Why Do States Cooperate with NATO?

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Why Do States Cooperate with NATO? Why do states cooperate with NATO? Threats, Interests and Status as Drivers in External States’ Foreign Policymaking Towards the Alliance Robert Helbig Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Staats- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität der Bundeswehr München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors “rer. pol.” genehmigten Dissertation Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Carlo Masala Universität der Bundeswehr, München Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Stefan Fröhlich Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Die Dissertation wurde am 26.03.2019 bei der Universität der Bundeswehr München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Staats- und Sozialwissenschaften am 17.04.2019 angenommen. Die mündliche Prüfung fand am 09.10.2019 statt. Abstract Die vorliegende Arbeit beantwortet die Frage, welche Faktoren die Politik von externen Staaten gegenüber der NATO beeinflussen bzw. warum diese mit der NATO zusammenarbeiten. Die Organisation hat in ihrem strategischen Konzept von 2010 kooperative Sicherheit als eine ihrer Kernaufgaben definiert und ein Netzwerk offizieller und informeller Partnerschaften auf der ganzen Welt aufgebaut, um ihre Missionen zu unterstützen und ihre Legitimität zu unterstreichen. Jedoch heißen nicht alle Staaten das Engagement der NATO außerhalb ihres Territoriums willkommen. Basierend auf der Theorie des neoklassischen Realismus ermittelt die vorliegende Studie, wie die Variablen Bedrohungswahrnehmungen, Interesse am Status Quo sowie Revisionismus und Statuswettbewerb erklären können, warum einige Staaten mit der NATO zusammenarbeiten, während sich andere gegen das Bündnis positionieren. Diese Analyse stützt sich auf qualitative Fallstudien zweier südamerikanischer Staaten, nämlich Kolumbien als Befürworter und Brasilien als Ablehner der NATO. Die Studie kommt dabei zum Schluss, dass die NATO-Politik von externen Staaten eher auf der Maximierung ihrer absoluten Macht als ihrer relativen Sicherheit basiert, da NATO- Partnerschaften keine gegenseitigen Bündnisverpflichtungen beinhalten. Sicherheitsüberlegungen haben jedoch Vorrang, wenn Staaten ihre Souveränität aufgrund des globalen Engagements der NATO als gefährdet ansehen, denn dann tangiert die NATO den sensiblen Kern der Strategien vieler Staaten zur Sicherung ihres Überlebens und ihrer Entwicklung. In diesem Fall können Staaten mit NATO-Mitgliedern zusammenarbeiten, um Profite zu erzielen und sich gleichzeitig gegen die NATO als Organisation stellen. Angesichts dieser Komplexität können weder Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat-Theorie noch Randall Schwellers Balance of Interests-Theorie das Verhalten externer Staaten gegenüber der transatlantischen Allianz vollständig erklären. Die Analyse geht schließlich auch auf die Rolle des Statuswettbewerbs als intervenierende Variable ein und zeigt auf, wie das Streben nach Status zur Motivation der Staaten beiträgt, sich aktiv gegenüber der NATO zu positionieren. Diese Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für die ermittelten Handlungsempfehlungen an die NATO. Um die Effizienz und Effektivität ihrer Bemühungen beim Aufbau neuer Partnerschaften zu steigern, sollte sie sich auf sogenannte neutrale Staaten konzentriert, anstatt zu versuchen ihre Kritiker umzustimmen. Contents Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Preface ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction .................................................................................... 11 2. On NATO ........................................................................................ 16 2.1. NATO’s evolvement as a global actor and the evolution of its partnership policy .............................................................................................. 16 2.1.1. NATO 1.0 ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2. NATO 2.0 ............................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.3. NATO 3.0 ............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.4. NATO 4.0 ............................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2. It takes two to tango: Views from both sides ......................................... 33 2.2.1. The NATO view ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2. The other side ........................................................................................................................................ 38 2.2.2.1. NATO supporters ........................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2.2. NATO critics ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 3. Theoretical foundations ................................................................. 54 3.1. International relations theory ................................................................. 54 3.2. The realist ontology .................................................................................. 55 3.2.1. Classical realism .................................................................................................................................... 56 3.2.2. Neorealism ............................................................................................................................................. 57 3.2.2.1. Balance of Threat theory ............................................................................................................................ 62 3.2.3. Neoclassical realism .............................................................................................................................. 63 3.2.3.1. Balance of Interests theory ....................................................................................................................... 67 3.2.3.2. Status competition ........................................................................................................................................ 68 3.3. Alliance theory: A realist view ................................................................ 77 3.3.1. Balancing ............................................................................................................................................... 78 3.3.1.1. Hard balancing ................................................................................................................................................ 78 3.3.1.2. Soft balancing .................................................................................................................................................. 82 3.3.2. Bandwagoning ....................................................................................................................................... 88 3.3.2.1. Bandwagoning for security ....................................................................................................................... 88 3.3.2.2. Bandwagoning for profit ............................................................................................................................ 90 3.3.3. Beyond balancing and bandwagoning ................................................................................................. 93 3.3.3.1. Further realist approaches: buck passing and chain ganging .................................................... 94 3.3.3.2. Liberal approaches: democracy and institutions ............................................................................ 95 3.3.3.3. Constructivist approaches: values and interactions ...................................................................... 98 i Contents 4. Methodology ................................................................................. 100 4.1. Research design ...................................................................................... 100 4.1.1. Defining the dependent variable: support or denouncement of NATO ............................................ 101 4.1.2. Defining independent variables .......................................................................................................... 102 4.1.2.1. Threat perception ........................................................................................................................................ 103 4.1.2.2. Interests in the status quo or revisionism ........................................................................................ 105 4.1.3. Defining the intervening variable: status competition ....................................................................... 112 4.2. Empirical approach ................................................................................ 119 4.2.1. Qualitative case study methodology ...................................................................................................
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