SPRING 2002
News from the UpStreamUpStreamStroud Water Research Center
TROUD SWATER RESEARCH CENTER IN THIS ISSUE
3 Tracking the elusive carbon molecule.
Study finds dramatic 4 water quality difference in Schuylkill River Basin.
6 Indispensable lab volun- teers, Harry & Frank
SPECIAL SECTION UPSTREAM FESTIVAL APRIL 27
Four-page pull-out
7 Scientist with a sword. 8 News Currents in Field & Lab.
10 Pledge your gift to fresh water
TreesTrees forfor StreamsStreams TROUD SWATER RESEARCH CENTER UPSTREAM UpStream, the magazine of the Stroud Water Research Center, is published in the spring and fall From each year. the Phone: Director (610) 268-2153 E-mail: [email protected] Bern Sweeney Web: www.stroudcenter.org
Bernard W. Sweeney, Ph.D., Director WHY AN UPSTREAM FESTIVAL Claire Birney, Editor James Blaine, D. Y-Thomas n “Upstream Festival!” Why, you might ask, would anyone want to Editing, writing, production celebrate being or going upstream? After all, no one goes on vaca- Ation to paddle up the Susquehanna River or to fish for stunted brook BOARD OF DIRECTORS trout in the tiny upstream tributaries of a river system. Doesn’t “Up a creek John R.S. Fisher, VMD without a paddle” mean that you are upstream, want to be downstream, but Rodman W. Moorhead, III can’t get there — hence you’re in trouble? Let’s face it, most folks like to Co-Chairmen celebrate, as the old round says, rowing their boats “gently down the stream . . . [where] life is but a dream.” Joan Stroud Blaine Alas, we know that it isn’t only singing boatmen that end up down- Amanda Cabot stream. Everything on the river ultimately ends up there; and since rivers Peter D. Davenport have been the flowing disposals of human waste for centuries, the farther Art Dunham, Ph.D. downstream you are, the dirtier the water you inherit. It’s no wonder that William L. Elkins, M.D. “everyone lives downstream” has become the rallying cry for fighting pollu- John J. Ennis, Esq. tion in streams and rivers around the world. Carol Ware Gates So why should the Stroud Center have an Upstream Festival? It’s sim- Robert V.A. Harra, Jr. ple. For us it is a day to celebrate and publicize the fact that “everyone lives Nathan W. Hayward, III upstream” as well. And living upstream carries with it an enormous responsi- William Kronenberg, III bility. Every bad upstream deed will impact our downstream neighbors, even Barbara C. Riegel if only scientists can measure it. Each thoughtless act makes the water a little Stephen M. Stroud dirtier and the fish a little less abundant. On the other hand, each good Bernard W. Sweeney, PH.D. upstream deed helps us, our downstream neighbors, and our network of Paul V. Tebo rivers that flow into the oceans. Quite a payoff. DIRECTOR EMERITUS During the Upstream Festival, the Center tries to give the visitors both W. B. Dixon Stroud the reasons and the means to act responsibly - to act, if you will, in an (c) Stroud Water Research Center “Upstream” manner. Through hands-on and fun-filled activities based on the No. 2002-002 4M Center’s science, our “open house” becomes an “open invitation” for visitors No reproduction without to learn about and practice public stewardship in their watersheds. permission See you at this year’s Upstream Festival on April 27th!
Printed on recycled paper with soy-based inks
2 UPSTREAM • SPRING 2002 Can carbon13 solve water mysteries?
ith rivers delivering tons of dis- involves five disciplines — ecological theo- solved organic matter to the sea, ry, biogeochemistry, microbial ecology, geo- Wwhy is so little terrestrial organic chemistry and hydrology. matter found in the oceans? What is the value of small headwater streams to the ecol- The work so far ogy of large, downstream rivers and what The team took 32 tulip poplar seedlings would it mean if these streams were that they obtained from Jim Plyler, a nurs- destroyed? How can the biological processes ery owner from southern Chester County, measured in small laboratory systems be Pa. who specializes in native plants, and sent them to Duke University. There they related to processes in a natural stream? Lou Kaplan These are among the questions being were grown in the summer of 2001 in special addressed in a new research project funded chambers in Duke’s Phytotron, a large feder- by the National Science Foundation. ally funded greenhouse complex. PROJECT 13C The answers have long eluded scientists Automatically watered, fed and lighted because tracking and measuring dissolved in the sealed chambers, the young trees Title: Application of Scaling Rules organic matter (DOM) in natural streams is thrived in an atmosphere enriched with car- to Energy Flow in Stream extremely difficult. To trace DOM in bon dioxide in which the carbon atoms are Ecosystems streams, researchers need to be able to some the stable isotope, carbon 13 (13C). The trees how put a marker on the molecules, or label were thus labeled with 13C. Scientists involved: and identify DOM as it moves down the At the end of their summer growth peri- From Stroud: Louis A. Kaplan, stream. And that is precisely what the Stroud od, the trees were harvested by Phytotron J. Denis Newbold and postdoctoral team seeks to do in this project. Stroud scien- staff who separated leaf, stem, and root mate- scientist Tracy Wiegner. tists will follow DOM as it flows through the rial into old and new growth. The dried White Clay Creek watershed. As the primary plants were sent to Stroud and ground into Outside collaborators: Robert food source for aquatic microorganisms, samples and sent to Ostrom for analysis of H. Findlay of Miami University and DOM is critical to the health of the stream Ð 13C content. As expected, the new growth Peggy H. Ostrom of Michigan and critical also to stream research. As it was rich in carbon 13 Ð 200 times more than State University. works its way down a stream, DOM is con- natural trees. Funding: National Science stantly being absorbed, eaten, digested, The scientists are now preparing to age Foundation released, replaced and recycled. Fully half of the material in soil microcosms to allow nat- this dissolved material is carbon Ð specifical- ural soil processes to transform the fresh ly the isotope carbon 12 (12C), which makes plant material into a mixture of complex up 99 percent of all naturally occurring car- organic matter that will behave like natural bon. The task of the research team is to find DOM (or 12C) in a stream. The difference a way of creating identifiable DOM samples will be that, as they follow the DOM down- and labeling them clearly enough to be dis- stream, the scientists will be able to identify tinguished as they go through the natural pro- the molecules they introduced from their cessing system of a stream. 13C earmark. From this work, the Stroud The project involves the work of three scientists hope to understand what organic Denis Newbold Stroud Center scientists, Lou Kaplan ,Denis molecules support the activity of microorgan- Newbold, and post-doctoral scientist Tracy isms in the stream, and how far these mole- Wiegner, plus two colleagues, Robert Findlay cules travel downstream before they are of Miami University and Peggy Ostrom of metabolized. Michigan State University. The project
UPSTREAM • SPRING 2002 3 Study finds dramatic differences
S CHUYLKILL five-year study by the Stroud creek sites that scored highest for water Center found that water and habi- quality were the West Branch of the R IVER B ASIN Atat quality varies dramatically in Perkiomen and the Manatawny, both pre- the main streams that supply the Schuylkill dominantly forested and rural. Among the River. lowest scoring were the Wissahickon, which The 2,000-square-mile Schuylkill River runs through Philadelphia and its suburbs, Basin begins in the mining areas around and the Tulpehocken, which runs into Pottsville in the northwest. The river runs Reading. The one with the lowest score, the PROJECT GOALS about 127 miles through a variety of forest- Little Schuykill, is mainly rural, but it is in ed, agricultural, and urban and suburban the anthracite mining area. The project had three scientific areas before emptying into the Delaware at The study, which was done by the and educational goals: Philadelphia. (See table for details). The Stroud Center with the help of students from river and its tributaries are a critical source local colleges throughout the watershed, To assess water and habitat of drinking and irrigation water for the sampled 19 sites between 1996 and 2000. quality in the Schuykill River communities through which they run. basin based on aquatic macroin- In most cases the study findings reflect- vertebrates collected from 19 ed the land use in the stream basins. The sites.