College, Kanglung] and Mr. Rinchen Tshering [student of RHSS] for helping me to collect the data through conducting interview and survey. Thanks to Mr. Sangay Khandu [Teacher of DMSS] for his generous help in translating the biographies [rNam thar] into Dzongkha. I remain indebted to Dr. D. B. Gurung [Assistant Professor of the College of Natural Resources, CNR] and Miss. Becky Story [Teacher under the aegis of Bhutan-Canada Foundation, BCF] for editing my thesis and eventually, I owe special appreciation to my wife Yeshi Dema for her generous support and encouragement throughout the entire process of this research. Dorji Wangchuk viii CONTENTS Page Approval Page………………………………………………...…………....... ii Certification………………………………………...…………...………....... iii Abstract in Thai................................................................................................ v Abstract.................………………………………….......................………… vi Acknowledgements…………………………………….......................…....... vii List of Tables…………………………….......................……………………. x List of Photographs.......................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations/Symbols………………………………......................... 1 List of Papers and Proceedings………………………………........................ 2 Consent letters for republishing the articles..............…………....................... 3 1. Introduction………………………………………………....................... 5 2. Objectives…………………………………………………...................... 9 3. Methodology............................................................................................. 9 4. Result and Discussion………………………………………................... 7 4.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analyses…………………............. 9 4.2. Synthesis and the Analysis of the Mythological Drogpa History........ 10 5. Meme-Perception among three Drogpa Generations………................... 15 5.1. Memes…………………………………….......................................... 15 5.2. Modern Development is needed………………………....................... 16 5.3. Modern Development is a threat on Culture and Traditions................ 18 5.4. Culture and Traditions must be preserved…………............................ 19 6. Extent of Cultural and Traditional Transformation….............................. 20 7. Preservation and Promotion of Drogpa Culture and Traditions............... 29 8. Conclusion……………………………………………………................ 31 References……………………………………………………........................ 33 Appendices....................................................................................................... 38 Appendix 1: Glossary…………….……………………………................. 39 Appendix 2: Photographs………...………………………......................... 47 Appendix 3: Survey Questionnaire............................................................. 50 ix CONTENTS (Continued) Page Appendix 4: Semi-structured questionnaire (Interview)............................. 52 Appendix 5: Dawson’s Interview Summary Form..................................... 53 PAPER I : The Yaks: Heart and Soul
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