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Wounded Knee, 1973: Consummatory and Instrumental Functions of Militant Discourse

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Wounded Knee, 1973: Consummatory and Instrumental Functions of Militant Discourse UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2000 Wounded Knee, 1973: Consummatory and instrumental functions of militant discourse Lucie Moya Melchert University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Melchert, Lucie Moya, "Wounded Knee, 1973: Consummatory and instrumental functions of militant discourse" (2000). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/a812-n4bc This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMi films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor qualify illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorzed copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualify 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directfy to order. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMT Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WOUNDED KNEE, 1973: CONSUMMATORY AND INSTRUMENTAL FUNCTIONS OF METTANT DISCOURSE by Lucie Melchert Bachelor of Arts University of Nevada 1995 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requnements for the Master of Arts Degree Hank Greenspun School of Commnnication Greenspun College of Urban Affairs Graduate College Universify o f Nevada^ Las Vegas May 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 1399898 Copyright 2000 by Melchert. Lucie Moya All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform1399898 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Lucie M. Melchert 2000 Ail Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval UNTV The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas April 12, .20 00 The Thesis prepared by Lucie Melchert Entitled Wounded Knee, 1973: Consummatory and Instrumental Functions of Militant Discourse is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master ..of Arts, Communication--------------------- ^ V ^ Exammation Committee Chair Dean(fthe Graduate College Exammation Committee Member ittee Member ' Graduate College Faculty Representatioe HtnoiTSî/w» Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Wounded Knee, 1973: Consnnimatory and Instrumental Functions of Militant Discourse By Lucie Melchert Dr. Richard Jensen, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Communication University of Nevada, Las Vegas Little academic research exists of the American hidian takeover of the hamlet of Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1973. This thesis is an analysis of the discourse of the Wounded Knee incident, which served dual purposes for the activists. First, American Indian discourse served as a reinforcing agent to American Indians, both at Woimded Knee and across the country. Second, the rhetoric was meant to effect change within the general American public. This thesis will adopt and expand on Randall Lake’s 1983 theory of the consummatory function of rhetoric by dissectmg the fascinating discourse that shaped the identify o f the Wounded Knee incident and the public perception of American Indians and the American Indian Movement (AIM) during this era. m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................iü TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................I CHAPTERn REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................................Il CHAPTER m METHODOLOGY................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4 HISTORY OF THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE TAKEOVER ..........22 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL BEHAVIOR: DISCURSIVE ACTS....29 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL BEHAVIOR: NON-DISCURSIVE ACTS......................................................................44 CHAPTER? CONCLUSION......................................................................................... 58 APPENDDC.......................................................................................................................63 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 70 VITA.................................................................................................................................76 nr Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my most humble thanks to Dr. Richard Jensen, who has guided me through seven years of my academic career, both graduate and undergraduate. With his support and direction, I was able to explore a fascinating and intimidating topic. To my committee members—Dr. David Henry, Dr. Thomas Burkholder, and Dr. Hal Rothman—I also extend my gratitude and appreciation for sharing their knowledge and guidance. Special thanks go to my colleagues and fiiends, and to my department director and mentor Sharon Segerblom, who always supports my academic and professional endeavors. Most importantly, I would like to thank my family. To my parents, Raul and Lucila Moya, 1 thank you from the bottom of my heart for making me what I am today, and for instilling the pride and love that I have for myself, and for my own culture. To my brothers, Marc and Mario, who always challenged me to be a better person (and taught me how to fighti), thank you. To my pups, Daisy and Lilly, thank you for getting me out of the house when I needed it most. And to my beautiful husband Ritch, who endmred so many lonely days and nights during my research, and who is the rock that I lean on every day of my life—thank you. I love you. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION On February 27,1973, members of the American Indian Movement (AIM), with the help of local Oglala Sioux Indians, seized control of the hamlet of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in a desperate attempt to draw attention to the dreadful living and social conditions on the Pine Ridge Sioux Reservation nearby. The three-month standoff that ensued was one o f the most prominent social events of the decade and was responsible for the death of thirteen American Indians (Kipp, 1994). Marking the first armed resistance by American Indians since the Wounded Knee massacre in 1890, the event today stands out as a forceful testament to the passion and sincerity of American Indian activism. According to AIM activist Woody Kipp (1994), “the takeover was a response to a century of maniacal oppression by white society, an oppression that goes on today— subtler, smilingly, but it continues” (p. 214). Formed in 1968 in Minneapolis by ex-convicts Clyde Bellecourt and Dennis Banks, the American hidian Movement labored to protect American Indian civil liberties and treaty rights, create social equality for all hidians living
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