collecting TAPERTIP ( acuminatum Hook.) in the great basin using traditional and gis methods

| Robert Adair, RC Johnson, Barbara Hellier, and Walter Kaiser

ABSTRACT

As part of a biodiversity assessment and germplasm conservation project, we col- lected 55 populations of tapertip onion (Allium acuminatum Hook. [Alliaceae]) angeland restoration using native throughout the Great Basin region of the US (Idaho, Oregon, Nevada). Population species is increasingly important for improving habitat quality in data from field observations and herbarium specimens were entered into a geo- R graphic information system (GIS) to facilitate efficient sampling strategies and maxi- arid and semiarid western areas that have mize the number and diversity of ecoregions represented. Although limited by the been severely degraded by wildfires, inva- quality of source data, GIS-based population location information greatly aided in sive annual grasses and noxious weeds, the organization and time management of the field collection. We collected, meas- human activity, livestock overgrazing, and ured, and described bulbs. The bulbs will be used in common garden studies and mining. The threats to ecosystem health in genetic research to evaluate species diversity throughout the region, and develop in Great Basin rangelands have led to the loss situ germplasm conservation sites for future native rangeland restoration efforts. Ex of both and animal habitat. For situ collections will also be entered into the National Plant Germplasm System and be example, only about 56% of Greater Sage- available for research, ecological restoration efforts, and germplasm enhancement. Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus Bona- parte [Phasianidae]) habitat remains Adair R, Johnson RC, Hellier B, Kaiser W. 2006.Collecting tapertip onion (Allium acuminatum Hook.) in the Great usable since settlement by people of Euro- Basin using traditional and GIS methods Native Journal 7(2):141–148. pean descent (Schroeder and others 2004; USDI BLM 2005). K E Y W O R D S Survival and fecundity rates for sage- National Plant Germplasm System, georeferencing, field sampling, grouse and other wildlife may depend in situ conservation on habitat quality, which is commonly quantified by the presence of key indica- N O M E N C L A T U R E tor species (Johnson and Braun 1999). USDA NRCS (2005) The presence of wild onion (Allium spp. [Alliaceae]) and other key shrubs and Walter Kaiser collecting A. acuminatum bulbs in southern Idaho. Photo by RC Johnson 141

NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 forbs are associated with good rearing and are strongly complementary, espe- habitat for sage-grouse (Nelle and oth- cially for native species. Ex situ collections ers 2000; Miller and Eddleman 2001). are readily available for research and pro- Juvenile sage-grouse also depend on vide a security backup for areas that may forbs and associated insects prior to be disturbed or degraded. For native brood dispersal (Drut and others 1994). species that are difficult to regenerate ex The diversity of forb species in the situ, the in situ sites provide a source of Great Basin and the limited amount of germplasm from natural plant communi- information concerning seed produc- ties. tion, cultivation requirements, and seed Pavek and others (2003) provide transfer zones for many species has guidelines for selecting native plant impeded the progress of restoration populations that would be suitable can- projects with native forbs (Walker and didates for in situ conservation sites Shaw 2005). In an effort to alleviate the using rock grape (Vitis rupestris Scheele lack of research, federal and state agen- [Vitaceae]) as a model. Rock grape is a cies, universities, and private companies wild North American species used as are working together as part of the rootstock to confer grape phylloxera Native Plant Selection and Increase Pro- (Daktulosphaira vitifolie Fitch [Phyllox- ject (NPSIP) to promote the availability eridae]) resistance to cultivated grape and variety of native plants for restora- varieties (Cahoon 1996; Pavek and oth- tion efforts (USDA FS RMRS 2005). ers 2000). They conclude that factors The USDA Agriculture Research Ser- such as inter- and intra-population vice, National Plant Germplasm System variation within the geographic range of (NPGS) is responsible for maintaining a species can be used to determine the genetic diversity of economically impor- suitability of a particular population for tant plant species. The Western Regional in situ conservation designation. Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS), The genus Allium is a member of the

Pullman, Washington, as part of the Alliaceae family and contains 500 to 600 Figure 1. Allium acuminatum collected at NPGS, maintains approximately 72 500 species occurring mainly in the Northern Roland Road (Owyhee County, Idaho) show- accessions representing 358 plant genera Hemisphere (Kamenetsky 1993) with 84 ing umbels, scapes, and bulbs. (2194 species). Of these, 15% are native species native to North America (Stearn Photo by Walter Kaiser forb, shrub, and grass genera. The wild 1992). Seven Allium species are currently Allium, (A. sativum L.), (A. grown commercially throughout the and for relief of arthritic and inflamma- ampeloprasum L.), and chive (A. schoeno- world including common onion (A. cepa tory pain (Augusti 1990). Wild Allium prasum L.) collections (984 accessions, L.), garlic, , and . The Food and species have been reported by many early 108 species) are maintained at WRPIS. As Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported medical writers in Greece, Persia, and Ara- part of an ex situ program, conservation in 2003 that common onion production bia as a remedy for colds, neuritis, depres- maintenance of these genetic resources was 52 550 metric tonnes (57 926 tons), sion, fever, and dyspepsia (Kamenetsky includes storage, regeneration, and distri- surpassed only by tomato and cabbage in 1993). Many of the North American bution of germplasm for research. the vegetable and melon category (FAO Allium species also have been used medic- Gene banks typically maintain ex situ 2003). Commercial and wild Allium inally. Meadow garlic ( genetic resources of native and culti- plants have been used throughout history L.) is reported to prevent worms and colic vated plant material. Ex situ collections as a vegetable flavoring, are rich in carbo- in children, and shortstyle onion (A. bre- provide an easily accessed and organ- hydrate, and full of vitamins and minerals vistylum S. Wats) as a wash for carbuncles ized germplasm resource. Alternatively, (Augusti 1990). (Moerman 1998). Wild leek (A. tricoccum in situ conservation sites, in which pop- Garlic is historically the most impor- Ait.) is reported to have similar virtues as ulations are identified in natural com- tant Allium species utilized for medici- garlic (Foster and Duke 2000). Explo- munities for a given species, allow for nal properties, but other species have ration of additional medicinal and the dynamic interplay of adaptation and also received attention (Goldman and nutraceutical values of wild Allium survival pressures (Pavek and others others 1995). Some traditional folk species, exotic and native, may be 2003). Both ex situ and in situ remedies involve the use of garlic as an enhanced with expansion of the public 142 approaches, however, have advantages antiseptic, diuretic, earache treatment, Allium germplasm collection.

NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 COLLECTING TAPERTIP ONION IN THE GREAT BASIN For this project, we chose to collect The GIS data from Omernik Ecore- more individuals were collected to mini- tapertip onion (Allium acuminatum gions and our possible collection sites mize the long-term impact on a given Hook.; Figure 1) for germplasm conserva- were joined in order to identify A. site. In practice, most populations signifi- tion and potential future use in rangeland acuminatum populations located in cantly exceeded 250 plants (Figures 2 and reclamation and restoration. Allium unique ecoregions (Minami 2000). This 3). A large screwdriver was used for dig- acuminatum is a perennial herb native to procedure allowed us to prioritize col- ging bulbs by removing soil surrounding North America that grows throughout lection sites and maximize the probabil- the scape until the bulb was exposed (Fig- most of the western US and western ity of collecting plants that may have ure 4). Although bulbs were occasionally Canada (USDA NRCS 2005). It has a large adapted to special or rare environments. damaged, this method resulted in less range compared with many of the North Level III and IV Omernik Ecoregions habitat disturbance than using a hand American native (Hellier 2000). geospatial data are available for most of shovel. Bulb depth varied but generally Although other native Allium species the conterminous US on the Environ- ranged from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in). occur in the Great Basin, A. acuminatum mental Protection Agency website (US Site location, county, directions to the was selected because of its wide range, EPA 2005). Although other classifica- site, as well as site characteristics and asso- abundance, and possible association with tions are available, Omernik Ecoregions ciated vegetation were recorded, for study quality sage-grouse habitat. were chosen because of the ease in use and entry into the NPGS Germplasm obtaining the data needed to create our Resources Information Network (GRIN) preliminary collection site maps. Other database (Figure 5). Latitude and longi- COLLECTION PROTOCOL ecoregion classifications, such as Bailey tude were recorded in decimal degrees (1976) and Hargrove and others (2000), centered on the collection area. All GPS Possible collection site locations were will be considered when investigating coordinates were recorded using the obtained from a variety of sources the influence of environment on pheno- World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) in including the University of Nevada- typic and genotypic variation of the order to minimize errors related to map Reno Herbarium, field observations by germplasm collected in this study datum (MANIS 2005). ArcPad® software USDA Forest Service and Bureau of (Jones 2005). (ESRI 2005) loaded on an iPAQ Pocket Land Management personnel, and col- Collection site data previously recorded PC® was used to collect GIS data for lection data from a 2004 preliminary from handheld global positioning system Nevada sites (Figure 6). field study. Information was organized (GPS) units or general site directions were into a spreadsheet for field use and checked for accuracy using online US entered into a geographic information Geological Survey topographic quadran- COLLECTION RESULTS system (GIS)-based map to aid in col- gle maps (1:24 000–1:250 000). Herbar- lection planning. ium data that provided only road names The collection area spanned 1430 m (4692 Personal observations and historical and (or) mileage were assigned coordi- ft) of elevation and covered approximately herbarium collection location data were nates from online digital maps (Topo- 620 km (385 mi) east–west and 445 km converted into latitude and longitude in zone.com® 2004). (277 mi) north–south, between N 39' to decimal degrees (DD.DDDD) for use in GIS applications were used to examine 44' latitude and W 114' to 119' longitude ArcMap® (ESRI 2005). Many of the sample collection data and elevation. Col- in the western US (Figure 7). A total of locations from herbarium specimens lection date and elevation aided in plan- 3107 A. acuminatum bulbs were sampled were recorded in the form of Public ning field work, so that bulb collection throughout Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada. Land Survey System (PLSS), also occurred when A. acuminatum was flow- The bulbs were counted, measured (dia- referred to as Township/Range/Section. ering. This timing was essential for field meter), and assigned a shape description. These data were converted into coordi- identification of populations because A. They were then stored at the Western nates (decimal degrees and Universal acuminatum umbels and scapes become Regional Plant Introduction Station in a Transverse Mercator [UTM]) by means difficult to see after flowering and seed set. temperature-controlled room at 15 °C. of an online conversion application pro- Once A. acuminatum was identified in Average bulb diameter was 1.0 cm (0.4 in) vided by the Environmental Statistics the field, the population size and area with a standard deviation of 0.2 cm (0.1 Group at the University of Montana (m2) were estimated. Sites separated by a in) for the entire collection. The maxi- (Gustafsun and Wefald 2001). This con- minimum of 16 km (10 mi) from other mum bulb diameter was 2.1 cm (0.8 in) version places the site coordinates in the A. acuminatum populations were consid- and minimum was 0.3 cm (0.1 in). The center of the 1-mi square section indi- ered individual populations. Forty to fifty maximum and minimum site means cated by the PLSS data. bulbs were collected from across the pop- were 1.2 cm (0.5 in) and 0.9 cm (0.4 in), ulation area. Only populations of 250 or respectively. Of the bulbs collected, 143

ROBERT ADAIR AND OTHERS NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 Figure 2. Large A. acuminatum population near Buchanan (Harney Figure 3. Allium acuminatum population growing near the North Fork County, Oregon). Pink areas of the hillside haze are flowering A. of the Owyhee River (Owyhee County, Idaho). Photo by Walter Kaiser acuminatum. Photo by RC Johnson

91.1% were single bulbs, 8.7% were dinates to Township/Range/Section GIS application to field germplasm col- cloved bulbs (two attached sister bulbs), data or general descriptive locations was lection. For their study, a GIS consulting and 0.2% were 3-cloved bulbs (three useful when searching in remote areas firm was hired to prepare data and pro- attached sister bulbs). Most bulbs were with unmarked roads. GIS data such as vide maps based on elevation models, globe-shaped (90.3%), 6.8% were clas- ecoregions and land status (ownership) satellite imagery, digital soil maps, road sified as flat-globe, and 1.9% as high- were helpful in determining priority maps, and climatic zones to aid in globe (Figure 8). and appropriateness of collection sites. germplasm collection throughout the Analysis of bulb diameter indicated a Although having predetermined coor- western Caucasus Mountains in south- significant difference among the 55 col- dinates for possible collection sites was ern Russia. Using site information based lection sites (F = 10.2, P < 0.05), how- generally useful, their value was limited by primarily on climatic zones and soil pH, ever, this analysis cannot separate the the quality of the source data. Some the authors concluded that the GIS specific environmental and genetic fac- herbarium specimens were more than 40 information minimized over-sampling tors related to bulb size. Despite statisti- y old, and location data from older speci- of easily accessed or disturbed areas and cal differences, the general uniformity in mens were often unreliable due to alter- facilitated identification of sample sites bulb size and morphology was striking ation of site condition. Land status that would have been missed without given the large area and diversity of changes were also important since our spatial analysis (Greene and others environmental conditions from which objective was to collect mainly from pub- 1999). The study also identified possible samples were collected. lic and state land. In the field, determining weaknesses in spatial analysis, such as Collection site coordinates were land status from GIS-created maps or precision of data. Analysis of on-site soil entered into a GIS database and a 30-m software was not always feasible. Conse- pH measurements showed that in com- (93-ft) radius from the A. acuminatum quently, BLM surface management maps plex and fragmented landscapes, higher population center was compared with (1:100 000) were consulted for increased precision than the available 1:1 million Level III and IV ecoregions as described by resolution and ease of use. scale maps would be needed to use the Omernik (1987). Allium acuminatum Even though the utility of GIS-aided GIS-derived soil maps to predict soil populations were collected from 20 Level planning and analysis of germplasm acidity (Greene and others 1999). It was IV ecoregions (Table 1). Dissected High collections has been described (Jones noted that using satellite data to identify Lava Plateau was the most common ecore- and others 2002; Hijmans and others meadow patches was only suitable when gion representing 24% of the 55 sites. 2001; del Rio and Bamberg 2004), this GIS data was current and the site had The use of GIS information allowed approach has not been widely imple- not undergone recent anthropogenic for efficient planning and organization mented in ecological sampling for bio- disturbance (Greene and others 1999). of our fieldwork. Maps identifying pos- diversity assessments and germplasm The use of GIS-derived maps and sible collection sites provided a visual conservation. Greene and others (1999) data for use in germplasm collection can 144 aid for route planning. Assigning coor- provide one example of an extensive function as an important tool for devel-

NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 COLLECTING TAPERTIP ONION IN THE GREAT BASIN Figure 4. Collecting A. acuminatum bulbs in southern Idaho. Photo by RC Johnson oping an effective sampling plan. With some introductory training on GIS soft- ware and mapping, members of the plant genetic resource community can benefit from this application. Many Internet and university-related educational opportuni- ties are available (for example, ESRI™ Vir- tual Campus [ESRI 2006]), as are free mapping software programs from the International Potato Center at Lima, Peru, website (DIVA-GIS 2004).

COLLECTION UTILIZATION Figure 5. Allium acuminatum data collection sheet showing site number, date, state, county, lat- In the fall of 2005, collected bulbs were itude, longitude, elevation, directions, blooming phenology, blooming notes, collectors, popu- lation size, number of plants sampled, site size, population abundance, population planted in 2.54 cm (1 in) square x 12.70 distribution, site description, associated vegetation, soil characteristics, invasive vegetation cm (5 in) 4-cell, book-type starting con- notes, and notes on species of concern. tainers with 50% Sunshine mix #4 soil and 50% perlite in the Western Regional Ferry, Washington. Data collected will in situ conservation of A. acuminatum in Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) include flower and anther color, leaf the Great Basin. Methods employed by greenhouses. The bulbs were then ver- length and width, leaf number, scape this study will provide a framework for nalized for 4 mo and were outplanted length and diameter, flowers per umbel, utilizing genetic analysis, morphologic during spring 2006. Leaf tips from the umbel diameter, days to bolting, seeds and environmental data, and geographic greenhouse plantings have been col- per plant, average seed weight, and days information systems to develop seed lected for DNA extraction. DNA from to flowering. These data will be analyzed transfer protocols for ecological restora- selected populations will be analyzed by to characterize diversity using univari- tion of A. acuminatum and other native Sequence Related Amplified Polymor- ate and multivariate statistical analyses. Allium species. This project in conjunc- phisms (SRAP) (Li and Quiros 2001). A major aim of this study is to investi- tion with other Great Basin native plant Phenotypic data collected from gate the patterns of diversity among and research may aid in habitat restoration plants in common-garden studies will within populations of A. acuminatum. efforts and provide an opportunity for be used to complement the molecular This, along with land status, ecoregions, recovery for threatened wildlife, such as data. Plants will be established at and other environmental data, will be the sage-grouse. WRPIS farms in Pullman and Central used to choose appropriate locations for 145

ROBERT ADAIR AND OTHERS NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 Goldman IL, Schwartz BS, Kopelberg M. 1995. Variability in blood platelet inhibitory activity of Allium (Alliaceae) species accessions. American Journal of Botany 82:827–832. Greene SL, Hart TC, Afonin A. 1999. Using geographic information to acquire wild crop germplasm for ex situ collections: I. Map development and field use. Crop Sci- ence 39:836–842. Gustafsun DL, Wefald M. 2001. Graphical loca- tor home page. URL: http://www.esg.mon tana.edu/gl/ (accessed 29 Aug 2005). Boze- man (MT): Montana State University. Hargrove WM, Hoffman FM, Debasa R. 2000. New high-resolution national map series of vegetation ecoregions produced empirically using multivariate spatial clustering. URL: http://research.esd.ornl.gov/~hnw/eco regions/ecoregions.html (accessed 6 Mar 2006) Oak Ridge (TN): Oak Ridge National Figure 6. Robert Adair collecting A. acumina- Figure 7. Distribution of A. acuminatum col- Laboratory. tum site data with i-PAQ GPS unit at Spruce lection sites across the Great Basin. Hellier BC. 2000. Genetic, morphologic, and Mountain site (Elko County, Nevada). habitat diversity of two species of Allium Photo by Barbara Hellier native to the Pacific Northwest, USA and Cahoon GA. 1996. History of the French their implications for in situ seed collec- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS hybrid grapes in North America. Fruit tion for the National Plant Germplasm Varieties Journal 50:202–216. System [MSc thesis]. Pullman (WA): This research is part of the Great Basin del Rio AH, Bamberg JB. 2004. Geographical Washington State University. 92 p. parameters and proximity to related Native Plant Selection and Increase Pro- Hijmans RJ, Guarino L, Cruz M, Rojas E. 2001. species predict genetic variation in the ject. Funding was provided by a grant Computer tools for spatial analysis of inbred potato species Solanum verrucosum from the USDI BLM Great Basin plant genetic resources data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Sclechtd. Crop Science 44:1170–1177. Restoration Initiative through the Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter [DIVA-GIS]. 2004. DIVA-GIS Homepage. URL: USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain 127:15–19. http://diva.riu.cip.cgiar.org/index.php Research Station. We thank Cheri How- Johnson HK, Braun CE. 1999. Viability and (accessed 29 Aug 2005) Lima, Peru: Inter- ell (USFS), Jean Findley (BLM), Ann conservation of an exploited sage-grouse national Potato Center (CIP). population. Conservation Biology Debolt (USFS), Lynn Kinter (USFS), Drut MS, Pyle WH, Crawford JA. 1994. Tech- 13:77–84. Nancy Shaw (USFS), the University of nical note: diets and food selection of Jones PG, Guarino L, Jarvis A. 2002. Com- Nevada at Reno Herbarium, and the sage-grouse chicks in Oregon. Journal of puter tools for spatial analysis of plant Nevada State Museum Herbarium for Range Management 47:90–93. genetic resource data: 2. Flora map. Plant providing location data for Allium [ESRI] Environmental Systems Research Insti- Genetic Resources Newsletter 130:6–10. tute. 2005. ArcMap 9.1. Redlands (CA). acuminatum fieldwork. We thank Rod Jones TA. 2005. Genetic principles and the [ESRI] Environmental Systems Research Insti- Sayler for reviewing the manuscript. use of native seeds—just the FAQs, please, tute. 2006. ESRI Virtual Campus. URL: just the FAQs. Native Plants Journal http://campus.esri.com/ (accessed 10 6:14–18, 20–24. Oct 2005) Redlands (CA). REFERENCES Kamenetsky R. 1993. A living collection of FAO. 2003. Production yearbook for 2003. Allium in Israel—problems of conservation Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organi- Augusti KT. 1990. Therapeutic and medicinal and use. Diversity 9 (1, 2):24–26. zation. values of and garlic. In: Brewster Li G, Quiros CF. 2001. Sequence-related Foster S, Duke JA. 2000. A field guide to JL, Rabinowitch HD, editors. Onions and amplified polymorphism (SRAP): a new medicinal plants: Eastern and Central allied crops vol. III. Boca Raton (FL): CRC marker system based on a simple PCR North America, 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Press. p 93–108. reaction: its application to mapping and Houghton Mifflin Co. Bailey RG. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States. gene tagging in Brassica. Theoretical and Map (scale 1:7,500,000). Ogden (UT): USDA Applied Genetics (103):455–461. Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 146

NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 COLLECTING TAPERTIP ONION IN THE GREAT BASIN TABLE 1

Number of A. acuminatum populations collected within Omernik Ecoregions (Omernik 1987). Ecoregion names in bold are Level III, others are Level IV.

Ecoregion Level Number of collection sites

NORTHERN BASIN AND RANGE III Dissected High Lava Plateau IV 13 Owyhee Uplands and Canyons IV 8 Upper Humboldt Plains IV 6 High Lava Plains IV 5 Semiarid Uplands IV 4 Semiarid Hills and Low Mountains IV 1 Pluvial Lake Basins IV 1 High Desert Wetlands IV 1

CENTRAL BASIN AND RANGE III Mid-Elevation Ruby Mountains IV 3 Carbonate Woodland Zone IV 2 Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys IV 2 Central Nevada Mid-Slope Woodland and Brushland IV 1 Central Nevada High Valleys IV 1

IDAHO BATHOLITH III Southern Forested Mountains/Dry Partly Wooded Mountainss IV 1 Southern Forested Mountains IV 1 High Glacial Drift-Filled Valleys IV 1

SNAKE RIVER PLAIN III Unwooded Alkaline Foothills IV 1 Semiarid Foothills IV 1 Mountain Home Uplands IV 1

BLUE MOUNTAINS III Continental Zone Foothills IV 1

[MANIS] Mammal Networked Information Nelle PJ, Reese KP, Connelly JW. 2000. Long- Schroeder MA, Alderidge CL, Apa AD, Bohne System. 2005. Georeferencing guidelines. term effects of fire on sage-grouse habi- JR, Braun CE, Bunnell SD, Connelly JW, URL:http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/manis/Ge tat. Journal of Range Management Deibert PA, Gardner SC, Hilliard MA, orefGuide.html (accessed 10 Nov 2005). 53:586–591. Kobriger GD, McAdam SM, McCarthy Berkeley (CA): University of California. Omernik JM. 1987. Ecoregions of the conter- CW, McCarthy JJ, Mitchell DL, Rickerson Miller RF, Eddleman L. 2001. Spatial and tem- minous United States (map supplement). EV, Stiver SJ. 2004. Distribution of sage- poral changes of sage-grouse habitat in the Annals of the Association of American grouse in North America. The Condor sagebrush biome. Corvallis (OR): Oregon Geographers 77(1):118–125; scale 106 (2):363–373. State University. Agriculture Experimental 1:7,500,000. Stearn WT. 1992. How many species of Allium Station Technical Bulletin 151. 35 p. Pavek DS, Lamboy WF, Garvey EJ. 2000. Eco- are known? The Kew Magazine Minami M. 2000. Using ArcMap. Redlands geographic study of Vitis species: final 9:180–182. (CA): Environmental Research Institute Inc report for rock grape (Vitis ruprestris) 28 [Topozone.com]. 2004. URL: http://www. Press. 528 p. January, unpublished. topozone.com/default.asp (accessed 29 Moerman DE. 1998. Native American eth- Pavek DS, Lamboy WF, Garvey EJ. 2003. Select- Aug 2005) North Chelmsford (MA): Maps nobotany. Portland (OR): Timber Press. ing in situ conservation sites for grape a la Carte Inc. genetic resources in the USA. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50:165–173. 147

ROBERT ADAIR AND OTHERS NATIVEPLANTS | SUMMER 2006 A U T H O R I N F O R M A T I O N

Robert Adair Biological Science Technician [email protected]

RC Johnson Research Agronomist [email protected]

Barbara Hellier Horticultural Crops Curator [email protected]

Walter Kaiser Plant Pathologist (retired)

Figure 8. Bulb morphology. Single, globed (A), cloved (B), three-cloved (C), high-globed (D), flat- globed (E). Photo by Robert Adair Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, USDA-ARS Walker SC, Shaw NL. 2005. Current and [USDA NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conser- 59 Johnson Hall vation Service. 2005. The PLANTS database, potential use of broadleaf herbs for Washington State University version 3.5. URL: http://plants.usda.gov reestablishing native communities. In: Box 646402 (accessed 29 Aug 2005). Baton Rouge (LA): Shaw NL, Pellant M, Monsen SB, compil- Pullman, Washington 99164-6402 National Plant Data Center. ers. Sage-grouse habitat restoration sym- [USDA FS RMRS] USDA Forest Service. 2005. posium proceedings; 2001 June 4–7; Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Boise, ID. Proceedings RMRS-P-38. Fort Increase project. URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/ Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky rm/boise/teams/shrub/default.htm Mountain Research Station. (accessed 21 Mar 2006). Boise (ID): Rocky Mountain Research Station. [USDI BLM] USDI Bureau of Land Manage- ment. 2005. Great Basin Restoration Ini- tiative. URL: http://www.fire.blm.gov/gbri/ index.html (accessed 29 Aug 2005). Boise (ID): Office of Fire and Aviation. [US EPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Level IV Ecoregions. URL: http:// www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/level_iv .htm (accessed 24 Aug 2005). Corvallis (OR): Western Ecology Division.

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