DOCSLIB.ORG

The Design and Correction of a Quantitative Method of Snow Estimate by Radar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Design and Correction of a Quantitative Method of Snow Estimate by Radar Vol.21 No.1 JOURNAL OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY March 2015 Article ID: 1006-8775(2015) 01-0092-09 THE DESIGN AND CORRECTION OF A QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF SNOW ESTIMATE BY RADAR JIANG Da-kai (蒋大凯)1, 2, MIN Jin-zhong (闵锦忠)1, CAI Kui-zhi (才奎志)2 (1. Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044 China; 2 Shenyang Central Meteorological Observatory, Shenyang 110016 China) Abstract: An optimization method is based to design a snowfall estimate method by radar for operational snow warning, and error estimation is analyzed through a case of heavy snow on March 4, 2007. Three modified schemes are developed for errors caused by temperature changes, snowflake terminal velocity, the distance from the radar and calculation methods. Due to the improvements, the correlation coefficient between the estimated snowfall and the observation is 0.66 (exceeding the 99% confidence level), the average relative error is reduced to 48.74%, and the method is able to estimate weak snowfall of 0.3 mm/h and heavy snowfall above 5 mm/h. The correlation coefficient is 0.82 between the estimated snowfall from the stations 50 to 100 km from the radar and the observation. The improved effect is weak when the influence of the snowflake terminal velocity is considered in those three improvement programs, which may be related to the uniform echo. The radar estimate of snow, which is classified by the distance between the sample and the radar, has the most obvious effect: it can not only increase the degree of similarity, but also reduce the overestimate and the undervaluation of the error caused by the distance between the sample and the radar. The improved algorithm further improves the accuracy of the estimate. The average relative errors are 31% and 27% for the heavy snowfall of 1.6 to 2.5 mm/h and above 2.6 mm/h, respectively, but the radar overestimates the snowfall under 1.5 mm/h and underestimates the snowfall above 2.6 mm/h. Radar echo may not be sensitive to the intensity of snowfall, and the consistency shown by the error can be exploited to revise and improve the estimation accuracy of snow forecast in the operational work. Key words: weather forecast; radar-based snowfall estimate; optimization technique; correlation CLC number: P412.25 Document code: A mm/h meets the standard of meteorological disasters. 1 INTRODUCTION Currently, however, the automatic meteorological ob- Heavy snow has great impacts on people's lives serving station is unable to provide 1-h snowfall in win- and social economy and is a disastrous weather condi- ter, and the manual observation can provide 3-h or 6-h tion of high social concern. Heavy snow has happened cumulative snowfall only in some stations, which cannot frequently in the southern part of northeast China in re- fulfill the need of operational snow early warning. With cent years, especially for the heavy snow rarely paral- construction of the meteorological station networks in leled in history in 2007, 2009 and 2010. "Meteorologi- China, the Doppler radar has covered most provinces in cal Disaster Warning Signal and Prevention Guide" of East China. Products of the Doppler radar can provide a "Procedures on the Release and Dissemination of Early wide range of precipitation information in a short time. Warning Signals for Meteorological Disasters" (Decree Therefore, products of the new-generation Doppler radar No.16 of China Meteorological Administration) speci- can be applied with combination of conventional obser- fies that the heavy snow warning signal should be re- vation data to investigate the radar-based snowfall quan- leased when the snowfall intensity within 12 h is above titative estimate technique in order to fulfill the need of 4 mm. That is to say, the snowfall intensity above 0.3 operational snow early warning. Radar-based snowfall quantitative estimate tech- Received 2013-10-15; Revised 2014-12-01; Accepted 2015-01-15 niques have been explored by many foreign scholars. [1] Foundation item: Program for Key Fundamental Research of Boudala et al. developed ice water content and precipi- China (2013CB430102); Specialized Project for Forecasters from tation rate retrieval algorithms as a function of tempera- China Meteorological Administration (CMAYBY2012-012); ture and radar reflectivity factor using ice particle spec- Specialized Project for Public Welfare Sectors of Industry from tra measured in stratiform ice clouds in mid-latitude and CMA (GYHY201006001); Project for Research on Agricultural Arctic regions. Wandishin et al. [2] produced short-range Science and Technology, Bureau of Agriculture, Liaoning ensemble forecasts of different precipitation type, which Province (2011210002) is very skillful in forecasting rain and snow but it is on- Biography: JIANG Da-kai, Ph. D. candidate, forecaster, primari- ly moderately skillful for freezing rain and unskillful for ly undertaking research on snow forecast. ice pellets, with an advantage of being able to discrimi- Corresponding author: MIN Jin-zhong, e-mail: [email protected] nate between different precipitation types. Gray et al. [3] du.cn No.1 JIANG Da-kai (蒋大凯), MIN Jin-zhong (闵锦忠), et al. 93 summarized the snow Z-I relationship for different tem- to determine a Z-I relationship suitable for every snow perature and different form of snow. For Chinese re- process. So how should one design a snowfall estimate searchers, most attention has been paid to the rainfall scheme by radar for operational use? According to the rather than the snowfall in the aspect of radar-based current status of the operational snow early warning, the quantitative estimate technique (Ji et al.[4]; Zhang et al.[5]). observed snowfall is the hourly manual observation, Kuang et al. [6] estimated the snowfall of a snowstorm while the radar completes a volume scan in every 6 weather process that occurred in Shijiazhuang city in minutes. Therefore, relationship can be constructed be- 2009 with radar data and the Kalman filter method, in- tween the 1-h snowfall of every station and the radar e- dicating that this method is suitable for large-range con- cho, which is used for snowfall estimate in the next tinuous snowfall estimate, but not suitable for short-term hour. For the precondition, it is assumed that influenc- local snowfall estimate. Jiang et al. [7] analyzed the fea- ing factors of snow estimate, such as crystal structure tures of Doppler radar products of heavy snow process- and degree of freezing and aggregation, remain the es in the southern Northeast China, uncovering that 1-h same in an hour. The specific method is using an opti- snowfall correlates positively with snow reflectivity and mization method. Firstly, a Z-I relationship is assumed, that the echo intensity of heavy snow is usually less which is changed every hour in order to get the best [8] than 30 dBZ. Zhang et al. showed that the value of b consistency of hourly snowfall Hi estimated by radar e- is 1.6 and the value of a is 1 000 to 1 500 in the Z-I cho to the observed hourly snowfall Gi. Besides, the de- relationship of radar echo. In this paper, an optimization gree of consistency depends on the discrimination func- method is based to design a snowfall estimate method tion (Zhang et al. [8]). In this paper, the discrimination by the radar for operational snow early warning, and an function is experiment of snow estimate is performed for a case of heavy snow on March 4, 2007, followed by error esti- mation to correct the scheme for radar-based snowfall estimation. Finally, an appropriate Z-I relationship is 2 where Σ(Hi-Gi) is the square of deviance, indicating the built to support the timely and accurate release of oper- non-linear effects of the Z-I relationship. This discrimi- ational early warning. nation function is used to modify the values of a and b 2 DATA in the Z-I relationship until the CTF2 reaches its mini- mum value, when the Z-I relationship determined by a The data used are based on the reflectivity of the and b is optimal (Zhang and Dai[12]; Zheng et al.[13]). Yingkou CINRAD-SC Doppler radar products, intensive observation data of 1-h snowfall, conventional observa- 4 CASE APPLICATION tion data for the heavy snow rarely paralleled in history This paper uses the echo intensity data detected during 12:00-19:00(Beijing Time, the same hereafter) in above the observation station at a 0.5° elevation angle Liaoning province on March 4, 2007 as well as size by Yingkou CINRAD-SC Doppler radar for the ex- spectrum of precipitation during 2007-2009 of the laser tremely heavy snow process during 12:00-19:00 on spectrometer Parsivel produced by the OTT company March 4, 2007. Considering that the resolution of opera- from Germany. tional PUP products has four bins and conditions of ob- 3 SCHEME DESIGN FOR SNOW ESTIMATE servation station, echo intensity of every station used is BY RADAR the average of data from 5×5 bins (about 3 to 22 km2) above the observation station, which is combined with [1] The study of Boudala et al. indicated that the val- intensive observation data of hourly snowfall to calcu- ue of a is 160-3 300 and the value b is 1.5-2.2 in the late the Z-I relationship by means of the optimization Z-I relationship of snow estimate by radar. These method. changes depend on various parameters, such as crystal Taking into account that the radar detection at a structure, degree of freezing and aggregation, degree of 0.5° elevation may be blocked, comparison of riming, snowflake humidity, density, terminal velocity, radar-based snowfall estimate is performed using the as well as changes in the size distribution of snowflakes observation station located at certain distances from the [9] [10] (Rasmussen ).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
    Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China proto­typical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Clematidis Radix Et Rhizoma and Its Adulterants by Core Haplotype Based on the ITS Sequences
    Identification of Clematidis radix et Rhizoma and its adulterants by core haplotype based on the ITS sequences Yi-Mei Zang1, Ya Gao2, Ying Liu3, Chun-Sheng Liu3 1Beijing City University, Beijing, China 2Chengde Center for Disease Prevention and Contral, Chengde, China 3School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China Corresponding author: Chun Sheng Liu E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 17 (2): gmr16039905 Received February 27, 2018 Accepted April 07, 2018 Published April 15, 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr16039905 Copyright © 2018 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 License. ABSTRACT. To develop a method to identify Clematidis radix et Rhizoma using sequence similarity and sequence-specific genetic polymorphisms based on the ITS sequences. DNA was extracted from leaves of Clematis mandshurica Rupr and C. hexapetala using a DNA extraction kit. ITS sequences were amplified by PCR, and analyzed in Contig Express, DNAman, and MEGA 5.0. The core haplotype was determined, and similarities between the core and other haplotypes were calculated. In total, 138 ITS sequences of C. mandshurica were obtained with a length of 611 bp. The similarity threshold between C. mandshurica and counterfeit species was 99%. Using specific mutation sites, we could identify C. chinensis, C. hexapetala, and C. mandshurica rapidly and accurately. A new DNA-based method has been established to rapidly and accurately identify Clematidis radix et Rhizoma. Key words: Clematidis radix et Rhizoma; Core haplotype; Identification threshold; Mutation sites INTRODUCTION Clematidis radix et Rhizoma is the dry radix and rhizome of Clematis chinensis Osbeck, C.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Procurement Plan for Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project (LMCIP) in China Project information: Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Country: China Borrower: The People’s Republic of China. Project Name: Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project (LMCIP) Loan/Credit No.: 4831-CHA Project ID: P099992 Project Implementing Agency (PIA): Liaoning Urban Construction and Renewal Project Office (LUCRPO) in Liaoning Province and city PMOs in cities of Fushun, Benxi, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Panjin, and Dengta . Bank’s approval Date of the procurement Plan [Original:During Loan negotiation in May 2006; Revision 1:…] Date of General Procurement Notice: April 3, 2006 Period covered by this procurement plan: 2006-2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The prior review thresholds for LMCI Project: Table A Civil Works Goods Consultant Consultant services services Firm Individual Above USD 5 million 500K 200K 50K In addition, the Bank will review the first contract procured under each category. The procurement method thresholds for LMCI Project : Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table B Civil Goods Consultant services Works Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ICB >15 >500K >300K(short list not more than million 2 from a country) NCB advertisement >2 >300K <300K (shortlist can be only on a national million from national consultants) newspaper NCB advertisement <2 <300K >200K: QCBS on a provincial million <200K: CQS or Individual newspaper Consultant (IC) Shopping
    [Show full text]
  • Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientifica Volume 2016, Article ID 7462832, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7462832 Research Article Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration Kang Hou, Jieting Zhou, Xuxiang Li, and Shengbin Ge School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xuxiang Li; [email protected] Received 7 December 2015; Revised 1 March 2016; Accepted 31 March 2016 Academic Editor: Francisco Ayuga Copyright © 2016 Kang Hou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Analysis of human living environmental quality of Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations has important theoretical and practical significance in rapid development region. A lot of investigations have been carried for Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations, including 38 counties. Based on the carrying capacity of resources, natural and socioeconomic environmental factors and regional changes of human living environmental evaluation are analyzed with the application of geographic information systems (GIS) software. By using principal component analysis (PCA) model and natural breaks classification (NBC) method, the evaluation results are divided into five categories. The results show thatuman theh living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of Dalian, Shenyang, and Liaoyang are higher than other counties. Among these counties, the human living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of coastal counties are significantly higher than inland counties. The range of the human living environmental evaluation index in most of the study area is at III, IV,and V levels, accounting for 80.01%.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Map of Irrigation Areas CHINA
    Global Map of Irrigation Areas CHINA Area equipped for irrigation (ha) Area actually irrigated Province total with groundwater with surface water (ha) Anhui 3 369 860 337 346 3 032 514 2 309 259 Beijing 367 870 204 428 163 442 352 387 Chongqing 618 090 30 618 060 432 520 Fujian 1 005 000 16 021 988 979 938 174 Gansu 1 355 480 180 090 1 175 390 1 153 139 Guangdong 2 230 740 28 106 2 202 634 2 042 344 Guangxi 1 532 220 13 156 1 519 064 1 208 323 Guizhou 711 920 2 009 709 911 515 049 Hainan 250 600 2 349 248 251 189 232 Hebei 4 885 720 4 143 367 742 353 4 475 046 Heilongjiang 2 400 060 1 599 131 800 929 2 003 129 Henan 4 941 210 3 422 622 1 518 588 3 862 567 Hong Kong 2 000 0 2 000 800 Hubei 2 457 630 51 049 2 406 581 2 082 525 Hunan 2 761 660 0 2 761 660 2 598 439 Inner Mongolia 3 332 520 2 150 064 1 182 456 2 842 223 Jiangsu 4 020 100 119 982 3 900 118 3 487 628 Jiangxi 1 883 720 14 688 1 869 032 1 818 684 Jilin 1 636 370 751 990 884 380 1 066 337 Liaoning 1 715 390 783 750 931 640 1 385 872 Ningxia 497 220 33 538 463 682 497 220 Qinghai 371 170 5 212 365 958 301 560 Shaanxi 1 443 620 488 895 954 725 1 211 648 Shandong 5 360 090 2 581 448 2 778 642 4 485 538 Shanghai 308 340 0 308 340 308 340 Shanxi 1 283 460 611 084 672 376 1 017 422 Sichuan 2 607 420 13 291 2 594 129 2 140 680 Tianjin 393 010 134 743 258 267 321 932 Tibet 306 980 7 055 299 925 289 908 Xinjiang 4 776 980 924 366 3 852 614 4 629 141 Yunnan 1 561 190 11 635 1 549 555 1 328 186 Zhejiang 1 512 300 27 297 1 485 003 1 463 653 China total 61 899 940 18 658 742 43 241 198 52
    [Show full text]
  • China – Liaoning Province - Dengta County – Prisons – Detention Centres
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN33628 Country: China Date: 5 August 2008 Keywords: China – Liaoning Province - Dengta County – Prisons – Detention centres This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions Please provide information on reform through labour and detention centres or jails with names similar to Dengta Prison that were operating as places of detention or imprisonment in July 1999 to June 2000. RESPONSE Please provide information on reform through labour and detention centres or jails with names similar to Dengta Prison that were operating as places of detention or imprisonment in July 1999 to June 2000. A prison in Dengta City in Liaoning Province is listed in the Laogai Handbook: 2005-2006. The Handbook indicates that the prison in Dengta was established in 1949, is known both as the Huazi Prison and as the Liaoyang No.1 Prison and also operates as a commercial enterprise known as the Xinsheng Cement Plant. The Handbook indicates that there are more than sixty Laogai (reform through labour) camps in Liaoning Province as well as detention centres at the village, township and county levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Factory List As of August 3Rd, 2020
    Global Factory List as of August 3rd, 2020 Target is committed to providing increased supply chain transparency. To meet this objective, Target publishes a list of all tier one factories that produce our owned-brand products, national brand products where Target is the importer of record, as well as tier two apparel textile mills and wet processing facilities. Target partners with its vendors and suppliers to maintain an accurate factory list. The list below represents factories as of August 3rd, 2020. This list is subject to change and updates will be provided on a quarterly basis. Factory Name State/Province City Address AMERICAN SAMOA American Samoa Plant Pago Pago 368 Route 1,Tutuila Island ARGENTINA Angel Estrada Cla. S.A, Buenos Aires Ciudad de Buenos Aires Ruta Nacional N 38 Km. 1,155,Provincia de La Rioja AUSTRIA Tiroler Glashuette GmbH Werk: Schneegattern Oberosterreich Lengau Kobernauserwaldstrase 25, BAHRAIN WestPoint Home Bahrain W.L.L. Al Manamah (Al Asimah) Riffa Building #1912, Road # 5146, Block 951,South Alba Industrial Area, Askar BANGLADESH Campex (BD) Limited Chittagong zila Chattogram Building-FS SFB#06, Sector#01, Road#02, Chittagong Export Processing Zone,, Canvas Garments (Pvt.) Ltd Chittagong zila Chattogram 301, North Baizid Bostami Road,,Nasirabad I/A, Canvas Building Chittagong Asian Apparels Chittagong zila Chattogram 132 Nasirabad Indstrial Area,Chattogram Clifton Cotton Mills Ltd Chittagong zila Chattogram CDA plot no-D28,28-d/2 Char Ragmatia Kalurghat, Clifton Textile Chittagong zila Chattogram 180 Nasirabad Industrial Area,Baizid Bostami Road Fashion Watch Limited Chittagong zila Chattogram 1363/A 1364 Askarabad, D.T. Road,Doublemoring, Chattogram, Bangladesh Fortune Apparels Ltd Chittagong zila Chattogram 135/142 Nasirabad Industrial Area,Chattogram KDS Garment Industries Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
    Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Liaoning Small Cities and Towns Development Demonstration Sector
    LIAONING CITIES AND TOWNS SYSTEM PLAN COMPOSITIVE REPORT Selected parts （2003-2020） The People’s Government of Liaoning Province April 2003 2 Social Economic and Civil Development Strategies 2.1 Social Economic Development Strategy According to the master plan of central government, China will start the implementation of the third stage. The modernization will become true in the middle of 21st century. Considering the development process of Liaoning, the reconstruction of the old industrial base will be completed basically in 2005 and the socialism market economy system will be established basically too in 2010. The way of economic growth will be changed totally and GDP will be doubled comparing with the growth in 2000. Up to 2020, Shenyang, Dalian and Anshan will achieve basic modernization in 2020. Guiding Ideology The Development is still the main point and the reform must be continued. The relationship between reform, development and stability should be coordinated well. Institutional and technical innovation is always emphasized. The living standard of people is tried to be improved. The healthy, sustainable and coordinative development of social economy should be ensured. Overall Strategy The development is the main subject and the economic restructuring is one important line. The reform and scientific development will provide good foundation for improving the living standard of people. The government will support the development of education and scientific research and try to achieve sustainable development in order to promote the overall social economic development and keep the stability of the society. One Main Subject Development is the main subject. The government will focus on promoting the healthy and sustainable development of economy and try to improve the socialism market economic structure further.
    [Show full text]
  • Area Comprehensive Score 1990 2000 2010 Heping District 0.307
    Comprehensive score of aging level in 1990, 2000 and 2010 Comprehensive score Area 1990 2000 2010 Heping District 0.307 0.572 0.792 Shenhe District 0.319 0.554 0.774 Dadong District 0.275 0.558 0.803 Huanggu District 0.262 0.542 0.777 Tiexi District (Shenyang) 0.252 0.611 0.800 Sujiatun District 0.202 0.409 0.699 Dongling District 0.202 0.370 0.512 Shenbei New District 0.196 0.388 0.534 Yuhong District 0.197 0.364 0.593 Liaozhong County 0.187 0.351 0.627 Kangping County 0.165 0.318 0.604 Faku County 0.195 0.354 0.653 Xinmin City 0.177 0.351 0.627 Zhongshan District 0.336 0.592 0.888 Xigang District 0.327 0.605 0.860 Shahekou District 0.284 0.534 0.770 Ganjingzi District 0.242 0.381 0.557 Lushunkou District 0.302 0.427 0.668 Jinzhou District 0.267 0.360 0.531 Changhai County 0.215 0.314 0.638 Wafangdian City 0.218 0.431 0.799 Pulandian City 0.243 0.440 0.812 Zhuanghe City 0.224 0.460 0.778 Tiedong District 0.230 0.541 0.831 Tiexi District (Anshan) 0.234 0.514 0.896 Lishan District 0.198 0.540 0.950 Qianshan District 0.215 0.399 0.721 Tai'an County 0.187 0.355 0.613 Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County 0.171 0.349 0.620 Haicheng City 0.191 0.321 0.573 Xinfu District 0.245 0.517 0.853 Dongzhou District 0.230 0.551 1.000 Wanghua District 0.206 0.464 0.814 Shuncheng District 0.195 0.479 0.819 Fushun County 0.256 0.401 0.701 Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County 0.110 0.298 0.615 Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County 0.124 0.318 0.618 Pingshan District 0.208 0.475 0.778 Xihu District 0.217 0.497 0.829 Mingshan District 0.186 0.440 0.743 Nanfen District 0.196
    [Show full text]
  • Zhejiang Liaoning
    IBRD 33583 100° 110° 120° 130° 120° 122° 124° 126° RUSSIAN 50° FEDERATION JILIN HEILONGJIANG NEI MONGOL Kangping Xifeng MONGOLIA Changtu JILIN See Map at right Faku Kaiyuan 40° Zhangwu Tiefa MONGOL LIAONING D.P.R. Tieling NEI BEIJING KOREA PCB Incinerator Qingyuan 42° HEBEI TIANJIN built by Shenyang Xinmin REP. OF 42° Fushun SHANXI KOREA Technical Center SHANDONG Yellow Beipiao QINGHAI NINGXIA Sea SHENYANG Xinbin GANSU Heishan HENAN JIANGSU SHAANXI Chaoyang Beizhen ° Yi Xian LIAONING SHANGHAI 30 Jianping HUBEI ANHUI Tai'an Dengta SICHUAN Huanren ZHEJIANG Jincheng Liaoyang Benxi See Map below Lingyuan Panjin CHONGQING Jinzhou Anshan HUNAN JIANGXI FUJIAN East Harqin GUIZHOU Dawa China Haicheng YUNNAN TAIWAN Sea Jianchang Kuandian GUANGXI GUANGDONG Jinxi Yingkou HONG KONG 20° Xingcheng VIETNAM MACAO Fengcheng LAO Bo Hai Gai Xian P.D.R. HAINAN PHILIPPINES Suizhong Xiuyan Dandong DEMOCRATIC ° PEOPLE'S 40 Donggou This map was produced by REPUBLIC the Map Design Unit of The HEBEI Zhuanghe World Bank. The boundaries, OF KOREA colors, denominations and Fu Xian any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Xinjin the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the 0 25 50 75 100 legal status of any territory, Jin Xian YELLOW SEA or any endorsement or KILOMETERS acceptance of such Dalian boundaries. 118° 120° 122° 124° 118° 119° JIANGSU 121° 122° 123° Tai Hu SHANGHAI 31° Changxing 31° Huzhou Xiaoshi Wuxing Jiaxing ANHUI Deqing Tongxiang Wangdian Haining Yuhang HANGZHOU an H u W Linantuankou 2 an zho Xiaoshan g 2 Cixi 30° Cengang Fuyang
    [Show full text]
  • Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientifica Volume 2016, Article ID 7462832, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7462832 Research Article Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration Kang Hou, Jieting Zhou, Xuxiang Li, and Shengbin Ge School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xuxiang Li; [email protected] Received 7 December 2015; Revised 1 March 2016; Accepted 31 March 2016 Academic Editor: Francisco Ayuga Copyright © 2016 Kang Hou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Analysis of human living environmental quality of Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations has important theoretical and practical significance in rapid development region. A lot of investigations have been carried for Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations, including 38 counties. Based on the carrying capacity of resources, natural and socioeconomic environmental factors and regional changes of human living environmental evaluation are analyzed with the application of geographic information systems (GIS) software. By using principal component analysis (PCA) model and natural breaks classification (NBC) method, the evaluation results are divided into five categories. The results show thatuman theh living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of Dalian, Shenyang, and Liaoyang are higher than other counties. Among these counties, the human living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of coastal counties are significantly higher than inland counties. The range of the human living environmental evaluation index in most of the study area is at III, IV,and V levels, accounting for 80.01%.
    [Show full text]