WHITE ROCK RIDGE WIND FARM Robbins Island

VEGETATION SURVEY AND FAUNA HABITAT ASSESSMENT For Eureka Funds Management

17 April 2009 ZZZ087

Andrew North [email protected] Philip Barker [email protected] 163 Campbell Street Hobart TAS 7000 Telephone 03. 6231 9788 Facsimile 03. 6231 9877

White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A series of vegetation surveys and assessments of flora and fauna conservation values have been undertaken of land affected by the proposal to construct a wind farm on Robbins Island. The area of investigation includes the western half of the island incorporating White Rock Ridge as well as the Robbins Island Rd on mainland Tasmania which may require some upgrading. Two surveys have been completed - summer 2003 and spring 2008. Particular attention has been given to determine the significance of Robbins Island for orchid species. The western side Robbins Island is characterised by a low quartzite ridge and coastal flats. It occupies approximately 3300 ha which includes mostly coastal heathland and buttongrass interspersed with tea-tree and paperbark scrub, with emergent eucalypts. There are areas of low smithton peppermint woodland associated with quartzite outcrops and a few small copses of old growth stringybark and brookers gum. There has been recent conversion of land on the south western side to pasture affecting approximately 200 ha. The vegetation is diverse and rich in native flora and fauna habitat. A significant proportion has been affected by two wildfires in recent times, of which one has had a devastating effect, burning out peat lands and exposing bedrock. One of the vegetation communities is listed as threatened under the Tasmanian Nature Conservation Act 2002. This is E. brookeriana forest (WBR), but its extent is localised to a small patch less than 0.5 ha in size. Generally the orchid flora is moderately diverse although abundance and richness of significant species is considered low. Two species recorded in these studies are recognised as threatened under state legislation (Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995), and one is of national significance (Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999).

• Northern leek orchid (Prasophyllum secutum) is a Tasmanian endemic which is listed as endangered under both acts. Plants most closely resembling this species were recorded from one location.

• Mauve-tufted sun orchid (Thelymitra malvina) is listed as endangered under State legislation. This was found to be widespread but uncommon on the island. It is likely to occur at sites additional to those documented in this report. The development of a wind farm on the western half of Robbins Island will involve some impact to the native vegetation. However it is possible to limit this impact to a low level as much of the vegetation is of low stature so that clearance need only occur within the immediate footprint of infrastructure development. Placement of infrastructure to avoid localised habitats and known threatened species sites should be able to be achieved. Robbins Island, as with many similar habitats in northwest Tasmania has been subject to land use change as part of agricultural development. This has impacted on the biodiversity values and continues to present a potential outcome for much of the study area. This project could be seen as an opportunity through conditions of approval to ensure an outcome which preserves the natural ecology of the balance land in the vicinity of the project area. It is recommended that micro siting surveys are undertaken once layout design has been developed. This would inform threatened species permit requirements and

North Barker Ecosystem Services i ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment where possible allow for minor adjustments to infrastructure locations to minimise the impact to threatened orchids. The proposal is likely to require a Forest Practices Plan under the Forest Practices Act 1985. Very few exotic weeds were found, and none are listed on the Weed Management Act 1999. The type of earthworks and subsequent access associated with the proposal would increase the susceptibility of the area to future weed infestation. The heathland environment is also highly susceptible to the root rot pathogen – Phytophthora cinnamomi. A weed and pathogen risk minimisation plan should be implemented to reduce the risk.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Fieldwork: Andrew North, David Ziegeler, Karen Ziegler and Karen Johnson NBES Property owners and on ground support: John Hammond Report preparation: Andrew North, NBES Mapping: Sue Jungalwalla, NBES Photographs: Karen Ziegler, Andrew North, NBES, all from 2003 and 2008 surveys of study areas Project Management: Philip Millin, Millin Environmental Management Initial advice (2003) on threatened lichens – Dr Gintaras Kantvilas, Tasmanian Herbarium Identification of lichens (2009) - Dr Emma Pharo, University of Tasmania Orchid Advice – Mark and Hans Wasptra – Prasophyllum secutum - Jeff Jeanes, National Herbarium of Victoria – Thelymitra malvina

North, Barker Ecosystem Services, 2009. This work is protected under Australian Copyright law. The contents and format of this report cannot be used by anyone for any purpose other than that expressed in the service contract for this report without the written permission of North, Barker and Associates - Ecosystem Services.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 THE STUDY AREA 1 Figure 1 – Project location 2 Figure 2 – Outline of study areas 3 2. BOTANICAL SURVEY AND FAUNA HABITAT ASSESSMENT 4 2.1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 4 2.2 BOTANICAL SURVEY 4 2.3 FAUNA HABITAT ASSESSMENT 4 2.4 MAPPING 5 2.5 ASSESSMENT OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE 5 2.6 LIMITATIONS 5 3. THE BIOLOGICAL VALUES 7 3.1 THE VEGETATION 7 Figure 3 - Vegetation Robbins Island White Rock Ridge 15 Figure 4: Vegetation Robins Island Road 16 3.2 FLORA OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE 18 3.3 FAUNA HABITAT 26 3.4 FAUNA OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE 27 Figure 5: Surveys and Threatened flora 30 3.5 INTRODUCED PLANTS 31 3.6 PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI 31 4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT 32 4.1 NATIVE VEGETATION 32 4.2 SIGNIFICANT FLORA 32 4.3 SIGNIFICANT FAUNA HABITAT 33 4.4 PC AND WEEDS 33 5. IMPACT MINIMIZATION 34

6. LEGISLATIVE IMPLICATIONS 35 6.1 COMMONWEALTH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 35 6.2 TASMANIAN THREATENED SPECIES PROTECTION ACT 1995 35 6.3 TASMANIAN WEED MANAGEMENT ACT 1999 35 6.4 TASMANIAN FOREST PRACTISES ACT 1985 36 7. RECOMMENDATIONS 37

REFERENCES 38

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APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 - CONSERVATION VALUES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES 40 APPENDIX 2 - LEGISLATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENED SPECIES 41 APPENDIX 3 – THREATENED ORCHID CORE SEARCH TIMES FOR ROBBINS ISLAND 43 APPENDIX 4 – ORCHID SPECIES RECORDED ON ROBBINS ISLAND 44 APPENDIX 5 – PLANT COMMUNITIES 49 APPENDIX 6 – VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES LIST 53 APPENDIX 7 - FAUNA RECORDED ON ROBBINS ISLAND 60 APPENDIX 8 – EPBC ACT PROTECTED MATTERS REPORT 61

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

It is proposed to develop a wind farm to produce electricity on Robbins Island in the far north west of Tasmania. The development would include the construction of up to 150 turbine bearing towers on the highest and most wind exposed sites on the western side of the island along White Rock Ridge. The turbines require a pad on which to be constructed and the clearance and hardening of an adjacent pad to accommodate a crane during construction. Each turbine requires an access road. At this stage of the feasibility study the number of turbines and their precise location is unknown. In 2003 Pacific Hydro engaged North Barker and Associates – Ecosystem Services to undertake a botanical survey and fauna habitat assessment of the area to determine and document the botanical values and terrestrial fauna values and to make written recommendations to minimise impact. A written report was prepared at that time. The project never proceeded beyond planning due to the inherent limitations of low renewable energy targets at that time. In 2008 the project was restarted under the authority of Eureka Funds Management. The area of potential wind turbine placement has been increased thus enlarging the study area for this project. North Barker Ecosystem Services have been recommissioned to extend the original survey area and to also address matters raised in the original report, specifically the potential for the site to support orchids and other ephemeral species that would have been overlooked by a summer survey. This study also extends to include the Robbins Island Road which may require widening to accommodate the vehicles needed to access the island. This report presents the results of both the 2003 and 2008 surveys. This report documents the findings in accordance with the standard DPIW brief for flora and fauna consultants with modification of the fauna study to consider threatened species habitat only1.

1.2 THE STUDY AREA

The study area occupies the full length of White Rock Ridge on the west side of Robbins Island extending to within 500m of the western coastal boundary. This area is approximately 13km in length and up to 4km at its widest point. The total area on Robbins Island covers 3300 ha. Robbins Island Road on mainland Tasmania is also included. The study investigated a corridor 10 m either side of the existing road from its junction with Montagu Road to Robbins Passage, a length of approximately 3.5km. The property receives between 750 and 1000 mm of rain per annum and is characterised by Holocene sand deposits over Precambrian quartzite which outcrops in several places most notably in the north of the study area at Lanes Tor. The land system of the site is ‘White Rock Ridge’ (413131), a system prone to high wind erosion due to sandy soils and its position within the ‘roaring forties’ winds path.2

1 Birds are not included in this report as they are addressed in a separate consultancy. 2 Richley, 1978

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The topography of the site includes a gentle sided ridge with undulations that include low-lying ground and small but distinct sandy and rocky knolls and rises which are the locations likely to be most prospective for wind harvesting due to their added height and exposure to wind. Low-lying areas are understood to be less prospective for wind harvesting but may be impacted upon by supporting infrastructure, such as roads. Figure 1 shows the location of the White Rock Ridge Windfarm project in Tasmania. Figure 2 shows the extent of the study area covered by this report.

Figure 1 – Project location

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Figure 2 – Outline of study areas

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2. BOTANICAL SURVEY AND FAUNA HABITAT ASSESSMENT

2.1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

The following sources were used for biological records from the region: Natural Values Report 3 - all threatened plant and animal records within 5 km of the study area plus potential suitability for other threatened fauna. EPBC Protected Matters Report 4 – all matters of national environmental significance that may occur in the area or relate to the area in some way.

2.2 BOTANICAL SURVEY

Botanical surveys were carried out on foot. All perceivable habitats were covered. Locations shown in previous surveys to support threatened flora were all reinspected. All areas containing at least some native vegetation were investigated and any variations within these were examined. All native and introduced species that have naturalised were recorded. All environmental and ‘declared’5 weeds were considered. An initial study area of 2300 ha was addressed in the original survey undertaken in February 2003. An extension to the study area of 1000ha capturing the northern portion of White Rock Ridge further to the north and west was surveyed in October 2008. The existing track network6 was recognised as providing a useful transect and acknowledged as covering the range of environments that occupy the higher ground which is most prospective for wind harvesting. All native and introduced species that have naturalised were recorded. Based on preliminary findings and the identification of threatened flora habitat a targeted spring survey was undertaken to consider ephemeral species, notably orchids. A review of the threatened orchid species with potential to occur was undertaken. Optimal flowering time was reviewed to develop a survey plan to search for these species (refer Appendix 3). This identified early November as the optimum time when all target species would be in flower. Botanical nomenclature follows the Census of Tasmanian Plants7.

2.3 FAUNA HABITAT ASSESSMENT

The study area was assessed for fauna habitat. The vegetation was related to fauna habitat with respect to threatened fauna species known from the area, or considered to potentially occur there. This survey did not cover bird habitat, aside from environmental considerations such as nesting habitat. Birds are being addressed in a separate study.

3 NVR No. 34387, Natural Values Atlas, 3/10/2008, Threatened Species Section, DPIW. 4 Commonwealth of Australia 20 February 2009 – Refer Appendix 8 5 Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999 6 All existing tracks have been gps’d and plotted onto the maps. 7 Buchanan 2007

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A list of vertebrate species encountered during field investigations is provided in Appendix 6.

2.4 MAPPING

The use of hand held GPS has facilitated the mapping of tracks and been used to locate features and locations of threatened species and habitats. The existing TASVEG v 1.0 mapping boundaries have been largely followed unless overruled by ground inspection or obvious photo interpretation. Many perceivable differences on aerial photography represent fire boundaries rather than vegetation community boundaries. Accurate delineation of vegetation boundaries would require extensive sampling reflecting the complex nature of the vegetation and the large size of the study area. Interpretation from sampling has informed major reinterpretation of the vegetation map produced for TASVEG v1.0.

2.5 ASSESSMENT OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE

Methods of assessing conservation status of vegetation communities and flora or fauna species are detailed in Appendix 1. Vegetation types have been classified according to TASVEG8. The conservation status of a vegetation type relates to its current extent compared with the modelled extent prior to European settlement. This has allowed an estimate of the extent of loss to land clearing to be calculated. A recent amendment to the Nature Conservation Act 2002 includes the listing of threatened native vegetation communities in accordance with their conservation status9. Conservation status at the regional level has not been undertaken for all vegetation. However, a recent regional analysis has been completed for forest communities for the Forest Conservation Fund10. The State and Federal Governments are committed through the Regional Forest Agreements to achieving a Comprehensive Adequate and Representative (CAR) Reserve System (following JANIS criteria for reservation targets outlined in Appendix 1). Analysis of the reservation status of vegetation types in Tasmania (as per current TASVEG mapping) has also only been completed for forest communities as part of the Forest Conservation Fund11. No recent analysis exists for non forest vegetation. The conservation significance of species is determined at a state and federal level by legislation (Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 and Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999), the implications of which are considered in the light of relevant legislation (Appendix 2).

2.6 LIMITATIONS

The original 2003 survey was undertaken in February after a very dry spring and summer.

8 Harris & Kitchener 2005 9 DPIW 2006 10 FCF 2007 11 FCF 2007

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The 2008 surveys were undertaken in October and November. These concentrated on extending the coverage along the ridge further to the north and targeted searches for threatened orchids in prospective habitats. The study area is very large and has not been, nor could it be comprehensively covered in the surveys. In 2003 two ecologists sampled independently for 2.5 days. In 2008 the survey included a full day of 2 ecologists sampling the northern extension independently of one another. This coverage was considered adequate given the homogeneity of much of the landscape. Additional time (2 ecologists for 3 days) was spent targeting ephemeral species, notably orchids. Once again it would not have been possible to cover the entire study area. However the survey attempted to achieve broad coverage and included transects across a representative range of habitats. Fauna assessment is limited to the identification of habitat of significant fauna species known from the area. Birds are considered in a separate consultancy, although a checklist of birds observed during the 2003 reconnaissance was made. Consideration of terrestrial habitat such as potential nesting resources was taken into account. Robbins Island has been affected by two recent wildfires. The latter understood to have occurred in early 2008 was particularly devastating to the heathland on White Rock Ridge. The fire appears to have been very hot and has incinerated extensive areas of peatlands exposing bedrock. The rate of recovery in these areas is very poor. Although fires are a natural part of the ecology of heathland and can stimulate flowering and regeneration of many species, these plants and their propagules cannot tolerate such intense burns as occurred here.

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3. THE BIOLOGICAL VALUES

3.1 THE VEGETATION

Table 1 describes the conservation and reservation status of the native plant communities. The vegetation types are described below and full floristics are given in Appendix 5. The remnant native vegetation falls into 8 native communities listed in Table 1. The distribution of vegetation types is illustrated on Figure 3. Almost the entire study area is characterised by native vegetation which is broadly represented by open heath and moorland, characterised by graminoid heath communities on sandy ridges and by a sedgy wet heath with buttongrass on the flats and less well drained environments.

Generally the heathland is low level, often less than 0.5m. Taller successional vegetation is more prominent on the margins where it is dominated by a mixture of tea tree (Leptospermum sp.) and paperbark (Melaleuca sp.). Throughout the area there are denser thickets of scrub along drainage lines and in copses. Eucalypts are represented by scattered open woodlands of Smithton Peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida) most prominent in association with outcropping quartzite, although denser stands occur most notably in the north and south. There are also some small patches of forest dominated by Stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua) and Brooker's Gum (Eucalyptus brookeriana). There have been recent land clearance and conversion to pasture which is shown in figure 3. The classification system in TASVEG of scrub and heath communities is not well suited to the vegetation that is found on Robbins Island where the composition includes a mixture of characters from several communities. The favoured classifications used n the mapping by TASVEG version 1.0 is SHL with for the heath and SSC, SWW, SLW for the scrub. None of these are listed as threatened

North Barker Ecosystem Services 7 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment communities under the Nature Conservation Act 2002. Most of these have however been reclassified, explanations are given in relevant community descriptions below. Figure 3 outlines the vegetation classifications as determined by survey.

Coastal heath

This community dominates the western half of the island and is characterised by two facies which are tightly interwoven. Dry heath occupies the sandy ridges and the low- lying swales support a graminoid wet heath wherever peat has formed. The two communities cannot be separated on the mapping as they are indistinguishable on aerial photography which shows patterning more reflective of post fire age of the vegetation.

Dry Coastal Heath

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Dominating the landscape, particularly the higher ground, is a low heath which generally includes a prominent graminoid component. Typically represented by a low wind pruned shrubby vegetation dominated by banksia (B. marginata), soft-fruited tea-tree (Leptospermum glaucescens) and she-oak (Allocasuarina monilifera) over a diverse prostrate heath with Phyllota diffusa, Aotus ericoides, Boronia pilosa, Leucopogon collinus and Hibbertia prostrata. The graminoid layer includes a prominent component of tassel rope-rush (Hypolaena fastigiata), with other characteristic species including Patersonia fragilis, Lepidosperma concavum and Acion hookeri. A notable and localised species confined to some of the driest ridges, always occupying some north west facing mid slopes is swampy bog-sedge (Schoenus turbinatus). This community falls within the Vegetation type - ‘soft-fruited tea tree dry heath’ and conforms to a floristic community no. 33 which is considered to be unreserved in Tasmania, and has been previously recorded from Flinders Island, Cape Barren Island and Robbins Island 12. Soft-fruited tea-tree (Leptospermum glaucescens) is less well fire adapted than other species of tea tree and can be replaced, typically by L. scoparium where a frequent burning regime is imposed. Significant portions of this community were severely burnt in the 2008 fire.

Wet Coastal Heath

Occupying less well drained environments than the previous community, this is generally dominated by a dense scrubby component that includes: Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), scented paperbark (Melaleuca squarrosa), purple honey-myrtle (Melaleuca squamea), banksia (B. marginata), pink swamp-heath (Sprengelia incarnata), smooth parrot pea (Dillwynia glaberrima) and woolly-style heath (Epacris lanuginosa). The dense graminoid layer is characterised by slender twin-rush (Leptocarpus tenax), common rapier-sedge (Lepidosperma filiforme), slender bog-rush (Schoenus lepidosperma) and flat cord-rush (Eurychorda complanata). Dominance varies and there is also some variation in species

12 Kirkpatrick & Harris, 1999

North Barker Ecosystem Services 9 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment composition which suggest that several floristic communities occur that accord with both ‘Scented Paperbark Wet Heath’ and ‘Purple Honey –myrtle Wet Heath’ 13. The above communities have been collectively mapped on TASVEG version 1.0 as SHL – Lowland sedgy heathland. The description for SHL is of a disclimax community, where forest has been cleared and heathy understorey with prominent layer of saggs Lomandra longifolia is retained14.

The vegetation on Robbins Island is more akin to the complexes used to describe heath on Flinders (SHF) and King Island Coastal heathland (SSK). The descriptions of SSK could be extended to capture this community. The definition of Wet heathland (SHW) which may be appropriate for the wetter facies is more descriptive of inland situations. Use of the key and comparison of descriptions suggest the best ‘fit’ for the heathland on Robbins Island is Coastal heathland (SCH) as the description allows for a wetter facies.

Buttongrass Moorland Buttongrass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus) is widespread across the wet heath, though often not very prominent, with less than 5% cover. In association with this are often plants of Xyris spp. Generally increased periods of waterlogging lead to increased development of acid peat and build up of iron and manganese affecting soil nutrition. The result often tends to be the exclusion of a range of heathland flora, notably most legumes. Locally buttongrass forms a prominent component in the wet heath and in places exceeds 25% cover. TASVEG differentiates buttongrass moorland mapping units where G. sphaerocephalus is ‘prominent’. The areas supporting buttongrass are mapped as SCH as the buttongrass is insufficiently dense to be recognisable from aerial photos. The extensive areas on the eastern slopes of White Rock Ridge mapped by in TASVEG version 1.0 as Buttongrass moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS) was

13 Kirkpatrick & Harris, 1999 14 This is not what occurs on Robbins Island, nor for that matter what TASVEG shows extensively across Cape Barren Island and in the Arthur Pieman Protected Area. Much of what is actually mapped as Regenerating Cleared Land (FRG) on TASVEG v 1.0 which has never been developed as paddock would better be classified as this community (this includes the rather perplexing photo in TASVEG page 207 used for FRG.

North Barker Ecosystem Services 10 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment found on investigation to not be so. So although buttongrass is present no areas of this have been mapped.

Buttongrass with sphagnum moss

Tea tree Scrub Representing a successional phase of the heathland vegetation, thickets of this vegetation type occur throughout although they are best represented in the southern and northern ends of the White Rock Ridge. Typically dominated by smoky teatree Leptospermum glaucescens (to 3-5m), with goldey wood (Monotoca glauca), manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), sallow wattle (A. mucronata ssp. mucronata ) and silver banksia (B. marginata). Graminoids present are often spindly relicts of a previous heathland but may include cutting grass (Gahnia grandis) on wetter aspects and rockier locations tassel roperush (Hypolaena fastigiata) and a prominent crustose lichen ground flora.

Low eucalypts (Eucalyptus nitida) are emergent and can be locally prominent such as towards the northern end of the study area to the point where the vegetation has been mapped as E. nitida woodland DNI.

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Tea tree scrub on Robbins Island has been mapped by TASVEG v 1.0 as either Coastal Scrub (SSC), Leptospermum Scrub (SLW) or Western Wet Scrub (SWW). SSC has a characteristic flora of coastal shrubs, many absent from those areas sampled. SLW is generally dominated by Leptospermum lanigerum which is not present here and is more typical of more fertile environments. SWW is usually dominated by L. nitidum (also absent) with a prominent Acacia mucronata component and intergrades with Eucalyptus nitida dominated communities. Although the latter two characteristics are consistent with tea tree scrub on Robbins Island this community has been attributed to Dry Scrub (SDU). The key in the TASVEG descriptions separates SDU from SWW due to the prominence of both L. scoparia and L. glaucescens. It also describes a facies from ‘areas of high rainfall on siliceous rocks in western Tasmania’ that supports species consistent with those found on Robbins Island. 15

Paperbark Scrub This community occupies the margins of ephemeral wetlands and also extends along some drainage lines and other low lying sites subject to inundation. It is characterised by a dense thicket of scented paperbark (Melaleuca squarrosa), with manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and other heathland shrubs. Graminoids include cutting grass (Gahnia grandis), tassel cord-rush (Baloskion tetraphyllum) and branching scale-rush (Sporadanthus tasmanicus). This equates to the TASVEG classification Melaleuca squarrosa scrub (MSR).

Eucalyptus nitida forest/woodland This community dominates areas of exposed quartzite. It is typically diverse and includes a rich heathy component including many species that are not found elsewhere in the study area such. Where outcropping quartzite is particularly prominent localised environments associated with fissures in the rock support a range of lithophytic ferns and grasses. This community supports most of the populations of the variable sallow-wattle (Acacia mucronata var. dependens). There

15 SDU on TASVEG captures many quite distinct and unrelated vegetation classifications and is somewhat of a ‘dumping ground’ for scrub that does not fit well with other descriptions. It requires review. TASVEG v 1.0 maps tiny patches throughout the state with extensive areas on Cape Barren, Flinders and Low Hummock Islands where they are predominantly on soils derived from granite.

North Barker Ecosystem Services 12 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment is a scrubby facies where this occurs over tea tree scrub. This equates to TASVEG classification Eucalyptus nitida dry forest and woodland (DNI).

E. nitida woodland

Shrubby Eucalyptus obliqua forest Recorded from localised patches in the mid west part of the study area where it appears to be associated with slate. These stands are mostly fire damaged, but also provide some old growth elements such as tree hollows. Notable species include native daphne (Pultenaea daphnoides var. daphnoides), spike beard-heath (Leucopogon australis), stinkwood (Zieria arborescens), and include a prominent bracken (Pteridium esculentum) layer. This equates to TASVEG classification Eucalyptus obliqua dry forest and woodland (DOB).

E. obliqua forest

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Shrubby Eucalyptus brookeriana forest

Very localised to small stands where it is co-dominant with smithton peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida). There is a mixed shrub /heath component (B. marginata, P. daphnoides, M. squarrosa, M. glauca, L. australis) with clover-tree (Goodia lotifolia) distinctive to this community. Bracken (P. esculentum) is prominent. Some trees are mature with associated hollows. This equates to TASVEG classification Eucalyptus brookeriana wet forest (WBR).

Coastal grassland / sedgeland There are extensive areas of this vegetation type on Robbins Island, notably on the coastal margins and offshore islets. Small band of this community occurs behind small bays along the south coast. This is dominated by salt tussock (Poa poiformis) with Austrostipa stipoides, Ficinia nodosa, Juncus kraussii and Gahnia trifida. The relative dominance of component grasses, sedges and rushes varies. This equates to TASVEG classification Saline sedgeland/rushland (ARS).

Lepidosperma longitudinale sedgeland Confined to two semi-permanent wetlands close to the western boundary of the study area, this is distinctive community supporting a flora confined to these localities. It includes some interesting herbs including marsh-flower (Villarsia reniformis) and duckbill orchid (Cryptostylis subulata). This equates to TASVEG classification Freshwater sedgeland and rushland (ASF).

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Figure 3 - Vegetation Robbins Island White Rock Ridge

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Figure 4: Vegetation Robins Island Road

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Table 1: Native Vegetation Communities within the study area

Equivalent Mapped State-wide Conservation Regional Conservation TASVEG Status17 Status18 Community16

Dry and wet coastal heath

Coastal heathland Not threatened No recent analysis SCH

Tea tree scrub

Dry scrub Not threatened No recent analysis SDU

Paperbark scrub

Melaleuca squarrosa scrub Not threatened No recent analysis SMR

Eucalyptus nitida forest/woodland

E. nitida dry forest and Not threatened Not threatened woodland Adequately reserved Adequately reserved DNI

Eucalyptus obliqua forest

E. obliqua dry forest and Not threatened Not threatened woodland Adequately reserved Adequately reserved DOB

Eucalyptus brookeriana forest

E. brookeriana wet forest Vulnerable Not threatened WBR Inadequately reserved Inadequately reserved

Coastal grassland and sedgeland

Saline sedgeland and Not threatened No recent analysis rushland ARS

Lepidosperma longitudinale sedgeland

Freshwater aquatic Vulnerable No recent analysis sedgeland and rushland ASF Note there has been no analysis of TASVEG mapping units of conservation status of non forest communities at the bioregional level or reservation status at any level. Table 2 quantifies the extent of each community mapped within the study area.

16 Harris & Kitchener 2005 17 FCF2007, Note there is no recent analysis of reservation status of non forest communities 18 FCF2007

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Table 2 – Extent of each community within footprint of current design

Equivalent Mapped TASVEG Area within study area Community19 Coastal heathland 2626 SCH Dry scrub 153 SDU Melaleuca squarrosa scrub 53 SMR E. nitida dry forest and woodland 230 DNI E. obliqua dry forest and woodland 13 DOB E. brookeriana wet forest 2 WBR Saline sedgeland and rushland 2.5 ARS Freshwater aquatic sedgeland and rushland 3 ASF 26 ha of coastal scrub (SSC) mapped by TASVEG close to the western boundary was not verified and has not been changed on the vegetation map. This may however better be subsumed in to SDU as have other scrub communities in the study area.

3.2 FLORA OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE

The 2003 survey revealed 152 native plant species and 4 exotic plant species within the study area. The 2008 surveys recorded another 83 species (including Robbins Island Rd) bringing the total number of species On Robbins Island itself to 203. Fifteen plant species endemic to Tasmania. The 2003 survey identified one threatened species as present and potential habitat for another ten of which two were provisionally identified. The 2008 work confirmed the presence of two threatened orchid species, but also determined that several of the recorded or potential threatened species referred to in 2003 were no longer listed or were not or unlikely to be present. Of the listed species confirmed form Robbins Island one is of national significance (listed on the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) and two of state significance (listed on the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995). A full list of species is given in Appendix 4. Table 2 lists significant species recorded in the vicinity of the study area from previous studies.

19 Harris & Kitchener 2005

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Table 3: Flora Species of Conservation Significance Previously recorded in a 5 km radius of study area (Natural Values Report) or listed on the EPBCA Protected Matters Report.

Status TSPA/ Potential to EPBCA (upper 20 Species Occur Observations and Preferred Habitat case)

A species of wet sites along creeks and Baumea gunnii Rare / NONE riverbanks with most Tasmanian records from Slender twig-sedge - eastern half of the State. One single record for the region is dubious. Listed on EPBC website but no records from far Caladenia caudata Vulnerable / LOW NW Tasmania, although known from Rocky (heathland) tailed spider-orchid VULNERABLE Cape NP where there is similar habitat.

Preferred habitat is associated with moorland and heath close to the coast. Easily confused Caladenia pusilla Rare / MODERATE with the very similar Caladenia mentiens which - (heathland) Tiny fingers is present on Robbins Island. This may have been overlooked if localised. Previously collected from Swan Bay Plain. This species is known from a range of habitats from Carex gunniana Rare / LOW wet forest to coastal sands. Therefore potential Mountain Sedge - habitat occurs around the margins of Robbins Island and along Robbins Island Rd in the study area although not recorded during this study. This species has been collected from West Comesperma Montagu and heathland in the vicinity of Harcus Rare / defoliatum LOW Hill. Plants of this genus unidentified in 2003 - Leafless Milkwort were shown to be the common C. calymega in 2008 survey. Dry and unidentifiable flowers of a midge orchid from the previous season were recorded at several locations. These may be of a Corunastylis LOW widespread and common species such as C. brachystachya Endangered / archeri. However habitat is consistent with that ENDANGERED Robbins Short-spiked midge Island found at Rocky Cape NP where C. orchid brachystachya is only currently known. Flowering of midge orchids is latesummer- autumn A single record from Harcus Hill, this is a LOW Deyeuxia densa Rare / Robbins species of shrubby eucalypt forest. Very little Heath bentgrass - Island Rd habitat on Robbins Island , some potential habitat along Robbins Island Rd. Not listed on EPBC website, this is a species Diuris lanceolata Endangered / LOW confined to NW Tasmania coast in scrub and Large golden moths ENDANGERED grassland. Possibly the study area portion of Robbins Island is too infertile

20 Lazarus et al. 2003; Jones et al. 1999

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Status TSPA/ Potential to EPBCA (upper 20 Species Occur Observations and Preferred Habitat case)

Previously collected (1986) from Swan Bay Plain, although curiously not acknowledged from there in the Orchid Atlas21 .This species is confined to periodically inundated sites in Diuris palustris Endangered / MODERATE association with heathland and Swamp doubletail - teatree/paperbark. Potential habitat exists within the study area, although mostly recorded after summer fire. Has been recorded from similar geology at Rocky Cape National Park. Flowering occurs Sep-Nov. Frankenia pauciflora Collected from Harcus Island and Short Island. MODERATE Sea Heath Rare / Potential habitat (saltmarsh) exists in southern - (coastal) access area, particularly in vicinity of Wallaby Islands. Hypolepis muelleri NONE This has been recorded form wet forest. Habitat harsh groundfern (Robbins Is) is suitable in some wet forest remnants along Rare / LOW - Robbins Island Rd, but not recorded. The more (Robbins Is common and similar H. glandulifera is present. Rd)

Isolepis habra Single record attributed to author from Montagu Rare / NONE wispy clubsedge - River. Some doubt to this veracity of this observation. Isolepis stellata Single record attributed to author from Montagu Rare / NONE star clubsedge - River. Some doubt to this veracity of this observation. Lachnagrostis robusta Mostly recorded from the East Coast of tall blowngrass Rare / LOW Tasmania, it has been collected from margin of - (coastal) saltmarsh at the mouth of the Harcus River. Potential habitat exist in the area of the proposed access although not recorded. Lachnagrostis scabra This is an alpine species. Unlikely to occur in subsp.scabra Rare / NONE the vicinity. Records for this species are errors rough blowngrass - from taxonomic changes to old records.

Limonium australe Collected from Harcus Island and Short Island. MODERATE Sea Lavender Rare / Potential habitat (in mudflats) exists in southern - (coastal) access area, particularly in vicinity of Wallaby Islands. Parmotrema crinitum This is a lichen with very specific habitat Lichen species NONE requirements associated with coast paperbark (Robbins Is) forest (Melaleuca ericifolia). The record comes Rare / MODERATE from a collection made near Robbins Island - (Robbins Is Road across Robbins Passage from the 22 Rd) island . Lichens superficially resembling this genus collected along Robbins Island Rd all confirmed to belong to other species.

21 Jones et al 1999 22 Gintaras Kantvilas pers com.

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Status TSPA/ Potential to EPBCA (upper 20 Species Occur Observations and Preferred Habitat case)

Listed on EPBC website, flowering is limited to Prasophyllum secutum Endangered / PRESENT the season immediately following a fire. Plants northern leek-orchid ENDANGERED most closely resembling this species were collected from current study. Pterostylis cucullata Known from four extant populations on Three Leafy Greenhood Hummock Island, Hunter Island and King Island. Habitat is tussock grassland and tea Endangered / LOW VULNERABLE tree/paperbark scrub on stabilised sand dunes. Study area is likely to be less fertile than known locations. Unlikely to occur. Flowers October- November. Pterostylis falcata Known form four widely dispersed location in Rare / VERY LOW Sickle greenhood - Tasmania generally associated with damp but fertile soils. Little suitable habitat. Listed on EPBC website but no records from Pterostylis ziegeleri Vulnerable / NONE NW Tasmania, habitat is associated with grassland greenhood VULNERABLE grassland on fertile soils.

Thelymitra antennifera Coastal heath on moderate to poorly drained Rabbit-ears peaty soils. Thought to be possibly present in Endangered / LOW _ 2003, subsequently determined to be other species of this genus. Nearest known population is on Hunter Island. Thelymitra malvina Recorded in small numbers from Robbins Endangered / PRESENT mauve-tufted sun orchid - Island.

Threatened Species Recorded From the Study Area The 2003 report described the possible presence of three listed species. Variable sallow wattle Acacia mucronata var mucronata was confirmed and has subsequently found to be common on Robbins Island. This was delisted from the Tasmanian TSPA in 2008. Leafless milkwort Comesperma defoliatum is listed as rare on the TSPA. This plant is superficially similar to spike milkwort (Comesperma calymega) from which it is distinguished by leaf morphology and relative lengths of outer and inner sepals. The plants collected during the 2003 study were poor specimens, due to the dry season. The general absence of leaves suggested they conform with C. defoliatum, however floral structure needed to confirm this identification was not of condition to enable verification. The 2008 spring surveys, undertaken during the flowering period, revealed Comesperma calymega to be widespread and occasional including the vicinity of sites where the unconfirmed plants from 2003 were recorded. No plants resembling C. defoliatum were observed. There is no reason to assume that C defoliatum occurs on Robbins Island. Rabbit-ears Thelymitra antennifera is listed as endangered on the TSPA. This is a distinctive yellow-flowered sun orchid which has been collected from only a few localities in Tasmania including Hunter Island and Cape Portland area 23. Its

23 Jones et al, 1999

North Barker Ecosystem Services 21 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment favoured habitat is coastal heathland in poorly to moderately drained sites. This is consistent with a location where two dried specimens of a sun orchid (Thelymitra sp.) were recorded in 2003. These plants were located in a low lying depression close to the slate mine track. The shrivelled flowers appeared to present the characteristic lobes on the floral column. However this identification could not be confirmed from the condition of the specimens. Subsequent reinspection of the location revealed several species of sun orchid including Thelymitra flexuosa which has small columnar lobes which may correspond to those of the dried flowers observed in 2003. The targeted orchid searching undertaken for this project failed to locate any plants of T. antennifera and so it is assumed that this species is absent from the study area on Robbins Island. The 2008 survey did locate two threatened orchid species. Targeted orchid surveys capturing the range of habitats were undertaken in early October and November. Habitat for species thought potentially likely to occur was a prime consideration. Figure 3 shows the locations of all survey sites and locations of significant orchid species. Appendix 3 lists the orchids likely to occur and their peak flowering. Appendix 4 summarises all orchids recorded and their locations. A total of 34 species of orchids were recorded on Robbins Island.

Lizard orchid Burnettia cuneata - Occasional in burnt sedgeland

Fire orchid Pyrorchis nigricans – abundant in burnt heathland

Burnettia cuneata

Pyrorchis nigricans

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Mayfly orchid Acianthus caudatus - light form Mayfly orchid Acianthus caudatus - dark form

narrowleaf caladenia Caladenia angustata- wax-lip orchid Glossodia major - local widespread

Strap beardorchid Calochilus paludosus Calochilus paludosus flower close up

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Cryptostylis subulata Duckbill Orchid localised Thelymitra sp. – note some specimens such as to freshwater wetland (Feb 2003) this flower later than the survey period

Pterostylis aphylla Leafless greenhood Gunns tree orchid Sarcochilus gunnii Robbins Island Northern leek orchid Prasophyllum secutum is listed as endangered under both state and federal legislation. This species is rarely seen as flowering is closely aligned to fire. It has been recorded across northern Tasmania usually associated with shrublands in old dunes. Several leek orchids Prasophyllum spp. were identified and collected from numerous locations. At one site 5 plants were recorded which have been subsequently determined as this species. A second opinion was obtained from Mark and Hans Wapstra who have a specialist interest in orchids. These plants show some unique characters which may be accounted through the natural variation in the species. In general appearance (stature, colouration, size and arrangement of flowers, general flower morphology), the specimen conforms to P. secutum. But in a number of other features, it does not. The plants appear to lack scent which is supposedly a character of P. secutum. They also lack the prominent papillae on the labellum lamina and labellum callus. Furthermore the coloration of the labellum is light green rather than whitish and has a fleshy bulbous labellum callus which is not

North Barker Ecosystem Services 24 ZZZ087 17_04_2009 White Rock Ridge Windfarm Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment typical of P. secutum. However this is the best ‘fit’ as it does not conform to the western leek orchid P. favonium because of the lack of colour and labellum characters and does not conform to P. lindleyanum because it lacks the sigmoid labellum shape and the flowers are too crowded. It is worth noting that several leek orchids were only in bud and could not be identified to the species level. This genus generally has a peak flowering later than others and with cool spring conditions flowering may have been further retarded. It is not unlikely that this species occurs at other locations on the island. However given the extended burns in summer 2008 it cannot be widespread as it would have been more widely recorded. The location from which it was observed was affected by the 2007 fire. Mauve tufted sun orchid Thelymitra malvina is listed as endangered on the Tasmanian TSPA. Three plants closely conforming to this species were recorded from one location. Some other similar but much larger sun orchids were collected from three locations. These had up to 20 flowers on a single plant which exceed the 5-15 flowers described 24. A specimen was sent to a specialist in sun orchids25 who identified the plant as being T. malvina. It is likely this species is widespread across White Rock Ridge. T. malvina occurs at Rocky Cape, King and Flinders Islands and possibly at other scattered coastal localities. Lichen Parmotrema crinitum is listed as rare under the Tasmanian TSPA. It has only ever been collected in Tasmania from Melaleuca dominated coastal swamp forest from a single location at the end of Robbins Island Road26. In recognition of this fact all Parmotrema looking lichens were collected from wet forest where they were attached to the bark of several species including prickly box Bursaria spinosa. Lichen identification was carried out using potassium hydroxide, chlorine, and para- phenylenediamine, and the keys in Kantvilas et al. (2002) 27. All specimens were shown to belong to the common and widespread Parmotrema chinense.

Parmotrema chinense from Robbins Island Rd

24 Jones et al 1999. 25 J. Jeanes 26 G. Kantvilas pers com (2003) 27 Analysis undertaken by E Pharo,

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Flora of General or Regional Significance A total of 10 species endemic to Tasmania were found in the study area, these are listed in appendix 3. Several species were found to be uncommon in the study area. Most notable habitat is the larger quartzite outcrops that support a range of flora not present elsewhere. These include a range of lithophytic ferns, including Asplenium appendiculatum recorded from one site and Huperzia varia recorded from several sites, with a particularly vigorous population on cooler aspects of Lanes Tor. This feature provides the most prominent and varied rock outcrop habitat within the study area. The sandy ridges provide the only habitat for an uncommon sedge – Schoenus turbinatus which is present in relatively small numbers in a distinct and localised environment – typically mid slope north west facing slopes.

3.3 FAUNA HABITAT

Generally the study area is relatively homogenous with broad and extensive areas of low heath and moorland, some denser and taller scrub, more prominent in the south and along drainage lines. The moorland / heathland supports small population of ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus) and provides dense cover for small birds, such as the striated fieldwren (Calamanthus fuliginosus). Localised stands of dry sclerophyll forest dominated by old growth stringy bark (E. obliqua) and brookers gum (E. brookeriana) carry hollows large enough to support owls. These were found to be alive with diversity of woodland birds. The rocky outcrops provide habitat in the form of cracks for reptiles and small mammals and caves for larger mammals.

Quartzite outcrop

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A freshwater wetland that was dried out in 2003, but full in 2008, occurs close to the western boundary. This provides potentially suitable habitat for aquatic fauna including frogs.

Freshwater wetland

3.4 FAUNA OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE

Table 4 lists threatened fauna species that have been recorded within the vicinity of the study area or may be expected to occur in suitable habitat 28. A brief discussion is given to indicate the reasons why habitat is suitable or unsuitable. No threatened fauna habitat for fauna is has been identified within the study area on Robbins Island. Note birds are not considered in this report as they are being addressed in a separate consultancy. Marine fauna are also not considered as the study areas are entirely terrestrial. Fauna of General or Regional Significance Recorded Mountain Dragon (Tympanocryptis diemensis) Widespread in Tasmania across a range of habitats its common name comes from a more strictly montane distribution in Victoria and New South Wales. An individual was recorded in rocky habitat under light woodland in the north of the study area. The mountain dragon, although not listed under any threatened species legislation is considered important by way of its listing as "insufficiently known" 29. There is little

28 Natural Values Report 29 Vertebrate Advisory Committee, 1994

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Table 4: Fauna of conservation significance previously recorded in the vicinity or likely to occur

Status Significance Species Observations and Preferred Habitat30 TSPA / of habitat EPBCA MAMMALS

Records extend to the northwest mainland of Tasmania. Not known from Robbins Island. This eastern-barred LOW species favours a mosaic of open grassy areas for -/ bandicoot (Robbins Is foraging with thick vegetation cover for shelter and VULNERABLE Perameles gunnii Rd only) nesting. There is some suitable habitat present along Robbins Island Road. Road widening will have marginal impact on habitat or individuals.

Not known from Robbins Island. Occurs in northwest mainland of Tasmania throughout rural habitats. Facial tumour disease is the threat to the species LOW rather than habitat loss. No evidence of activity or Tasmanian devil Endangered / (Robbins Is dens were observed along Robbins Island Rd. Road Sarcophilus harrisii VULNERABLE Rd only) widening will have marginal impact on habitat or individuals. Any increased risk of roadkill from upgrading of road would be insignificant.

Not known from Robbins Island. Occurs in northwest LOW mainland of Tasmania favouring forest and heathland. spotted tailed quoll Rare / (Robbins Is Road widening will have marginal impact on habitat Dasyurus maculatus VULNERABLE Rd only) or individuals. Any increased risk of roadkill from upgrading of road would be insignificant .

AMPHIBIANS

Occurs in heavily vegetated wetlands. No records green and gold frog Vulnerable / VERY LOW from north west Tasmania. Very limited suitable Litoria raniformis VULNERABLE habitat on Robbins Island.

Limited in Tasmania to the far northeast around Waterhouse, the northwest and King Island. It can respond to shorter periods of inundation to successfully breed than the green & gold frog, so is striped marsh-frog also known from less permanent water bodies. Low Endangered / Limnodynastes peronii LOW productivity habitats such as those within the study - area share characteristics with the western moorlands of Tasmania, from which striped marsh frogs have never been recorded. Overall the study area is considered most unlikely to support habitat for this species.

INVERTEBRATES

This is a grassland species known from Cape Grim, No shayer’s grasshopper Endangered / NONE Schayera baiulus - such habitat in the western half of Robbins Island.

A carnivorous species of deep damp litter wet forest VERY LOW keeled snail known only from north west Tasmania and Three Rare / (Robbins Is Tasmaphena Hummock Island. Some limited habitat in wet forest - Rd only) lamproides along Robbins Island Rd.

30 Bryant & Jackson 1999

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Figure 5: Surveys and Threatened flora

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3.5 INTRODUCED PLANTS

The study area on Robbins Island supports few threatened plant species, none of which appear on the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999. The low fertility of the soils makes it generally unsuitable for most weeds. One coastal weed was found to be abundant along the northern shores of the island. Sea spurge Euphorbia paralias has colonised southern Australian beaches and is now widespread across western and northern beaches of Tasmania. Control is focused on small Bass Strait Islands, important bird breeding beaches and eastern Tasmania. It is present on coasts surrounding Robbins Island.

Sea spurge Euphorbia paralias - Robbins Island Robbins Island Road is more weed affected. The northern roadsides are infested with blackberry Rubus fruticosus which is listed as a ‘declared weed’ on the Tasmanian Weed Management Act 1999.

3.6 PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI

Commonly known as dieback or root rot fungus, Phytophthora is a soil borne fungal pathogen that invades the roots of plants and starves them of nutrients and water. Heath communities are the most susceptible to infection with a consequent serious loss of species diversity. It is generally spread by the transportation of soil on vehicles, construction machinery and walking boots. The establishment and spread of Phytophthora is favoured in areas that receive above 600 mm of rainfall per annum, are below 800 m altitude and have a predominately heathy shrub layer. No signs of Phytophthora were observed during the surveys. The habitat on Robbins Island is considered to be highly susceptibility to Phytophthora infection which would impact on the floristic composition of the heathland if allowed to be introduced. The proposed project bring a high risk of its introduction.

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4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT

No layout of infrastructure has been shown and so no specific comment can be made on the impact of the development. The main areas for locating wind towers are presumably associated with the highest ground. These areas tend to include most of the quartzite outcrops as well as some sandy knolls and ridges, similar to the habitat associated with the existing 70m tower site. These environments are distinct from the broader and more extensive flats and swales and support habitat for some species not necessarily present elsewhere in the study area. The footprint of each wind tower, plus any associated infrastructure such as access roads, suggest that the higher ground environments may be significantly affected by the project. Indirect impacts are dependent primarily on adequacy of management prescriptions. The low fertility makes the site generally at low risk to weed infestation, although the coastal environments are susceptible. The introduction and spread of a plant pathogen such as Phytophthora could have a profound impact on the balance of plants if allowed to spread unchecked.

4.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

The overall impact of a development on the largest scale proposed for this project would directly affect approximately 2% of the study area31 . There is considerably greater threat to the vegetation posed by land use change associated with agricultural development which has occurred on large scale on the island over recent years. The wind farm need have a relatively minor impact to most habitats and vegetation types. However the preference for higher ground for roads and tower sites suggest that the proportion of impact to select habitats will be considerably higher. The study area supports localised patches of eucalypt forest supporting old growth values and one significant vegetation community – Eucalyptus brookeriana forest. These occupy very small areas but any direct impact to these sites would be significant. A freshwater wetland close to the western boundary is classified as a threatened community. This should be easily avoidable.

4.2 SIGNIFICANT FLORA

There are relatively few threatened plant species confirmed from the study area. The two threatened orchid species recorded, occur in very limited amounts in the northern section of the wind farm area. From the broad scale sampling of the study area undertaken for this study it appears that the island has limited threatened orchid diversity both in numbers and species. The habitat for orchids is extensive. The threatened species sites mapped in this report are not likely to represent all sites. However they do indicate a low density of occurrence. Careful sighting of towers and other infrastructure should be able to avoid these locations.

31 Based on an estimate of 60 ha out of over 3000 ha

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4.3 SIGNIFICANT FAUNA HABITAT

The study area supports localised patches of dry eucalypt forest supporting old tree hollows. These occupy very small areas but support habitats that are not present in other vegetation types. Any direct impact to these sites would be significant. The extent of impact to the quartzite outcrops is unknown but if these sites are targeted as prospective wind tower locations then the impact could be considerable given their total area of occupancy is relatively small compared with the overall study area. There are a considerable number of ephemeral wetlands scattered across the property. Although not rich or highly productive environments, as are more fertile wetlands, they represent a localised habitat on the island. It is presumed that infrastructure development would tend to avoid these environments due to their frequency of inundation. They are more susceptible, perhaps, to indirect impact, which could be managed through control of run-off and other measures.

4.4 PC AND WEEDS

The introduction of machinery and increased use by vehicles in general presents an increased risk of introducing the root rot pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) and weeds to Robbins Island. Disturbance and movement of soil in areas that may be infected with Phytophthora presents the risk of spreading the pathogen through out the site. Large areas of coastal heath, such as that present, are not common and are particularly significant if currently free of the pathogen. Active management to continue to limit the spread of Phytophthora remains a focus of Tasmania’s control strategy. There are some weed species which would be able to colonise the heathlands if introduced. The risk of this occurring is dependent on the adequacy of controls and prescriptions to quarantine earth moving machinery and other tracked vehicles. There is a washdown station close to where vehicles drive on to the island. This could be used to manage this issue.

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5. IMPACT MINIMIZATION

Without detailed knowledge of the design and engineering aspects of the proposed development it is difficult to propose prescriptive impact minimization measures. However wherever options are available then all efforts in the design should attempt to retain localised habitats and threatened species. The following will assist in minimising disturbance in any areas where native vegetation is to be retained: 1. Clearly identify the boundary of all significant areas of habitat in the vicinity of works to be retained and ensure no impact occurs to these areas; 2. Following detailed design of the project, undertake micro siting surveys of the footprints of the developments to determine whether any adjustments in tower locations or road alignment can be applied to avoid significant sites; 3. Reduce the risk of spread of root rot pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) and environmental weeds, during and after works by developing and implementing a weed management and spread prevention plan;

• Clean machinery before entering the site.

• Work in uninfected areas first and move to infected areas (if encountered) last.

• Machines should be cleaned before leaving the property if Phytophthora is found to occur.

• Periodic reconnaissance surveys for Phytophthora in development areas should be considered.

• Site managers should have an awareness of best practise for Phytophthora management as well as basic training in identification of symptoms. 4. Road widening in the vicinity of the blackberry infestation along Robbins Island Road should include control measures to limit the spread and to take the opportunity to control the infestation at this site.

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6. LEGISLATIVE IMPLICATIONS

Note this section does not consider impacts to bird species, dealt with in another consultancy.

6.1 COMMONWEALTH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999

Referral under the EPBC Act will be necessary if, as the Act states: ‘An action has, will have, or is likely to have a significant impact on a vulnerable / endangered species if it does, will or is likely to (amongst other things):

• modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline, or

• adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species.’ Referral is made to Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA). No nationally threatened fauna species are likely to be affected by the works either on Robbins Island or along Robbins Island Road. One nationally listed threatened plant – the northern leek orchid Prasophyllum secutum has been confirmed form Robbins Island. Several other species have potential habitat, but could not be identified in spite of targeted searching. If the confirmed location of Prasophyllum secutum is avoided and the extent of similar habitat impact maintained at a low level, then the project is unlikely to have a significant impact on the species and so should not be considered a ‘controlled action’. However it is likely that further detailed information would be required of the orchid species associated with each tower site to enure no permit is required under this legislation.

6.2 TASMANIAN THREATENED SPECIES PROTECTION ACT 1995

Permits will be required for any impact to the threatened flora species: Prasophyllum secutum and Thelymitra malvina. It is likely that further detailed information would be required of the orchid species associated with each tower site to enure no permit is required under this legislation.

6.3 TASMANIAN WEED MANAGEMENT ACT 1999

There are no weed species listed under this act within the study area on Robbins Island and so this act is not triggered in any way for activities on the island. Under this Act Circular Head Council is classed as a Zone B municipality for infestations of blackberry which occur along Robbins Island Road. According to the provisions of the Weed Management Act 1999 Zone B municipalities are those which host large, widespread infestations of the declared weed that are not deemed eradicable because the feasibility of effective management is low at this time, therefore the objective is containment of infestations. The objective includes preventing spread of the declared weed from the municipality and preventing spread to properties currently free of them. There is a requirement to

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6.4 TASMANIAN FOREST PRACTISES ACT 1985

Public roads are exempt from this act and so works associated with Robbins Island road need not be considered. The Forest Practices Act (FPA) requires a Forest Practices Plan (FPP) where the clearing of forest is in excess of 1 hectare or 100 tonnes of timber or involves ‘vulnerable land’ where the thresholds become less. An amendment to the Forest Practices Act (April 2007) precludes the approval for the clearance of threatened forest communities and extends to the regulation of clearance of listed threatened non forest communities. None of the non forest communities are currently listed as threatened and so clearance of them will not trigger this act. Any development proposal that extends into bushland areas may impact on ‘forest’. Under the terms of the Forest Practices Regulations, any native vegetation which has the potential to develop to a height exceeding 5 m is considered ‘forest’. The areas mapped as eucalypt woodland and forest (DNI, DOB and WBR) potentially conform to this definition. Areas that support ‘vulnerable land’ as defined by the legislation require a Forest Practices Plan even for the harvesting of a single tree, bush or shrub. Vulnerable land includes threatened species and their habitat, plus threatened communities (WBR ASF). The clearance of areas identified as DNI, DOB and WBR will therefore require a Forest Practices Plan if collectively more than 1 ha of land is affected. There is no impediment to the clearing of DNI or DOB under this legislation as they are not classified as threatened. Any impact to ASF or WBR (as threatened communities) will trigger the need for a FPP. Any impact to heathland vegetation supporting threatened flora will also require a FPP. The approval of a FPP will be subject to advice from the Development and Conservation Assessment Branch, DPIW with respect to threatened species. It may also consider other values unless they are assessed through the planning approval process. An FPP that addresses the threatened species issue will exempt the requirement for a separate permit under the TSPA. Where a Development Plan and Environmental Management Plan has been prepared and approved to the satisfaction of all regulating authorities, then the project may be exempt form the Forest Practices Act 1985. Referral of the DPEMP to the Forest Practices Authority is recommended to seek their exemption. In such cases threatened species permits may be required.

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7. RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 In the Planning and Design Phase 1. Minimise or avoid disturbance to the threatened flora sites where feasible:

• Avoid mechanical disturbance, dumping of fill, alteration of drainage patterns, and soil compaction on sites of the threatened plant species. 2. Minimise or avoid disturbance to significant habitats:

• Aim to retain and protect representative examples of all localised habitats such as wetlands, forest copses and quartzite outcrops.

7.2 In the Development Plan and Environmental Management Plan 1. Protect the significant plant species habitats and other significant habitats by :

• Identifying their location in the DPEMP.

• Require micro-siting surveys of the finalised design of all infrastructure. Use the findings to inform adjustments to layout where feasible and where not to quantify the threatened species permit requirements.

• Make necessary permit application under the Tasmanian TSP Act.

• Consider implication under the Commonwealth EPBC Act and make a referral.

• Ensure that there are provisions to fence off the locations of the patches of threatened flora within 100m of any development infrastructure. 2. Protect the habitat from Pc and weed infestation :

• Develop a Phytophthora and Weed Risk Minimisation Strategy based on best practice hygiene principles. 3. Protect the balance of the heathland on White Rock Ridge from future and use change :

• Investigate opportunities to conserve the balance of the White Rock Ridge ecosystem through a formal mechanism such as a conservation covenant.

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REFERENCES

Bryant, S. & Jackson, J. (1999). Tasmania’s Threatened Fauna Handbook: what, where and how to protect. Threatened Species Unit, Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Buchanan, A.M. (2007). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania & Index to The Student's Flora of Tasmania. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum Website. Commonwealth of Australia (1999). Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. No. 91, 1999. DPIW (2006). Threatened Native Vegetation Communities, Version 6. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart. DPIW (2008). Natural Values Report 31620, 11 April 2008. Natural Values Atlas, Department of Primary Industries and Water. Forest Conservation Fund (2007). Conservation Value Index Technical Report. FCF Assessment Methodology Advisory Panel. Forest Practices Authority (2005). Forest Botany Manual. Forest Practices Authority Tasmania. Harris , S & Kitchener, A. (2005). From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania’s Vegetation. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Printing Authority of Tasmania, Hobart. Jones, D., Wapstra, H., Tonelli, P. and Harris, S. (1999). The Orchids of Tasmania. Melbourne University Press. Kantvilas, G., Elix, J.A. and S.J. Jarman (2002). Tasmanian lichens :identification, distribution and conservation status, I. Parmeliaceae. Flora of Australia supplementary series; no. 15, Australian Biological Resources Study. 274 p. Kirkpatrick, J.B., Barker, P., Brown, M.J., Harris, S., and Mackie, R. (1995). The Reservation Status of Tasmanian Vascular Plant Communities. Wildlife Scientific Report 95/4. Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & Harris, S. (1999). Disappearing Heath Revisited. Tasmanian Environment Centre Inc., Hobart. Lazarus, E, Lawrence, N and Potts, W. (2003). Threatened Flora of Tasmania CD. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart North Barker and Associates (2003). White Rock Ridge Wind Farm, Robbins Island. Botanical Survey and Fauna Habitat Assessment, April 2003. For Pacific Hydro. North, A.J., Johnson, K., Ziegler, K., Duncan, F., Hopkins, K., Ziegeler, D., Watts, S. (1998). Flora of Recommended Areas for Protection and Forest Reserves in Tasmania. Forestry Tasmania / Forest Practices Board / Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Peters, D. & Thackway, R. (1998). A New Biogeographic Regionalisation for Tasmania. Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart. Richley, L.R. (1978). Land Systems of Tasmania - Region 3 - North West. Tasmanian Department of Agriculture, Hobart.

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Tasmanian State Government (1993). Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993. No.70 of 1993. Government Printer, Hobart, Tasmania. Tasmanian State Government (1995). Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. No.83 of 1995. Government Printer, Hobart, Tasmania. Tasmanian State Government (1999). Weed Management Act 1999. No.105 of 1999. Government Printer, Hobart, Tasmania. Vertebrate Advisory Committee. (1994). Native Vertebrates which are Rare or Threatened in Tasmania. Edition 1. Species at Risk, Tasmania - Vertebrates. Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

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APPENDIX 1 - CONSERVATION VALUES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES

SPECIES OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Listed in Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The EPBC Act has six categories of threat status for species: 1. Extinct - If at a particular time there is no reasonable doubt that the last member of the species has died. 2. Extinct in the wild - If it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population well outside its past range; or If it has not been recorded in its known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate seasons, anywhere in its past range, despite exhaustive surveys over a time frame appropriate to its life cycle and form. 3. Critically endangered - If at a particular time, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 4. Endangered - If it is not critically endangered; and it is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 5. Vulnerable - If at a particular time it is not critically endangered or endangered; and it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 6. Conservation dependent - If, at that time, the species is the focus of a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species becoming vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered within a period of 5 years.

SPECIES OF STATE SIGNIFICANCE Listed in Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 (TSP Act) Threatened flora and fauna species in Tasmania are listed in Schedules 3 (extinct or endangered), 4 (vulnerable) or 5 (rare). These three categories are defined in Section 15 of the Act. 1. Extinct - If no occurrence of the taxon in the wild can be confirmed during the past 50 years. 2. Endangered - If it is in danger of extinction because long-term survival is unlikely while the factors causing it to be endangered continue operating. 3. Vulnerable - If it is likely to become an endangered taxon while the factors causing it to be vulnerable continue operating. 4. Rare - If it has a small population in Tasmania that is not endangered or vulnerable but is at risk.” Species that have been nominated and approved by the Scientific Advisory Committee for listing in the Act.

SPECIES OF REGIONAL OR GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The following definitions are from three publications: Flora Advisory Committee 1994, Vertebrate Advisory Committee 1994, Invertebrate Advisory Committee 1994. Flora only - Species listed as rare but not necessarily ‘at risk’ (r3). Fauna only – Species requiring monitoring (m). Both – Species of unknown risk status (k) in Tasmania, or thought to be uncommon within region, or a species having a declining range or populations within the area. Species considered to be outside its normal range or of an unusual form as determined and justified in the body of the report. Species identified in regional studies as being of conservation significance that are not listed in current legislation. Species that have been recognised but have not been formally described in a published journal that are thought to be significant as determined and justified in the body of the report. Plant species that are not known to be reserved. To be so it must be known to exist in at least one secure Reserve. Secure reserves include reserves and parks requiring the approval of both Houses of Parliament for their revocation. They include: National Parks, Aboriginal Sites, Historic Sites, Nature Reserves, State Reserves, Game Reserves, Forest Reserves, Wellington Park, and insecure reserves in the World Heritage Area which is protected by international agreement under the World Heritage Convention.

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APPENDIX 2 - LEGISLATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF THREATENED SPECIES

TASMANIAN STATE LEGISLATION AFFECTING THREATENED SPECIES

Threatened Species Protection Act 1995

Threatened flora and fauna species in Tasmania are listed in Schedules 3 (endangered) and 4 (vulnerable) of the Threatened Species Protection Act, 1995. Rare species that are considered to be ‘at risk’ are listed in Schedule 5 of the Act. These three categories are defined in Section 15 of the Act.

1. “An extant taxon of native flora or fauna may be listed as endangered if it is in danger of extinction because long-term survival is unlikely while the factors causing it to be endangered continue operating.

2. A taxon of native flora or fauna may be listed as vulnerable if it is likely to become an endangered taxon while the factors causing it to be vulnerable continue operating.

3. A taxon of native flora or fauna may be listed as rare if it has a small population in Tasmania that is not endangered or vulnerable but is at risk.”

The Act provides mechanisms for protecting these species from threatening processes, the implementation of ‘recovery plans’, ‘threat abatement plans’, ‘land management plans’, public authority agreements’, and ‘interim protection orders’.

Section 51 (a) of the TSPA states that: “A person must not knowingly, without a permit - take, trade in, keep or process any listed flora or fauna”. The Act defines ‘take’ as including: “kill, injure, catch, damage, destroy and collect. A land manager is therefore required to obtain a permit from the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (DPIWE) to carry out management that may adversely affect any of the species listed in the Act.

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Commonwealth of Australia Legislation Affecting Threatened Species

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The EPBC Act establishes a process for assessing actions that are likely to have impacts of national environmental significance. Such impacts include World Heritage Areas, RAMSAR Wetland sites of international importance, migratory species protected under international agreements, nuclear actions, the Commonwealth marine environment and nationally threatened species and communities.

Threatened species are defined in several categories: 1. Extinct • If at a particular time there is no reasonable doubt that the last member of the species has died. 2. Extinct in the wild • If it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population well outside its past range; or • If it has not been recorded in its known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate seasons, anywhere in its past range, despite exhaustive surveys over a time frame appropriate to its life cycle and form. 3. Critically endangered • If at a particular time, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 4. Endangered • If it is not critically endangered; and it is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 5. Vulnerable • If at a particular time it is not critically endangered or endangered; and it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. 6. Conservation dependent • If, at that time, the species is the focus of a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species becoming vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered within a period of 5 years.

An action that is likely to affect species that are listed in any of the above categories may require ministerial approval unless the Commonwealth Environment Minister has granted an exemption. The Act establishes a referral process to Environment Australia to determine whether an action requires a formal approval and thus would be required to proceed through the assessment and approval process.

A referral must provide sufficient information to allow the Minister to make a decision. The Minister is then required to make a decision within 20 business days of the referral. The Minister may decide an approval is not necessary if the action is taken in a specified manner. The action may not require approval but may require a permit if undertaken on Commonwealth land. If an approval is required then an environmental assessment must be carried out. In such instances the environmental assessment approach will be determined by the Minister and may vary from preliminary documentation to a full public inquiry depending on the scale and complexity of the impact.

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APPENDIX 3 – THREATENED ORCHID CORE SEARCH TIMES FOR ROBBINS ISLAND

SPECIES LISTING EARLY MID LATE EARLY MID OCTOBER OCT. OCT NOVEMBER NOV

Caladenia dienema v/CR • • •

Caladenia patersonii v/- • • •

Caladenia pusilla r/- • • • •

Diuris lanceolata e/EN • •

Diuris palustris e/- • • •

Microtidium atratum r/- • • •

Hydrorchis r/- • • • orbicularis

Prasophyllum e/CR • • • favonium

Prasophyllum e/CR • • • pulchellum

Prasophyllum e/CR • • robustum

Prasophyllum v/EN • • • secutum

Pterostylis e/EN • • • • rubenachii

Thelymitra e/- • • • antennifera

Thelymitra holmesii r/- • •

Thelymitra malvina r/- • • •

Thelymitra jonesii e/- • • •

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APPENDIX 4 – ORCHID SPECIES RECORDED ON ROBBINS ISLAND

Species Easting Northing Date Recorder Acianthus caudatus 322321 5492257 8/10/2008 DZ Acianthus caudatus 323742 5494736 6/10/2008 AJN Acianthus caudatus 323766 5494689 6/10/2008 AJN Acianthus caudatus 323722 5497279 6/10/2008 AJN Acianthus caudatus 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Acianthus pusillus 322319 5492206 10/11/2008 KZ Acianthus pusillus 324678 5500842 6/10/2008 AJN Acianthus pusillus 323722 5497279 6/10/2008 AJN Burnettia cuneata 324619 5495270 10/11/2008 KZ Burnettia cuneata 324712 5495308 10/11/2008 KZ Burnettia cuneata 324293 5498173 10/11/2008 KZ Burnettia cuneata 323398 5497476 7/10/2008 AJN Caladenia angustata 324751 5500959 6/10/2009 DZ Caladenia atrochila 322326 5492203 10/11/2008 KZ Caladenia mentiens 323752 5494696 8/10/2008 DZ Caladenia mentiens 324601 5496737 8/10/2008 DZ Caladenia mentiens 323699 5497352 7/11/2008 DZ Caladenia mentiens 323748 5494695 6/10/2008 AJN Caladenia mentiens 323700 5497352 10/11/2008 KZ Caladenia mentiens 323811 5497729 10/11/2008 KZ Caladenia mentiens 323459 5494415 10/11/2008 KZ Caladenia mentiens 321432 5492744 10/11/2008 KZ Caladenia transitoria 323700 5497448 7/11/2008 DZ Caleana major 321557 5492719 7/11/2008 DZ Caleana major 321502 5492737 7/11/2008 DZ Caleana major 321379 5492684 7/11/2008 DZ Caleana major 321158 5492554 10/11/2008 KZ Caleana major 320865 5492153 10/11/2008 KZ Caleana major 321025 5492092 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus herbaceous 324114 5492773 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus herbaceous 324005 5492955 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus herbaceous 323538 5494345 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 324187 5492446 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 324082 5492613 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323932 5492625 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323484 5494303 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 324981 5495285 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 324174 5497604 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323668 5497033 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323685 5496897 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323800 5497560 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 323453 5494616 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 322632 5494897 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 322418 5493642 7/11/2008 DZ Calochilus paludosus 324033 5492627 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324031 5492623 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324024 5492621 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324016 5492625 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 323920 5492975 10/11/2008 KZ

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Species Easting Northing Date Recorder Calochilus paludosus 324182 5492983 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324385 5493115 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324223 5493186 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324043 5493284 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324303 5498220 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324294 5498196 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324113 5498035 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324171 5497609 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324154 5497581 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324135 5497531 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 323677 5497002 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324684 5496732 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324668 5496749 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 324954 5495962 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 323769 5497683 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 323811 5497729 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 323177 5494762 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 322820 5494898 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 322602 5494928 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 322262 5494502 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 322425 5493939 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus paludosus 321674 5492559 10/11/2008 KZ Calochilus robertsonii 324043 5492980 10/11/2008 KZ Corunastylis sp. 323844 5491386 8/10/2008 DZ Corunastylis sp. 323547 5497439 7/10/2008 AJN Corunastylis sp. 323903 5490086 8/10/2008 AJN Corybas sp. 323722 5497279 6/10/2008 AJN Cyrtostylis reniformis 324751 5500959 6/10/2009 DZ Glossodia major 324751 5500959 6/10/2009 DZ Glossodia major 324770 5482871 6/10/2009 DZ Glossodia major 323722 5497279 6/10/2008 AJN Prasophyllum australe 324882 5496026 10/11/2008 DZ Prasophyllum elatum 324802 5496001 7/11/2008 DZ Prasophyllum elatum 325001 5496064 10/11/2008 KZ Prasophyllum elatum 324836 5495954 10/11/2008 KZ Prasophyllum elatum 324005 5496879 10/11/2008 KZ Prasophyllum secutum 324282 5498218 7/11/2008 DZ Prasophyllum sp. 324214 5498424 8/10/2008 DZ Prasophyllum sp. 324322 5496815 8/10/2008 DZ Prasophyllum sp. 324763 5500913 10/11/2008 KZ Prasophyllum sp. 324954 5496039 10/11/2008 KZ Prasophyllum sp. 323751 5497597 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis aphylla 323702 5497351 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis aphylla 323748 5497596 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis aphylla 323448 5494684 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis melanogramma 322321 5492257 8/10/2008 DZ Pterostylis nana 323724 5491253 8/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis nana 323766 5494689 6/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis parviflora 324142 5496944 6/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis parviflora 323792 5497253 6/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis parviflora 323722 5497279 6/10/2008 AJN

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Species Easting Northing Date Recorder Pterostylis parviflora 323547 5497439 7/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis parviflora 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis nutans 323769 5497683 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis tasmanica 323980 5493088 7/11/2008 DZ Pterostylis tasmanica 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Pterostylis tasmanica 323522 5494325 10/11/2008 KZ Pterostylis tasmanica 322055 5492435 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 324678 5500842 6/10/2008 AJN Pyrorchis nigricans 324142 5496944 6/10/2008 AJN Pyrorchis nigricans 323766 5494689 6/10/2008 AJN Pyrorchis nigricans 324751 5500959 6/10/2008 DZ Pyrorchis nigricans 324074 5497959 7/11/2008 DZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323724 5496717 7/11/2008 DZ Pyrorchis nigricans 324690 5496734 7/11/2008 DZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323692 5496872 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323747 5496752 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323745 5497023 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 324684 5496737 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 324746 5496799 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323702 5497354 10/11/2008 KZ Pyrorchis nigricans 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Thelymitra aristata 323428 5494255 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra aristata 321719 5492557 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra aristata 323972 5492447 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra aristata 324137 5492587 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra aristata 324376 5493136 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra aristata 324043 5493284 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra aristata 324266 5498239 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra aristata 324840 5495954 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra brevifolia 324140 5497504 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra cyanea 323046 5493919 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra flexuosa 323493 5494323 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra flexuosa 323167 5493973 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra flexuosa 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Thelymitra flexuosa 323894 5491675 8/10/2008 AJN Thelymitra flexuosa 323954 5492219 8/10/2008 AJN Thelymitra juncifolia 324088 5492778 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324150 5492767 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324572 5500583 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324240 5498328 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324127 5497912 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324192 5497626 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323691 5496875 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324757 5496755 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323699 5497474 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 322955 5494860 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 322217 5494619 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 322579 5493668 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323227 5494015 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 321230 5492573 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra juncifolia 321236 5492606 7/11/2008 DZ

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Species Easting Northing Date Recorder Thelymitra juncifolia 324027 5492444 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324048 5492634 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324000 5492984 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324009 5492983 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324226 5492988 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324381 5493098 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324939 5495273 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324674 5500762 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324636 5500728 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324547 5500569 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324633 5500781 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324703 5500874 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324699 5500899 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324706 5500906 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324133 5497531 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324115 5497963 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324261 5498243 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324202 5497804 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324199 5497763 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324127 5494862 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323750 5497345 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323711 5497433 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 324108 5497515 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 323487 5494567 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 322979 5494873 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 321846 5492503 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 321843 5492503 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra juncifolia 321390 5492681 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra malvina 324129 5498043 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra malvina 323739 5497707 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra malvina 323753 5497618 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra malvina 323311 5494711 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra pauciflora 323505 5494354 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 324756 5500911 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 324158 5497881 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 324204 5497828 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 324192 5497702 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 325049 5496012 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 323476 5494497 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra pauciflora 322374 5493785 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra polychroma 324719 5500840 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra polychroma 324105 5494862 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra polychroma 323698 5497531 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra polychroma 324009 5496873 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra polychroma 324127 5494862 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra polychroma 323748 5497584 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra rubra 324002 5490034 8/10/2008 DZ Thelymitra rubra 324059 5492780 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra rubra 324277 5492907 7/11/2008 DZ Thelymitra rubra 323903 5490086 8/10/2008 AJN Thelymitra rubra 324127 5494862 10/11/2008 KZ

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Species Easting Northing Date Recorder Thelymitra rubra 324005 5496879 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 324775 5500697 8/10/2008 DZ Thelymitra sp. 322321 5492257 8/10/2008 DZ Thelymitra sp. 324762 5500918 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 324688 5500838 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 323725 5497246 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 323646 5497233 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 325008 5496050 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 323700 5497342 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 323474 5494508 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 322221 5494650 10/11/2008 KZ Thelymitra sp. 321420 5492725 10/11/2008 KZ

AJN – Andrew North, DZ David Ziegeler, KZ Karen Ziegler

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APPENDIX 5 – PLANT COMMUNITIES

Dry Coastal Heath

Trees: Allocasuarina monilifera, Eucalyptus nitida, Eucalyptus amygdalina Tall Shrubs: Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum scoparium Shrubs: Acacia suaveolens, Amperea xiphoclada, Bauera rubioides, Boronia parviflora, Boronia pilosa, Dillwynia glaberrima, Epacris impressa, Euryomyrtus ramosissima, Leucopogon collinus, Phyllota diffusa, Sprengelia incarnata Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides, Hibbertia prostrata, Leucopogon virgatus Herbs: Eriochilus cucullatus, Stylidium graminifolium, Calochilus sp., Gompholobium huegelii Graminoids: Baumea acuta, Carpha sp., Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma concavum, Lepidosperma filiforme, Leptocarpus tenax, Patersonia fragilis, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Schoenus turbinatus, Xyris gracilis, Acion hookeri Grasses: Austrodanthonia sp. Ferns: Selaginella uliginosa, Pteridium esculentum

Wet Coastal Heath

Trees: Allocasuarina zephyrea, Eucalyptus nitida, Allocasuarina monilifera Tall Shrubs: Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrose, Monotoca glauca Shrubs: Bauera rubioides, Boronia parviflora, Boronia pilosa, Dillwynia glaberrima, Epacris impressa, Epacris lanuginosa, Leucopogon australis, Leucopogon collinus, Melaleuca squamea, Phyllota diffusa, Sprengelia incarnata Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides, Hibbertia prostrata Herbs: Stylidium graminifolium, Utricularia sp. Graminoids: Baloskion tetraphyllum tetraphyllum, Baumea acuta, Baumea juncea, Eurychorda complanata, Gahnia grandis, Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma concavum, Lepidosperma filiforme, Leptocarpus tenax, Patersonia fragilis, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Xyris gracilis, Xyris operculata, Acion hookeri Ferns: Selaginella uliginosa, Pteridium esculentum, Lindsaea linearis

Buttongrass Moorland

Trees: Allocasuarina monilifera, Eucalyptus nitida Tall Shrubs: Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrose Shrubs: Bauera rubioides, Boronia parviflora, Boronia pilosa, Dillwynia glaberrima, Epacris impressa, Epacris lanuginosa, Epacris obtusifolia, Leucopogon australis, Leucopogon collinus, Melaleuca squamea, Phyllota diffusa, Sprengelia incarnata, Low Shrubs: Hibbertia procumbens, Aotus ericoides, Hibbertia prostrata Herbs: Comesperma defoliatum, Comesperma retusum, Thelymitra sp.,

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Eriochilus cucullatus Graminoids: Baumea acuta, Empodisma minus, Eurychorda complanata, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma filiforme, Lepidosperma concavum , Leptocarpus tenax, Patersonia fragilis, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Xyris gracilis, Xyris muelleri, Xyris operculata, Acion hookeri Ferns: Selaginella uliginosa, Lindsaea linearis Climbers: Cassytha glabella

Tea-tree. Scrub

Trees: Eucalyptus nitida Tall Shrubs: Acacia mucronata, Acacia mucronata dependens, Acacia mucronata mucronata, Acacia verticillata verticillata, Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrose, Monotoca glauca Shrubs: Acacia longifolia sophorae, Bauera rubioides, Dillwynia glaberrima, Epacris impressa, Epacris lanuginosa, Leucopogon australis, Leucopogon collinus, Melaleuca squamea, Monotoca submutica, Pultenaea dentata, Sprengelia incarnata Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides Graminoids: Apodasmia brownii, Baloskion tetraphyllum tetraphyllum, Eurychorda complanata, Gahnia filum, Gahnia grandis, Hypolaena fastigiata, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Acion hookeri Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Selaginella uliginosa Climbers: Cassytha glabella

Paperbark Scrub

Trees: Eucalyptus nitida Tall Shrubs: Melaleuca squarrosa, Acacia mucronata dependens, Banksia marginata, Leptospermum scoparium, Monotoca glauca Shrubs: Epacris impressa, Leucopogon australis, Sprengelia incarnata, Bauera rubioides, Dillwynia glaberrima, Leucopogon collinus, Melaleuca squamea, Phyllota diffusa, Pimelea linifolia linifolia, Boronia pilosa, Epacris obtusifolia, Pultenaea dentata Graminoids: Baloskion tetraphyllum tetraphyllum, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Baumea acuta, Eurychorda complanata, Gahnia grandis, Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma filiforme, Leptocarpus tenax, Patersonia fragilis, Xyris gracilis, Acion hookeri Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Selaginella uliginosa Climbers: Cassytha pubescens, Cassytha glabella

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Heathy E. nitida Woodland

Trees: Allocasuarina monilifera, Eucalyptus nitida, Tall Shrubs: Acacia mucronata dependens, Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrose, Monotoca glauca, Acacia verticillata verticillata Shrubs: Acacia longifolia sophorae, Acacia suaveolens, Amperea xiphoclada, Bauera rubioides, Boronia pilosa, Bossiaea cinerea, Dillwynia glaberrima, Epacris impressa, Epacris lanuginosa, Epacris obtusifolia, Leptomeria drupacea, Leucopogon australis, Leucopogon collinus, Melaleuca squamea, Monotoca submutica, Persoonia juniperina, Phyllota diffusa, Sprengelia incarnata Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides, Astroloma pinifolium, Hibbertia prostrata, Leucopogon virgatus, Styphelia adscendens, Acacia myrtifolia Herbs: Gompholobium huegelii, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Dianella revoluta, Xanthosia pilosa Graminoids: Hypolaena fastigiata, Lepidosperma concavum, Lepidosperma filiforme, Leptocarpus tenax, Patersonia fragilis, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Xyris gracilis, Eurychorda complanata, Acion hookeri Grasses: Austrodanthonia sp., Deyeuxia quadriseta Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Selaginella uliginosa Climbers: Cassytha glabella, Cassytha pubescens

Scrubby E.nitida Forest

Trees: Eucalyptus nitida Tall Shrubs: Banksia marginata, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrosa, Monotoca glauca, Acacia mucronata, Pultenaea daphnoides obcordata, Zieria arborescens, Leptospermum glaucescens Shrubs: Leucopogon australis Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides Graminoids: Baloskion tetraphyllum tetraphyllum, Gahnia grandis, Juncus pallidus, Juncus pauciflorus, Juncus procerus, Leptocarpus tenax, Eurychorda complanata, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Schoenus lepidosperma lepidosperma, Sporadanthus tasmanicus Ferns: Pteridium esculentum

Shrubby E.obliqua Forest

Trees: Eucalyptus obliqua Tall Shrubs: Acacia mucronata, Acacia verticillata, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrosa, Monotoca glauca, Pultenaea daphnoides obcordata, Zieria arborescens, Banksia marginata, Leptospermum glaucescens Shrubs: Leucopogon australis, Epacris impressa Low Shrubs: Hibbertia prostrata, Aotus ericoides Herbs: Mitrasacme pilosa stuartii, Argentipallium dealbatum, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Viola hederacea Graminoids: Gahnia grandis, Lepidosperma concavum

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Ferns: Pteridium esculentum, Selaginella uliginosa Climbers: Comesperma volubile

E. brookeriana Scrubby Forest

Trees: Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus brookeriana, Eucalyptus nitida Tall Shrubs: Acacia mucronata dependens, Acacia verticillata ovoidea, Acacia verticillata ruscifolia, Banksia marginata, Goodia lotifolia, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrose, Monotoca glauca, Pultenaea daphnoides obcordate Shrubs: Coprosma quadrifida, Leucopogon australis Low Shrubs: Aotus ericoides Herbs: Drymophila cyanocarpa Graminoids: Gahnia grandis, Lepidosperma ensiforme Ferns: Pteridium esculentum Climbers: Clematis aristata

Poa poiformis tussock grassland

Shrubs: Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Atriplex paludosa paludosa Herbs: Samolus repens, Sclerostegia arbuscula, Selliera radicans, Suaeda australis Graminoids: Gahnia filum, Juncus kraussii australiensis Grasses: Austrostipa stipoides, Distichlis distichophylla, Poa poiformis

Lepidosperma longitudinale sedgeland

Tall Shrubs: Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squarrosa Herbs: Cryptostylis subulata, Gonocarpus micranthus micranthus, Hydrocotyle hirta, Myriophyllum pedunculatum longibracteolatum, Villarsia reniformis Graminoids: Baloskion tetraphyllum tetraphyllum, Baumea juncea, Eurychorda complanata, Juncus kraussii australiensis, Lepidosperma longitudinale, Leptocarpus tenax Grasses: Amphibromus recurvatus, Deyeuxia quadriseta Ferns: Selaginella uliginosa

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APPENDIX 6 – VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES LIST

Status codes: ORIGIN NATIONAL SCHEDULE STATE SCHEDULE i - introduced EPBC Act 1999 TSP Act 1995 d - declared weed WM Act CR - critically endangered e - endangered en - endemic to Tasmania EN - endangered v - vulnerable t - within Australia, occurs only in Tas. VU - vulnerable r – rare

Name Common name Status

DICOTYLEDONAE AIZOACEAE Disphyma crassifolium subsp. clavellatum roundleaf pigface

APIACEAE Apium prostratum sea celery Hydrocotyle hirta hairy pennywort Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides shining pennywort Trachymene composita parsnip laceflower Xanthosia dissecta cutleaf crossherb Xanthosia pilosa woolly crossherb

ASTERACEAE Argentipallium dealbatum white everlasting Hypochoeris radicata rough catsear i Lagenophora stipitata blue bottledaisy Senecio glomeratus shortfruit purple fireweed Senecio linearifolius var. linearifolius common fireweed groundsel Senecio minimus shrubby fireweed Senecio sp. groundsel

CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia alata angled lobelia Pratia pedunculata matted pratia Wahlenbergia sp. bluebell

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare common mouse-ear i Cerastium glomeratum sticky mouse-ear i Moenchia erecta erect chickweed i Stellaria pungens prickly starwort

CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina monilifera necklace sheoak en Allocasuarina zephyrea western sheoak en

CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex paludosa subsp. paludosa marsh saltbush Chenopodium murale nettleleaf goosefoot i Sarcocornia quinqueflora beaded glasswort Sclerostegia arbuscula shrubby glasswort Suaeda australis southern seablite

CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides wiry bauera

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DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia procumbens spreading guineaflower Hibbertia prostrata prostrate guineaflower Hibbertia riparia erect guineaflower

DROSERACEAE Drosera binata forked sundew Drosera peltata subsp. auriculata tall sundew Drosera pygmaea dwarf sundew

EPACRIDACEAE Astroloma humifusum native cranberry Astroloma pinifolium pine heath Epacris impressa common heath Epacris lanuginosa swamp heath Epacris obtusifolia bluntleaf heath Leucopogon australis spike beardheath Leucopogon collinus white beardheath Leucopogon ericoides pink beardheath Leucopogon virgatus common beard-heath Monotoca glauca goldey wood Monotoca submutica mountain broomheath en Sprengelia incarnata pink swampheath Styphelia adscendens golden heath

EUPHORBIACEAE Amperea xiphoclada broom spurge

FABACEAE Almaleea subumbellata wiry bushpea Aotus ericoides golden pea Bossiaea cinerea showy bossia Dillwynia glaberrima smooth parrotpea Gompholobium huegelii common wedgepea Goodia lotifolia clovertree, golden tip Phyllota diffusa heath bushpea en Pultenaea daphnoides var. obcordata heartleaf bushpea Pultenaea dentata swamp bushpea Pultenaea juniperina prickly beauty

GERANIACEAE Geranium sp. native geranium

GOODENIACEAE Selliera radicans shiny swampmat

HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus creeping raspwort Gonocarpus tetragynus common raspwort Gonocarpus teucrioides forest raspwort Myriophyllum pedunculatum var. longibracteolatum spreading watermilfoil

LAMIACEAE Mentha pulegium pennyroyal i

LAURACEAE Cassytha glabella slender dodderlaurel Cassytha pubescens downy dodderlaurel

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LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia dichotoma fairies aprons Utricularia lateriflora tiny bladderwort

LOGANIACEAE Mitrasacme pilosa var. stuartii stalked hairy mitrewort

MENYANTHACEAE Villarsia reniformis running marshflower

MIMOSACEAE Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae coast wattle Acacia melanoxylon blackwood Acacia mucronata subsp. dependens blunt caterpillar wattle en Acacia mucronata subsp. mucronata erect caterpillar wattle en Acacia myrtifolia redstem wattle Acacia stricta hop wattle Acacia suaveolens sweet wattle Acacia verticillata subsp. ovoidea prostrate prickly moses Acacia verticillata subsp. ruscifolia broadleaf prickly moses Acacia verticillata subsp. verticillata prickly moses

MYRTACEAE Callistemon sp. bottlebrush Eucalyptus brookeriana brookers gum en Eucalyptus nitida western peppermint en Eucalyptus obliqua stringybark Eucalyptus ovata black gum Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. viminalis white gum Euryomyrtus ramosissima heath-myrtle Leptospermum glaucescens smoky teatree en Leptospermum laevigatum coast teatree Leptospermum scoparium common tea-tree Melaleuca ericifolia coast paperbark Melaleuca squamea swamp honeymyrtle Melaleuca squarrosa scented paperbark

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis perennans grassland woodsorrel

PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora purple appleberry en Bursaria spinosa prickly box Rhytidosporum procumbens starry appleberry

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago coronopus buckshorn plantain i

POLYGALACEAE Comesperma calymega bluespike milkwort Comesperma retusum mountain milkwort Comesperma volubile blue lovecreeper

POLYGONACEAE Acetosella vulgaris sheep sorrel i

PRIMULACEAE Samolus repens creeping brookweed

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PROTEACEAE Banksia marginata silver banksia Persoonia juniperina prickly geebung

RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata mountain clematis

RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala common dogwood

ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zelandiae common buzzy Rubus fruticosus blackberry, bramble d

RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida native currant Opercularia varia variable stinkweed

RUTACEAE Boronia anemonifolia subsp. variabilis stinky boronia Boronia parviflora swamp boronia Boronia pilosa hairy boronia Nematolepis squamea satinwood Zieria arborescens stinkwood

SANTALACEAE Leptomeria drupacea erect currantbush

STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifolium narrowleaf triggerplant

THYMELAEACEAE Pimelea drupacea cherry riceflower Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia slender riceflower Pimelea linifolia subsp. linoides greater slender riceflower

VIOLACEAE Viola hederacea ivyleaf violet

MONOCOTYLEDONAE CENTROLEPIDACEAE Centrolepis sp. bristlewort

CYPERACEAE Baumea acuta pale twigsedge Baumea juncea bare twigsedge Baumea tetragona square twigsedge Carex appressa tall sedge Carpha sp. flower-rush Ficinia nodosa knobby clubsedge Gahnia filum chaffy sawsedge Gahnia grandis cutting grass Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus buttongrass Lepidosperma concavum sand swordsedge Lepidosperma ensiforme arching swordsedge Lepidosperma filiforme common rapiersedge

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Lepidosperma longitudinale spreading swordsedge Schoenus lepidosperma subsp. lepidosperma slender bogsedge Schoenus turbinatus heathland bogsedge

IRIDACEAE Patersonia fragilis short purpleflag

JUNCACEAE Juncus filicaulis thread rush Juncus kraussii subsp. australiensis sea rush Juncus pallidus pale rush Juncus pauciflorus looseflower rush Juncus procerus tall rush Juncus sarophorus broom rush Luzula densiflora dense woodrush

LILIACEAE Dianella revoluta var. revoluta spreading flax-lily Dianella tasmanica forest flaxlily Drymophila cyanocarpa turquoise berry Laxmannia orientalis dwarf wire-lily

ORCHIDACEAE Acianthus caudatus mayfly orchid Acianthus pusillus small mosquito-orchid Caladenia angustata narrowleaf finger-orchid en Caladenia atrata dark finger-orchid en Caladenia mentiens lesser finger-orchid Caladenia transitoria green finger-orchid Calochilus herbaceous pale beard orchid Calochilus paludosus strap beard orchid Calochilus robertsonii purple beard orchid Caleana major great duck orchid Chiloglottis gunnii tall bird-orchid en Corunastylis sp. midge-orchid Corybas sp. helmet orchid Cryptostylis subulata large tongue-orchid Cyrtostylis reniformis small gnat-orchid Eriochilus cucullatus autumn orchid Glossodia major waxlip orchid Microtis sp. onion orchid Prasophyllum australe austral leek orchid Prasophyllum elatum tall leek orchid Prasophyllum secutum northern leek orchid EN e Prasophyllum sp. leek orchid Pterostylis aphylla leafless greenhood Pterostylis melagramma black-stripe greenhood Pterostylis nana dwarf greenhood Pterostylis nutans nodding greenhood Pterostylis parviflora tiny greenhood Pterostylis pedunculata maroonhood Pterostylis tasmanica small beard greenhood Pyrorchis nigricans fire orchid Sarcochilus australis gunns tree-orchid Thelymitra aristata great sun-orchid Thelymitra brevifolia small leaf sun-orchid Thelymitra cyanea veined sun-orchid Thelymitra juncifolia large spotted sun-orchid Thelymitra malvina mauve-tufted sun-orchid e

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Thelymitra pauciflora slender sun-orchid Thelymitra malvina mauve-tufted sun-orchid Thelymitra flexuosa twisted sun-orchid Thelymitra rubra pink sun-orchid

POACEAE Aira caryophyllea silvery hairgrass i Amphibromus recurvatus dark swampgrass Austrodanthonia setacea bristly wallabygrass Austrostipa stipoides coast speargrass Deyeuxia monticola mountain bentgrass Deyeuxia quadriseta reed bentgrass Distichlis distichophylla australian saltgrass Ehrharta distichophylla hairy ricegrass Holcus lanatus yorkshire fog i Lachnagrostis filiformis common blowngrass Notodanthonia semiannularis marsh wallabygrass Poa poiformis coastal tussockgrass Themeda triandra kangaroo grass Zoysia macrantha prickly couch

RESTIONACEAE Apodasmia brownii coarse twinerush Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. tetraphyllum tassel cordrush Calorophus elongatus long roperush Chordifex hookeri woolly buttonrush en Empodisma minus spreading roperush Eurychorda complanata flat cordrush Hypolaena fastigiata tassel roperush Leptocarpus tenax slender twinerush Sporadanthus tasmanicus branching scalerush

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Lomandra longifolia sagg

XYRIDACEAE Xyris gracilis yelloweye Xyris muelleri roundhead yelloweye en Xyris operculata tall yelloweye

PTERIDOPHYTA ASPIDIACEAE Rumohra adiantiformis leathery shieldfern

ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium appendiculatum subsp. narrow spleenwort

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisa batswing fern Hypolepis glandulifera downy groundfern Hypolepis rugosula ruddy groundfern Pteridium esculentum bracken

DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica soft treefern

GLEICHENIACEAE

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Gleichenia dicarpa pouched coralfern Gleichenia microphylla scrambling coralfern

LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea linearis screw fern

LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia varia long clubmoss

POLYPODIACEAE Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum kangaroo fern

SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea fistulosa narrow combfern

SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella uliginosa swamp spikemoss

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APPENDIX 7 - FAUNA RECORDED ON ROBBINS ISLAND

This is an incomplete list of fauna based on incidental observation

Andrew North & Karen Johnson

17-20 Feb 2003 Birds

Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus Black Swan Cygnus atratus Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Chestnut Teal Anas castanea Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera Dusky Robin Melanodryas vittata Fan-Tailed Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flabelliformis Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa Grey Shrike-Thrush Colluricincla harmonica Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles Olive Whistler Pachycephala olivacea Pacific Gull Larus pacificus Richard's Pipit Anthus novaezelandiae Scrubtit Sericornis magnus Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Southern Boobook Ninox boobook Striated Fieldwren Calamanthus fuliginosus Swamp Harrier Circus approximans Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Phylidonyris melanops White-Faced Heron Ardea novaehollandiae White-throated Needle tail Hirundapus caudacutus Yellow-Tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-Throated Honeyeater Lichenostomus flavicollus Mammals

Bennett's Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus Broad-Toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus Tasmanian Devil Sarcophilus harrisii Reptiles

Lowland Copperhead Austrelaps superbus Mountain Dragon Tympanocryptis diemensis Tiger Snake Notechis ater White-Lipped Snake Drysdalia coronoides

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APPENDIX 8 – EPBC ACT PROTECTED MATTERS REPORT Note all matters relating to marine species and birds have been deleted as they are not addressed in this report.

EPBC Act Protected Matters Report 2 April 2009 15:45 This report provides general guidance on matters of national environmental significance and other matters protected by the EPBC Act in the area you have selected. Information on the coverage of this report and qualifications on data supporting this report are contained in the caveat at the end of the report. You may wish to print this report for reference before moving to other pages or websites. The Australian Natural Resources Atlas at http://www.environment.gov.au/atlas may provide further environmental information relevant to your selected area. Information about the EPBC Act including significance guidelines, forms and application process details can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/assessmentsapprovals/index.html

Search Type: Area Buffer: 0 km Coordinates: -40.62125,144.86745, -40.74181,144.86745, -40.74181,144.95607, - 40.62125,144.95607

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Summary - Matters of National Environmental Significance This part of the report summarises the matters of national environmental significance that may occur in, or may relate to, the area you nominated. Further information is available in the detail part of the report, which can be accessed by scrolling or following the links below. If you are proposing to undertake an activity that may have a significant impact on one or more matters of national environmental significance then you should consider the Administrative Guidelines on Significance - see http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/assessmentsapprovals/guidelines/index.html.

World Heritage Properties: None National Heritage Places: None Wetlands of International Significance: (Ramsar Sites) None Commonwealth Marine Areas: None Threatened Ecological Communities: None Threatened Species: 27 Migratory Species: 35 Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act This part of the report summarises other matters protected under the Act that may relate to the area you nominated. Approval may be required for a proposed activity that significantly affects the environment on Commonwealth land, when the action is outside the Commonwealth land, or the environment anywhere when the action is taken on Commonwealth land. Approval may also be required for the Commonwealth or Commonwealth agencies proposing to take an action that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere.

The EPBC Act protects the environment on Commonwealth land, the environment from the actions taken on Commonwealth land, and the environment from actions taken by Commonwealth agencies. As heritage values of a place are part of the 'environment', these aspects of the EPBC Act protect the Commonwealth Heritage values of a Commonwealth Heritage place and the heritage values of a place on the Register of the National Estate. Information on the new heritage laws can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html.

Please note that the current dataset on Commonwealth land is not complete. Further information on Commonwealth land would need to be obtained from relevant sources including Commonwealth agencies, local agencies, and land tenure maps.

A permit may be required for activities in or on a Commonwealth area that may affect a member of a listed threatened species or ecological community, a member of a listed migratory species, whales and other cetaceans, or a member of a listed marine species. Information on EPBC Act permit requirements and application

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forms can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/permits/index.html.

Commonwealth Lands: None Commonwealth Heritage Places: None Places on the RNE: 1 Listed Marine Species: 59 Whales and Other Cetaceans: 11 Critical Habitats: None Commonwealth Reserves: None Extra Information This part of the report provides information that may also be relevant to the area you have nominated.

State and Territory Reserves: None Other Commonwealth Reserves: None

Regional Forest Agreements: 1 Details

Threatened Species [ Dataset Status Type of Presence Information ] Caladenia caudata Vulnerable Species or species habitat Tailed Spider-orchid likely to occur within area Prasophyllum secutum Endangered Species or species habitat Northern Leek-orchid likely to occur within area Pterostylis ziegeleri Vulnerable Species or species habitat may Grassland Greenhood, Cape Portland occur within area Greenhood Extra Information Regional Forest Agreements [ Dataset Information ] Note that all RFA areas including those still under consideration have been included. Tasmania RFA, Tasmania

Last updated: Thursday, 20-Nov-2008 14:17:56 EST Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Telephone: +61 (0)2 6274 1111 © Commonwealth of Australia 2004

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