La experiencia de Japón en Latinoamérica con la gestión integral de Inundaciones Dr. Hitoshi BABA Senior Advisor of JICA Weaknesses • Floods and relating disasters in Latin America • Experience of 2010‐2011 big flood in Rio Magdalena, Colombia for example • Evidences of weaknesses in flood risk reduction – Unclear responsibilities of river administration – Not well integrated River and Flood management SANTA LUCIA –16 DICIEMBRE 2010 Weaknesses Capacities • Response concentrated flood management • Lacking flood risk assessments and flood prevention measures in prior to the occurrences Awareness • River is mainly esteemed as natural space of water, environmental protection area, although occasionally hazardous • Flood disaster risk is not well considered in development plans nor actions by different sectors • Legal fundamentals for river and flood management were finally being established in recent years River and Flood management relating laws in Colombia 1974 Decreto #2811, conservation of water resource and river 1988 Ley #46, SNPAD, disaster response system 2001 Ley #48, PGAR, environment management plan 2010 PND 2010‐2014, national strategy of risk management 2011 Decreto #4147, UNGRD establishment 2012 Ley #1523, SNPAD ‐> SNGRD 2012 Decreto #1640, POMCA 2013 POMCA guideline by MADS Difference • Knowledge from th In the 4 Century, Yamato regime (origin of Japan) Japan’s long time developed Kawachi plain by applying river engineering efforts of flood risk reduction, Nanba channel work, 4th C investment for future resilient society, todays prosperity and continuous actions • Common In AD323, Manda Embankment was constructed to understanding of prevent flood of Yodo River instructed by Emperor Nintoku, IFM as national recorded on Nihon‐shoki (the oldest chronicles of regime Japan) AD720 • According to the old rule of the regime enforced in AD757, Technology, the method of checking the status of the embankment and science, legal the method of repair, the method of restoration and and institutional mobilization in the event of damage caused by overflowing fundamentals, flood are stipulated in the section of official document. societal capacity, etc. Difference • Knowledge from Japan’s long time th In the 16 century, Takeda Shingen, a prominent feudal efforts of flood lord during the Sengoku period, built embankments called risk reduction, the “Shingen tsutsumi” where the Midai‐gawa River and investment for Kamanashi‐gawa River joined together in Kai City. future resilient It took almost 20 years, and the river course of Midai‐ society, todays gawa was straightened. The embankment over 1,800m prosperity and long in the lower reaches protected people and their lives continuous from flood damage in the Kōfu Basin. actions • Common understanding of IFM as national regime • Technology, science, legal and institutional fundamentals, societal capacity, etc. Difference Watarase River Up to the 15th Century, the Tone River crossed the Kanto Plain from north to south and flew into Tokyo Bay Tone River Kokai River Kinu River Watarase River Kinu River From 1594 to 1654, the Tone River was connected to the Kokai River Pacific Ocean by an eastward channel, resulting the great Tone River development of Tokyo and surroundings Tokyo Difference After flood in 1910, flood control strategy in upper and middle reaches of Tone River was changed from “flood control allowing inundation” to “sequential levees confinement” Today, 4 million or more people live in such area as nearly or under sea level in Tokyo Metropolitan and others Difference Investments in Japan resulted in the reduced flood disaster 6,000 5,000 Flood‐caused deaths 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 350,000 300,000 Inundation area (ha) 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Source: Water Disaster Statistics, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Transport and Tourism Difference Legal basis Flood Water 1896: River Law establish control use Meiji Government for Flood protection La formación17th to de 19 lath leyCentury: del río Flood 1964: + Water resource control works by Feudal management governmentMedio ordinance ambiente 1997: + Environmental 15th to 16th Century: Flood conservation management by prefectural warlords ordinance 8th Century: RITSURYO (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian periods) stipulates flood control as national work Difference Main regulations of the River Law (IFM relating part) Provisions of river and river management facilities Designation of first‐class rivers and second‐class rivers Legal basis River area, river administrator, provision of river construction Structural standards of river management facilities, etc., operation rules Formulation of river improvement basic policy, river improvement plan Emergency measures at floods etc. Restrictions such as excavation of land Adjustment of irrigation, operation of dams, water use at drought Provisions for flowing water extraction The River Law (1997 ~) Article 1: Purpose of the Law Purpose of the integral administration of rivers • Contribute to the conservation of the land and the development of the country, and thereby maintain public safety and promote public welfare through the comprehensive management of rivers to prevent the occurrence of damage due to floods, high tides, etc., use rivers correctly and maintain the normal functions of river waters, and maintain and conserve the fluvial environment. Governance Good governance needs to be transparent, inclusive, collective, and efficient to reduce existing risks and avoid creating new ones. (UNISDR) Integrated Flood Management requires…. • Clear and Objective Policies with Legal frameworks, Regulations and technical standards • Management system based on River Basin Approach • Institutional Structure of river administration through appropriate linkage and coordination with relating agencies • Community‐participated actions linked with the governance • Multidisciplinary approach • Adaptive management • Information Management and Sharing • Appropriate Economic Instruments Strategy For realizing the Sendai Framework for DRR • Immediate formulation of but long term prospected strategy for resilient and sustainable society • Disaster Risk Reduction (Flood Prevention and Mitigation) as the center of the strategy of RBM and IFM • Strong authority of River basin management that can enforce the DRR strategy over all central and local entities Investment • DRR integration into sustainable development • DRR as investment, not cost, to secure development outcomes against disasters • DRR Investment for all phases of risk management • Build Back Better (BBB) – The use of the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and societal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies, and the environment. Mainstream Disaster Risk Reduction to all sectors JICA promotes assessment of disaster risks and formulation of strategy/plans for disaster risk reduction, in the process of project formation/preparation in various sectors. Mainstream • Thailand: Underground railway station which can operate even in the event of flooding • Myanmar: School which is resistant to typhoons Mainstream • Antigua and Barbuda : Project for Construction of Artisanal Fisheries Facilities • A marine facility was the only public facility that escaped the disaster of Hurricane Irma that hit the island on September 8, 2017 Source: Koei Research & Consulting Inc. https://www.k‐rc.co.jp/e/ Localize “National and local agencies having the primary responsibility to take the lead in proceeding DRR policy and measures by involving DRR‐related agencies” (Target of SFDRR by 2020) Technical standards, guidelines and financial supporting mechanisms also should be prepared Policy and Strategy, Technology development, National Fund for DRR Strategy and planning Technology customizing, Sub national Financial supporting Strategy, plan and implementation Local Technology, Local Financial resource Regional Regional Cooperation and coordination Knowledge sharing DRR lessons sharing Relating technology exchange Human resource development Satellite information Meteorological observation Geological survey DEM, Open data for resilience, etc. Cooperation through Cyber‐space Remote operation of disaster response Crisis Mapping, OpenStreetMap Cloud funding Global International cooperation and global partnership (SFDRR) Coordinated, sustained, and adequate international support Bilateral, regional and multilateral collaborative arrangements Thematic platforms of cooperation Incorporated disaster risk reduction measures into development assistance program Global International disaster finance spent for response side, not many in Risk Reduction side! Emergency response, recovery and reconstruction 87.3% Prior investment in disaster risk reduction Source: Financing Disaster Risk Reduction A 20-year story of international aid (GFDRR, ODI) 12.7% Global JICA's continuous support for Risk Reduction 300 250 200 150 Number of Projects 100 50 Ensuring priority of DRR 0 ～1980 1981～1985 1985～1990 1991～1995 1996～2000 2001～2005 2006～2008 Global Financing for DRR direct from donors, 1991‐2010, $ millions Japan has been the top donor of direct support of disaster risk reduction in the past 20 years Source: Financing