CORRUPCIÓN En El CINE De FICCIÓN

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CORRUPCIÓN En El CINE De FICCIÓN SUNRISE Los MEANDROS de la CORRUPCIÓN CINE FICCIÓN en el de El CINE siempre se ha FASCINADO con retratar el lado OSCURO de la sociedad, con mostrar aquello que solo a través de la FICCIÓN puede ser dicho y tolerado. Por ello, con una visión general, se sugiere un recorrido por las REPRESENTACIONES de la CORRUPCIÓN en el cine y en distintos continentes. Desde el CINE NEGRO en Hollywood, pasando por las denuncias contra el ABUSO de poder en México, hasta las MAFIAS en Japón y China, observamos que esta TEMÁTICA tan popular aún tiene mucha REALIDAD por explotar. ISAAC LEÓN FRÍAS 4 VENTANA INDISCRETA 21 | Universidad de Lima Fuente: Cultier Fuente: Foto: El padrino VENTANA INDISCRETA 21 | Universidad de Lima 5 s un motivo que, de una u otra manera, atraviesa la Frank Capra historia del cine. Se muestra en su faceta de corrupción Durante la época de la depresión, no pública o privada de distintas maneras: a veces apenas estuvo fuera de las pantallas de Norteamé- sugerida y otras, en cambio, como referencia central en rica el motivo de los intereses comerciales los relatos o, al menos, como uno de los temas relevantes. mezquinos y abusivos, aunque no con la Muchas películas que desarrollan el asunto del poder contundencia que esos tiempos grises político o empresarial incluyen hechos o situaciones hubiesen podido proporcionar. En ese asociados a la venalidad de los tiempos antiguos, pero, en contexto, un director que venía de la mayor medida, es en el contexto de los Estados contem- comedia silente, y que seguiría haciendo poráneos que se ventilan de modo notorio las corruptelas comedias, se convirtió en el represen- propias de los ejercicios fraudulentos del manejo político tante más notorio de la industria en esa o de las operaciones comerciales. materia. No fue el único, pero sí el más tenaz defensor del liberalismo político Para efectos de nuestro trabajo, hemos optado por selec- norteamericano en el periodo clásico. En cionar dos variantes genéricas —el cine negro y el político Caballero sin espada (Mr. Smith goes to conspirativo— y una parte de la obra de algunos realiza- Washington, 1939), aparece decantada dores —el italonorteamericano Frank Capra, el italiano la posición del director a través de la Francesco Rosi, el grecofrancés Costa-Gavras, el nortea- vehemente e interminable perorata de mericano Sidney Lumet, el mexicano Luis Estrada— para Mr. Smith —que representa con brío un realizar una aproximación menos frondosa y abierta de joven James Stewart—, con la que fustiga lo que podría hacerse en un recorrido cronológico y, más los intereses empresariales ilegales en bien, procurar centros de atención que puedan resultar nombre de los valores más arraigados más fructíferos como información en torno a un asunto en la tradición liberal estadounidense. Como un hombre que supo tomarle el muestra de títulos recientes. pulso al new deal promovido por Franklin tan insidioso. Culminamos el panorama con una pequeña D. Roosevelt, Capra actuó en conse- Aclaramos que, tal como aparece en el título, el texto se cuencia sin que eso redujera la simpatía Foto: y el ingenio de sus fábulas, como puede han confrontado esa misma temática desde la perspectiva Contacto en apreciarse igualmente en La cabalgata documental,centra en los relatossobre la de cual, ficción sin duda, y deja hay de lado mucho aquellos que decir. que Francia pasa (Meet John Doe, 1941) y El estado de la Fuente: Rakuten TVFuente: 6 VENTANA INDISCRETA 21 | Universidad de Lima SUNRISE Fuente: Palavras de Cinema de Palavras Fuente: unión (State of the Union, 1948). Es verdad Foto: Welles), en la que el envilecimiento ético se asienta en los que, vistas ahora, las fábulas de Capra Caballero sin representantes de la ley. También en el melodrama o en el pueden verse como retratos quizá débiles espada western se ventilan asuntos turbios. Pero el marco del gran frente a la contundencia que van a exhibir género criminal es, sin duda, el más propicio para la exposi- más adelante otras representaciones, lo ción de la ilegalidad convertida en práctica institucional. que no resta que el realizador de ¡Qué bello es vivir! (It’s a wonderful life, 1946) pusiera El padrino el dedo en la llaga y que lo hiciera con (The godfather, 1972 y 1974) de Francis Ford Coppola, gracia, ContactoEn los años en setenta, Francia las(The dos french primeras connection partes, 1971) de de William Friedkin, Chinatown (1974) de Roman Polanski, Cine negro filo crítico y creatividad. Manos sucias sobre la ciudad (Busting, 1974) de Peter Cabe precisarlo de entrada: en el interior Hyams, entre otras, reactivan las representaciones de la de diversos géneros industriales pueden corrupción y lo hacen de modo más explícito y sórdido. rastrearse los tentáculos de las manipula- Más adelante, siguen apareciendo películas que retoman ciones de la administración gubernamental componentes del cine negro para sumergirse en los o corporativa. Sin embargo, es en la territorios de la contaminación urbana, como Sospechosos corriente del cine negro donde pros- comunes (The usual suspects, Bryan Singer, 1995) o Pecados capitales (Se7en, David Fincher, 1995). enpera las la cúpulas salida a del f lote poder de los político, entuertos pero que sí La esfera política conspirativa enocultan administraciones los arreglos mafiosos, locales o empresas no tanto Una variante es la que apunta directamente a las - trativos o acuerdos delictivos en las esferas del poder: ámbitosmercantiles. contaminados Desde los años por la cuarenta, avaricia, se la desdecampañas Todos electorales los hombres y los del procedimientos rey (All the king’s adminis men, Robert ambicióndespliegan o elficciones poder desmedido. que transitan Ejemplos por Rossen, 1949) y El embajador del miedo (The Manchurian destacados son Pacto de sangre (Double candidate, John Frankenheimer, 1962) hasta El candidato indemnity, Billy Wilder, 1944), Los asesinos (The candidate, Michael Ritchie, 1972), Acción ejecutiva (The killers, Robert Siodmak, 1946) y Los (Executive action, David Miller, 1973), Los tres días del sobornados (The big heat, Fritz Lang, 1953). Cóndor (Three days of Condor, Sydney Pollack, 1975), Todos Desde luego, esos universos no se limitan los hombres del presidente (All the president’s men, Alan a la andadura de la corriente noir que, si J. Pakula, 1976), Nixon (Oliver Stone, 1995), City Hall, la Fuente: Rakuten TVFuente: nos podemos ortodoxos, termina en 1958 sombra de la corrupción (City Hall, Harold Becker, 1996), con Sombras del mal (Touch of evil, Orson Poder absoluto (Absolute power, Clint Eastwood, 1997), VENTANA INDISCRETA 21 | Universidad de Lima 7 Escándalo en la Casa Blanca (Wag the Solo a manera de unos cuantos exponentes, podemos dog, Barry Levinson, 1997) o Casino Jack mencionar aquí a Takeshi Kitano, el que va desde Sonatine (George Hickenlooper, 2010). (1993) hasta Outrage coda (Autoreiji saishusho, 2017). En ellas, el impasible pistolero, que interpreta el mismo Casi todas estas películas componen yakuza japonesa. thrillers conspirativos, lo que aporta a la Otro japonés que ha dado mucho que hablar es el prolí- temática que tratamos en este contexto director, pone de relieveIchi las fisuras the killer de ( Koroshiyala 1, 2001) un lado oscuro y casi aterrador, con las constituye uno de sus títulos más célebres. La tríada implicancias de las fuerzas de un poder que hongkonesa,fico Takashi Miike, de características cuyo similares a la yakuza del Japón, alimenta las dos partes de Election (Hak se wui, 2005 a la sombra de la guerra fría, de Watergate y 2006), de Johnnie To, otro fértil cineasta oriental. yparece del auge incontrolable. de las corporaciones, En los años las setenta, intrigas conspirativas experimentan una etapa Entre las películas de Corea del Sur, en orden a nuestra muy productiva y ven nacer, asimismo, el temática, pueden citarse provechosamente dos películas nuevo instrumental tecnológico que va a de Hong-jin Na: The chaser (Chugyeogja, 2006) y The yellow tener extensiones diversas en los relatos sea (Hwanghae, 2010); asimismo, New world (Sinsegye, 2013), de Park Hoong Yung. vida. La conversación (The conversation, Francisde espionaje Ford yCoppola, afines, y, 1974) por cierto, es uno en de la esos Pero si hay un título que merece ser destacado de manera títulos claves en la incorporación de las especial, ese es Un toque de violencia (Tian Zhu ding, 2013) grabaciones de imágenes y las escuchas de Jia Zhang-ke, por ahora el creador más relevante del telefónicas, pues recoge, entre otras cosas, cine de la República Popular de China. Cuatro historias dan los ecos cercanos del caso Watergate, que cuenta, de manera muy incisiva, de diversas modalidades abordará de manera directa Todos los de deterioro moral y social en el gran país asiático. Un toque hombres del presidente. de violencia contrarias en el gobierno de ese país, lo que derivó en la Mafias orientales prohibición es de una su estreno película en que salas. provocó Después reacciones de verla, oficiales no No puede faltar en un panorama como sorprende la resistencia que puede generar en el gobierno el que aquí se presenta, por breve que de un partido único. la producción de los últimos lustros: el Francesco Rosi quesea, procedeuno de los de filones los países más asiáticos notorios que, de En Italia, y especialmente después de la Segunda Guerra, además de ser tigres de la economía, se han (o lobos o chacales, si seguimos empleando f lorece una tradición de cine civil que apunta a los males de laconvertido referencia en zoológica). tigres de la Ciertamente, cinematografía se ella abordajesociedad. de El casosneorrealismo paradigmáticos desempeña de exclusión un rol movilizador, social, la trata de una producción muy variada y incorporacióncomo lo hace en de otros actores rubros no profesionales, (la filmación en etcétera). exteriores, Pero plural, pero la veta de la violencia extrema asociada a las organizaciones criminales y política, cuando se ventila en Italia, de modo más abierta- a la corrupción institucional constituye, en mentees entre polémico, los años sesentala degradación y setenta, política años dey los radicalización lazos entre conjunto, el segmento más visible de una el poder, la camorra y los intereses mercantiles.
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