ΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎΎŁΎ&8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ.`ÃΎŃΎΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎΎŁΎ&8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ.`ÃΎŃΎΎŁΎŃΎΎ ŁΎ&8ΎŃΎΎ Ł .`.`ÃΎŃ ΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎ8Ύ ŁΎŔŋΎŁΎŔŌΎŁΎŔōΎŁΎŔŎΎŁΎŔŏΎŁΎŔŐΎŁΎŔőΎŁΎŕΎŁΎŕʼnΎŁΎŕŊΎŁΎŕŋΎŁΎŕŌΎŁΎŕōtigirayanΎŁΎŕŎΎŁΎŕŏΎŁΎŕŐΎŁΎŕőΎŁΎŖΎŁΎŖʼnΎŁΎŖŊΎŁΎŖŋΎŁΎŖŌΎŁΎŖōΎŁΎŖŎΎŁΎŖŏΎŁΎŖ ŁΎŖŊŖ ΎŁ ŖŋΎŁ ŖŖŌŌ Ł ŖōΎō Ł ŖŖŎΎŁΎŖŏΎŁΎŖŐŖŐŐΎŁ 0lΎ· 8lΎŃΎÁ#0lΎ·8á8lΎŃΎÁ#0lΎ·3lΎŃΎÁ#0lΎ·k8ÁlΎŃΎÃ(.ΎŃΎÃ(.Ύ·ÝΎŃΎÃ(.Ύ·¤lΎŃΎÃ(.Ύ·# 8lΎŃΎÃ(.Ύ·0^ÃlΎlΎl Ń Ã(.Ύ··## 88llΎŃ ÃÃ((.Ύ·0^^ÃlÃ Ń 8ΎŃΎ0ΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎ1ΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎ3ΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎ4ΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎ5ΎŁΎ&8ΎŃΎ6Ύ.`ÃΎŃΎ7ΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎ8ΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎ9ΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎ;ΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎ<ΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎ=ΎŁΎ&8ΎŃΎ>ΎŁΎ.ùÃÊΎÊ ŃΎ<ΎŁΎ¢ÃÃ``ΎΎŃ ==ΎŁ &&8ΎŃΎ>ΎŁΎ.`ÃΎ` ΎřŏΎŁΎřŐΎŁΎřőΎŁΎŚΎŁΎŚʼnΎŁΎŚŊΎŁΎŚŋΎŁΎŚŌΎŁΎŚōΎŁΎŚŎΎŁΎŚŏΎŁΎŚŐΎŁΎŚőΎrevolutionŁΎśΎŁΎśʼnΎŁΎśŊΎŁΎśŋΎŁΎśŌΎŁΎśōΎŁΎśŎΎŁΎśŏΎŁΎśŐΎŁΎśőΎŁΎśŒΎŁΎśœΎŁΎśŔ ΎśŏΎŁΎśŐŐ Ł śőőΎΎŁ śśŒŒ Ł śœΎœ Ł śŔś ΎŁΎśŕΎŁΎΎŁ śŕ ŃΎÞÜq¥ΎŃΎÞÜ ΎŃΎÞÜ3ÞΎŃΎÞÜį0ΎŃΎÞÜ;ΎŃΎÞÜìΎŃΎÞÜq0^ΎŃΎÞÜ3àth pΎŃΎÞÜ3ôΎŃΎ9âΎŃΎį0k3ôΎŃ 9ââ Ń įį00k ΎŃΎ;kŃ ;kk ΎŃΎïkΎŃΎïkï SΎŁΎ 8ΎTΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎUΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎ[ΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎ\ΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎ]ΎŁΎ&8ΎŃΎ^ΎŁΎ.`45 anniversaryÃΎŃΎ_ΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎ`ΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎaΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎkΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎlΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎmΎŁΎ&8Ύ `ÃΎł k Ł ùÃÊÃÊ Ń l Ł ¢ÃÃ`` Ń mΎŁΎ&8 Ń ŁΎŔŋΎŁΎŔŌΎŁΎŔōΎŁΎŔŎΎŁΎŔŏΎŁΎŔŐΎŁΎŔőΎŁΎŕΎŁΎŕʼnΎŁΎŕŊΎŁΎŕŋΎŁΎŕŌΎŁΎŕōΎŁΎŕŎΎŁΎŕŏΎŁΎŕŐΎŁΎŕőΎŁΎŖΎŁΎŖʼnΎŁΎŖŊΎŁΎŖŋΎŁΎŖŌΎŁΎŖōΎŁΎŖŎΎŁΎŖŏΎŁΎŖŁΎŖŊΎŁΎŖŋŋ Ł ŖŌΎŁ ŖŖōō Ł ŖŎ ŁΎŖŏΎŁΎŖŐΎŁŐ @kΎŃΎÁ3+kΎ@á@kΎŃΎÁ3+kΎ;¼ÁkΎŃΎÁ3+kΎ;!kΎŃΎÁ3+kΎp@ÁkΎŃΎÃ8.ΎŃΎ36ΎŃΎÁ0`ÁΎŃΎ 6ΎŃΎ86ΎŃΎ3`ÁΎŃΎ3ØΎŃΎo8ÁΎŃΎmΎŃΎ@6ΎŃΎ3`ÁΎŃ 3ØØΎŃ oo88ÁΎÁΎŃ mΎŃΎ@ ŃΎ~ΎŁΎ.`ÃΎŃΎΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎΎŁΎ¢Ã`ΎŃΎΎeditionŁΎ&8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ.`ÃΎŃΎΎŁΎ 8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6á8ΎŃΎΎŁΎ6`ÃΎłΎΎŁΎùÃÊΎŃΎΎŁΎ¢6á8ΎŃΎΎŁ 6`6`ÃÃΎł ΎŁ ùÃùÃÊÊΎŃΎΎŁΎ¢Ã¢Ã`ΎÃ ΎřŏΎŁΎřŐΎŁΎřőΎŁΎŚΎŁΎŚʼnΎŁΎŚŊΎŁΎŚŋΎŁΎŚŌΎŁΎŚōΎŁΎŚŎΎŁΎŚŏΎŁΎŚŐΎŁΎŚőΎŁΎśΎŁΎśʼnΎŁΎśŊΎŁΎśŋΎŁΎśŌΎŁΎśōΎŁΎśŎΎŁΎśŏΎŁΎśŐΎŁΎśőΎŁΎśŒΎŁΎśœΎŁΎśŔΎśŏΎŁΎśŐśŐΎŁ śőőΎŁ śśŒŒ Ł śœΎœ Ł śŔśŔΎŁΎśŕΎŁΎΎŁΎśŕ 8.Ύ3^pΎŃΎ8.Ύ8 pΎŃΎ8.ΎÅćΎŃΎØΎŃΎ36ΎŃΎ0^ΎŃΎ 6ΎŃΎ8á6ΎŃΎ3^ΎŃΎ3ØΎŃΎÅćΎŃΎqΎŃΎqΎ80ΎŃΎqΎØΎŃΎqΎ36ΎŃΎqΎ0^ΎŃ80Ύ0 Ń qq ØØΎŃ qq 36ΎŃΎqΎ0^ ROPOSED LPANGUAGE EFORM R FOR TIGIRINYA VOLUME I — r r y — O khoùΎΎΎΎ Aph LOU T.M. KAHSSAY limited time free download all other rights reserved ROPOSED LPANGUAGE EFORM R FOR TIGIRINYA Volume I: Orthography PROPOSED L ANGUAGE REFORM FOR TIGIRINYA VOLUME I — Orthography — LOU T.M. KAHSSAY Three Qua Publishing Selesitu Qua Published by Three Qua Publishing. First published in December 2016. Copyright © 2016 Lou T.M. Kahssay All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other system—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior written permission from the copyright holder. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Under no circumstances may any part of this book be photocopied for resale. For more information about the publisher, including current contact information, visit threequa.com. The 3Q! logo—which is made up of elements resembling the numeral 3 and the tradi- tional Ethiopic character ቋ (qua) or the letter Q and the exclamation point on overlapping black and white frames—is a mark of Three Qua Publishing. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Kahssay, Lou T. M., author Proposed language reform for Ethiopia / Lou TM Kahssay. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Volume I. Orthography. ISBN 978-0-9950911-0-8 (v. 1 : paperback) 1. Amharic language--Reform. 2. Tigrinya language--Reform. 3. Amharic language--Orthography and spelling. 4. Tigrinya language-- Orthography and spelling. I. Title. PJ9217.K34 2016 492’.87 C2016-902614-0 ISBN 978-0-9950911-1-5 (Volume II, paperback) To my wife, Misrak W. Kahssay And our precious, Eliana B. Kahssay And In memory of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (May 9, 1955 – August 20, 2012), Probably the greatest leader Africa has ever produced “Meles Zenawi … emerged as perhaps the most original and intelligent African ruler of the last 50 years.” —CHRISTOPHER CLAPHAM, Professor Emeritus at the Centre of African Studies, University of Cambridge “A thousand years from now, when Ethiopians gather to welcome the fourth millennium, they shall say that the eve of the third millennium was the beginning of the end of the dark ages in Ethiopia. They shall say that the eve of the third millennium was the beginning of the Ethiopian Renaissance.” —PRIME MINISTER MELES ZENAWI From a speech the late premier delivered on September 10, 2007, which was the eve of Mesikerem 1, 2000 E.C.—the beginning of the third Ethiopian millennium Eulogies for Prime Minister Meles Zenawi “We join you in the mourning and paying tribute to a great man and a great son of Ethiopia, who is also ours as a continent. But we also celebrate his rich life that has touched millions of people in Africa. His was a life of immense courage, vision and enterprise which he devoted to the advancement of his fellow citizens in this country and across Africa. We gather here to recognize his remarkable achievement that has made us all proud—Ethiopians, Africans and beyond. ... He was a man of such a high caliber, royal talent and selflessness that we all feel the magnitude of the gap he has left. The late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi did not court greatness—he led a humble and simple but meaningful life. He was an unassuming person, but his sharp intellect and tremendous courage to face any kind of challenge made him a formidable presence. ... It is these qualities that he used to charge in the transformation of his country and that of our continent restoring the dignity of Ethiopians and Africans as a whole. “Friends and foe alike recognized and respected Meles as a man of strong convictions, principles and long-term vision. Where some could have been compromised for short time profits or gains or easily succumbed to pressures, he was steadfast and always took a definite stand on issues of right and wrong and, more often than not, he was on the side of right. … [H]e was sometimes misunderstood not because he was wrong but because he was ahead of many... For Meles, the benefits of freedom and prosperity were best [cherished] if shared with other African countries... The people of Rwanda will always remember with immense gratitude the people of Ethiopia gave our country at the time of need in the immediate aftermath of the Genocide. Ethiopians did this even when Ethiopia just started in its own transition. Meles led from the front with other leaders in working for the stability of this region in mediating in Sudan and Somalia. And in everything he did, he spared no effort, and he did not shy away from taking tough but right decisions to bring peace and security to our region. … “Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s legacy has deep roots in the rich heritage of independence and dignity that this great nation of Ethiopia has inspired on our continent. He was a true heir and fierce champion of that tradition and sought to share it with the rest of Africa. He was a very able voice for Africa in leading NEPAD [and in] climate change, agriculture, and food security [issues], to mention just a few. ... The most befitting tribute we can pay him is to consolidate and to carry on with the work and the vision he was associated with for our continent—to make a better future for Africa. His legacy to us does not lie in the past, but in the future. There is no doubt that the ideals Meles lived for [and] the courage he showed in facing many challenges will live on and be carried forward by the millions of young energetic and motivated Ethiopians and other Africans. “May his soul rest in peace.” —Rwandan President Paul Kagame, 2012 “[W]e mourn the passage of one of the most distinguished leaders of his generation whose immense contributions to national development, regional and continental stability will be celebrated forever. History will record that Prime Minister Zenawi used his immense gift of intellect, eloquence and vision to [bring about] remarkable good and transformation for Ethiopia. Unfazed by difficulties and challenges, he spoke to the issues of his time with candor, courage and conviction. He was a truly visionary African leader who was sincerely and steadfastly committed to socio-economic development of not only the people of Ethiopia but all of Africa. Prime Minister Meles Zenawi fought … on the global stage on the issues of sustainable development, equity, international financial management and climate change. When he spoke on these issues, he spoke not only for Ethiopia, but for the entire continent of Africa. Africa owes Meles a huge depth of gratitude for his service as Chairman of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee [HSGOC] and Chairman of the African Union [Committee of African] Heads of State and Government on Climate Change [CAHOSCC]. In his immense remarkable performance in these capacities, Meles truly became the spokesman on the major issues which have become the focal point of the continent’s socio-economic and transformation agenda. I was honoured indeed to count this good son of Africa amongst my personal friends. … My country Nigeria will miss you as a great friend of our nation and all Africa will miss you as a truly selfless, forthright and an extremely dynamic leader.” —Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, 2012 Eulogies ... (continued) “The 20th