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Млекопитающие Северной Евразии: Жизнь В Северных Широтах Mammals of Northern E

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Млекопитающие Северной Евразии: Жизнь В Северных Широтах Mammals of Northern E МАТЕРИАЛЫ Международной научной конференции МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИЕ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ: ЖИЗНЬ В СЕВЕРНЫХ ШИРОТАХ 6–10 апреля 2014 г. город Сургут THE MATERIALS of the International Scientific Conference MAMMALS OF NORTHERN EURASIA: LIFE IN THE NORTHERN LATITUDES April, 6–10, 2014 City of Surgut Сургут 2014 РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК ТЕРИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО ПРИ РАН ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКОГО АВТОНОМНОГО ОКРУГА – ЮГРЫ ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКОГО АВТОНОМНОГО ОКРУГА – ЮГРЫ ГБОУ ВПО «СУРГУТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКОГО АВТОНОМНОГО ОКРУГА – ЮГРЫ» МАТЕРИАЛЫ Международной научной конференции МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИЕ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ: ЖИЗНЬ В СЕВЕРНЫХ ШИРОТАХ 6–10 апреля 2014 г. город Сургут Сургут 2014 1 УДК 591.9(1-17)(063) ББК 28.6 М 721 Конференция организована при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (грант № 14-04-06005 г) Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета СурГУ Редакционная коллегия: д.б.н. В.П. Стариков (ответственный редактор) к.б.н. К.А. Берников к.б.н. А.А. Емцев к.б.н. Н.В. Наконечный Млекопитающие Северной Евразии: жизнь в северных широтах : мат-лы М 721 Междунар. науч. конф. (6–10 апреля 2014 г., Сургут) / Сургут. гос. ун-т ХМАО – Юг- ры. – Сургут : ИЦ СурГУ 2014. – 277 с. ISBN 978-5-89545-417-6 В сборник включены материалы докладов представленных на Международной научной конфе- ренции «Млекопитающие Северной Евразии: жизнь в северных широтах» (6–10 апреля 2014 г., Сур- гут). Приведены новые данные по основным актуальным направлениям териологии: «Морфо- физиологические адаптации», «Эколого-этологические адаптации», «Динамика ареалов в связи с из- менением климата», «Проблемы медицинской териологии», «Охотничье-промысловые виды и их ис- пользование», «Сохранение редких видов». Сборник может быть полезен для специалистов исследовательских институтов, преподавателей высших учебных заведений, работников заповедников, аспирантов и студентов биологических специ- альностей вузов. УДК 591.9(1-17)(063) ББК 28.6 © ГБОУ ВПО «Сургутский государственный ISBN 978-5-89545-417-6 университет ХМАО – Югры», 2014 © ООО Агенство перевода «КредоЛюкс», 2014 2 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RUSSIAN THERIOLOGICAL SOCIETY GOVERNMENT OF KHANTY-MANSIYSKIY AVTONOMNYY OKRUG – YUGRA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND YOUTH POLICY OF KHANTY-MANSIYSKIY AVTONOMNYY OKRUG – YUGRA SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY THE MATERIALS of the International Scientific Conference MAMMALS OF NORTHERN EURASIA: LIFE IN THE NORTHERN LATITUDES April, 6–10, 2014 City of Surgut Surgut 2014 3 UDC 591.9(1-17)(063) LBC 28.6 М 721 The Conference is organized with the support of the Russian Fund for Fundamental Researches (grant № 14-04-06005 г) The issue published by the decision of the Editorial Advisory Board of SurqutStat University Editorial Board: Dr. of Biological Sciences V.P. Starikov (Executive Editor) Cand. of Biological Sciences K.A. Bernikov Cand. of Biological Sciences А.А.Yemtsev Cand. of Biological Sciences N.V. Nakonechniy Mammals of Northern Eurasia Северной: Life in the Northern Latitudes: The М 721 Materials of the International Scientific Conference (April, 6–10, 2014, Surgut). – Surgut: Information Centre of Surgut State University, 2014. – 277 pages. ISBN 978-5-89545-417-6 The materials of the reports represented on the International Scientific Conference ‘Mammals of North- ern Eurasia: Life in the Northern Latitudes’ (April 6–10, 2014, Surgut) are included in the issue. New data is represented for main up-to-date fields of theriology: ‘Morphological and physiological adaptations’, ‘Ecolog- ical and ethological adaptations’, ‘Habitat area dynamics due to climate changes’, ‘Problems of medical theriology’, ‘Game species and their usage’, ‘Preservation of the rare species’. The issue would be useful for the specialists if research institutes, professors of higher education institu- tions, employees of the reserves, postgraduates and students of biological faculties. UDC 591.9(1-17)(063) LBC 28.6 © GBOY VPO “Surqut State ISBN 978-5-89545-417-6 University of KhMAO – Yuqra”, 2014 © GredoLux Translation Agency, 2014 4 ПЛЕНАРНЫЕ ДОКЛАДЫ REPORTS FOR THE PLENARY SESSION 5 6 ЦИКЛЫ ЛЕММИНГОВ В ТИСКАХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КЛИМАТА – ВЗГЛЯД С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ ПОСТОЯННЫХ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ГРЕНЛАНДИИ Бенуа Зиттлер [email protected] Так как здесь находится одно из самых простых сообществ позвоночных, высокие ши- роты Арктики предлагают разнообразные возможности по-новому взглянуть на механизмы, которые лежат в основе динамики популяций и процессах сообществ. Уже в течение 26 лет, колебания популяции леммингов (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) внимательно изучаются в На- циональном Парке Северо-Восточной Гренландии, а также исследуются функциональные и численные реакции четырех хищников (горностай, песец, белая сова, длинно-хвостый по- морник). В то время, как можно было бы показать, что циклическая динамика в позвоночных со- обществах происходит в основном за счет взаимодействий «хищник-жертва», последние тенденции в том числе, угасание этих циклов, предлагают некоторые основные меры реаги- рования на изменение климата, возможно, связанные с существенными изменениями в снеж- ном покрове, с каскадным воздействием на все сообщество позвоночных. Это исследование также показывает, как важны долгосрочные наблюдения, чтобы об- наружить такие изменения на уровне сообществ. Некоторые новые подходы в настоящее время включены в этот проект, чтобы лучше понять тонкие происходящие изменения, влияющие на окружающую среду высоких арктических широт. 7 LEMMING CYCLES IN THE GRIP OF CLIMATE CHANGE – INSIGHTS FROM AN ONGOING LONG TERM STUDY IN THE NORTH EAST GREENLAND NATIONAL PARK Benoît Sittler Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, France [email protected] Because it harbours one of the most simple vertebrate communities, the high arctic offers un- paralleled opportunities to provide new insights into the mechanisms that underlie population dy- namics and community processes. For now 26 years in a row, fluctuations of a lemming (Dicros- tonyx groenlandicus) population have been closely monitored in the North East Greenland National Park, along with the functional and numerical responses of four predators (stoat, arctic fox, snowy owl, long tailed skua). While it could be shown that the cyclic dynamics within this vertebrate community are pri- marily driven by predator-prey interactions, recent trends including a fading of these cycles suggest some main responses to climate change possibly related to significant changes in snow cover, with cascading effects on the whole vertebrate community. This study also highlights how important long term observations are to detect such changes at the community level. Some new approaches are now included in this project to better apprehend the subtle ongoing changes affecting high-arctic environments. 8 ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ РЕДКИХ ВИДОВ КРУПНЫХ МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИХ В СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ АДАПТАЦИИ И РЕИНТРОДУКЦИИ В.В. Рожнов Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН, г. Москва, Россия [email protected] Крупных млекопитающих, восстановление которых требует разработки специальных подходов и методов для их реинтродукции, можно разделить на две группы: крупные хищ- ные (амурский тигр, дальневосточный и переднеазиатский леопарды) и копытные (лесной северный олень, сайгак, лошадь Пржевальского). При восстановлении редких видов необхо- димо решить два принципиальных вопроса: на какой территории их восстанавливать и отку- да брать животных для реинтродукции. Выбор территории в значительной степени ограничен активностью хозяйственной дея- тельности человека. Особо охраняемые территории не всегда удовлетворяют необходимым требованиям – нередко их размеры меньше участков обитания даже отдельных особей. Не- обходимой составной частью выбора территории является обследование ее на предмет кор- мовой базы и инфекционных заболеваний. Нами отрабатываются методы реабилитации и реинтродукции тигрят-сирот, которые регулярно появляются в естественных условиях в результате браконьерства. Для работы с вынужденно изъятыми из природы тигрятами разработана специальная программа их реаби- литации, которая включает восстановление ослабших животных, обучение их охоте на есте- ственную добычу, развитие у тигрят видоспецифического поведения и нормальных социаль- ных отношений, а также формирование избегания человека. Совместно со Специнспекцией «Тигр» в Приморском крае нами построен Центр реабилитации и реинтродукции тигров и других редких животных. Мониторинг возвращенных в природу животных ведется с исполь- зованием дистанционных (спутниковая телеметрия) и неинвазивных (гормональные и моле- кулярно-генетические методы) методов исследования. Работы, которые ведутся с тигрятами, важны для отработки метода реинтродукции и других крупных кошек – дальневосточного и переднеазиатского леопардов. Для этих видов с нашим участием также построены специальные центры разведения и реинтродукции: Центр разведения и реинтродукции дальневосточного леопарда (Уссурийский заповедник ДВО РАН), который готов для приема животных, и Центр разведения и реинтродукции переднеази- атского леопарда (Сочинский национальный парк), в котором уже получены котята для после- дующей работы с ними. Для разведения леопардов используются животные из зоопарков. Восстановление численности сайгака ряд исследователей связывает с выпуском самцов этого вида в стадо диких сайгаков в период гона, чтобы они успели внести свой генетиче- ский вклад в популяцию. Такой выпуск самцов сайгака
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