DOCSLIB.ORG

Estrous and Menstrual Cycles Ansc 631 Spring 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ESTROUS AND MENSTRUAL CYCLES ANSC 631 SPRING 2014 What are you expected to learn? What is an estrous cycle? How does it differ from a menstrual cycle? What organs are involved? What hormones are needed? How/where estrogen and progesterone are synthesized? What endometrial changes occur during the estrous and menstrual cycles? Menstruation: why and how What happens in a fertile cycle Outline for Presentations • Estrous and Menstrual Cycles • Gonadotropin Regulation of Follicular Recruitment and Development • Follicular Steroidogenesis • Growth Factors and Follicular Development • Ovulation • Corpus Luteum Formation, Function and Angiogenesis • Luteal Peptides, Cytokines and Growth Factors • Prolactin and Ovarian Function • Luteolysis. Reproductive cyclicity provides females with repeated opportunities to become pregnant What was normal in ancient times? Reproductive cycles: Animals vs Women Animals Women Estrous cycle The physiological Menstrual cycle The events between successive physiological events between periods of sexual receptivity successive menstruations &/or ovulation – Day 0 is day of (~28d) – Day 1 in day of onset onset of estrus of menses Anestrus Without cyclicity - caused by pregnancy, season, Amenhorrea lack of menstruation lactation, stress (under- – caused by pregnancy, nutrition, environment) lactation, stress, pathologies If no conception in a cycle, another cycle begins to provide a new opportunity to establish pregnancy Estrus = heat = period of sexual receptivity –Estrus is a noun. (estrus) –Estrous is an adjective (estrous) Cyclicity - categorized according to frequency of occurrence throughout the year Polyestrus cattle, swine, rodents Seasonally polyestrus sheep, goat, mare, deer Monoestrus dogs, foxes Senger 2003 Classifications of Estrus Physiological Estrus – Follicle Growth, Estrous behavior, LH surge and ovulation with outcome being synchronized mating and ovulation to maximize chances for fertilization of oocytes and establishment of pregnancy. Characteristics - Increase in estrogens from mature Graffian Follicles - Increase in GnRH synthesis by peptidergic neurons in hypothalamus - Increase in GnRH pulse frequency - Increase in GnRH Receptors on Gonadotrophs in Anterior Pituitary - LH surge and Ovulation Psychological Estrus – Estrous behavior without ovulation 1. Estrogens – effects in area of hypothalamus (work with cats identified nuclei for estrous behavior without ovulation) Pre-optic area - +++ Arcuate Nucleus - ++ Mammalary Body - + 2. GnRH – Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro- GlyNH2 Receptor Binding Lordosis 3. Oxytocin – Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2 a. Smooth muscle contractions – sperm transport, lactation, parturition b. Bonding mother and offspring sexual partners Hypothalamic Divisions Yen 2004; Reprod Endocrinol 3-73 Characteristics of Psychological Estrus Increased activity: walking, vocalization, mounting, accept male for mounting/mating Example: Post-partum Estrus in Sows a. Estrous Behavior 2 to 3 days post-partum b. No Ovulation c. Cause: Likely prepartum estrogens Post-Partum Estrus Sow - 2-3 days – Psychological Esrus Only - Post-weaning estrus – 72 to 96 h is fertile Mare 7-10 days post-partum – fertile Beef Cows 60-80 days postpartum due to suckling intensity Dairy Cows 2X Day Milking – 14 Days Postpartum is short cycle usually 21-25 Days Postpartum for normal cycles Ewes – Normally Lamb During Anestrus Season Mouse and Rat – Day 1 postpartum – fertile and followed by delayed implantation Humans – Variable due to suckling intensity and nutrition DELAYED IMPLANTATION • Embryonic diapause, temporary suspension of blastocyst development in mammals due to suppression of cell proliferation. • Obligate diapause occurs in every gestation of some species, e.g., season to time birth with favorable time of year for nutrients • Facultative diapause is associated with metabolic stress, usually lactation, to prevent concident lactation and pregnancy. Mechanisms for Optimizing Timing of Birth 3) Delayed implantation (Chiroptera, Carnivora, Xenarthra, Cetartiodactyla) Obligate Ursus americanus Zona Pellucida Facultative Many Rodents Mechanisms for Optimizing Timing of Birth 4) Embryonic diapause (Macropodids) DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN WALLABY JANUARY BREED AND NEW YOUNG TO TEAT TO SUCKLE AND INDUCE FACULTATIVE DELAYED IMPLANTATION (LACTATION/SUCKLING INDUCED) CORPUS LUTEUM PRODUCING LITTLE PROGESTERONE TREATMENT WITH BROMOCRYPTINE TO DECREASE PROLACTIN AND DELAYED IMPLANTATION CAN BE INTERRUPTED JUNE-JULY OBLIGATE DELAY DUE TO SEASON/PHOTOPERIOD DECEMBER POUCH YOUNG OUT + ABOUT 28 DAYS AND FEMALE RETURNS TO ESTRUS JANUARY BREED AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE BEGINS AGAIN Figure 1 Strategies for photoperiodic modulation of diapause employ melatonin and prolactin for contrasting purposes. Lopes F L et al. Reproduction 2004;128:669-678 © 2004 Society for Reproduction and Fertility Figure 2 Summary of uterine influences that could be acting on the dormant embryo in the rodent model to terminate the mitotic arrest of diapause. LIF – Leukemia Inhbiting Factor ErbB – EGF Receptor EGF – Epidermal Growth Factor Anandamide - Lopes F L et al. Reproduction 2004;128:669-678 © 2004 Society for Reproduction and Fertility Types of Ovulation A. Spontaneous Ovulators – Women, Domestic Animals – Endogenous hormonal changes adequate to stimulate ovulatory surge of LH and ovulation. B. Spontaneous Ovulator with Induced CL Formation – Rodents – Spontaneous Ovulation; Mating Induced CL Formation C. Induced Ovulator – Mating or stimulation of vaginal-cervical area results in noradrenergic stimulation of hypothalamic GnRH centers to cause release of ovulatory surge of LH - rabbit, mink, cats. In rabbits, ovulation about 10 h post-mating or stimulation of vaginal-cervical area. In domestic cats, multiple matings usually required for full ovulatory response. D. Seasonal Ovulators 1. Monestrus – bears, dogs (most big breeds) ovulate once per year 2. Long-Day Breeders – horse is seasonally polyestrus species 3. Short-Day Breeders – ewe is seasonally polyestrus species Hormones of the Estrous and Menstrual Cycles A. Luteotropic Hormones – LH, hCG, prolactin that act directly on CL to stimulate progesterone (P4) secretion. B. Luteolyic Hormone – Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF) that acts on CL to cause cessation of secretion of progesterone and physical destruction of luteal cells. Luteolytic PGF is from uterine epithelia in subprimate mammals and from intra- ovarian sources in most primates, so menstrual cycle in uterine independent while estrous cycles are usually uterine dependent. C. Antiluteolytic Hormones – Interferon tau (ruminants), estradiol and prolactin (pigs), prolactin and lactogenic hormones (mice) D. Luteal Protective – Prostaglandin E2 may antagoinize luteolytic effects of PGF2-alpha Stages of the Estrous Cycle A. Estrus: High Estrogens from Mature Graffian Follicles and LH Surge 1. Follicle Maturation 2. Oocyte Maturation 3. Estrous Behaviour (Psychological Estrus) and Mating 4. Estrogen-Induced Ovulatory Surge of LH (Physiological Estrus) 5. Ovulation 6. Initial Luteinization of Granulosa and Theca Cells 7. Decreased Vaginal and Rectal Temperatures 0.25 to 0.75 degrees C Increased blood flow to perineum area Monitor time of ovulation 8. Increase in cervical mucus Unique crystallization patter of mucus – ferning pattern 9. pH of vagina increases to 6.8 from 7.1 to 7.4 10. Increased antimicrobial actions Increase in Lysozyme – bacteriacidal Increase in Lactoferrin – bacteriostatic 11. Pheromones for attracting male a. Cow – acetaldehyde (Bill Klemm, TAMU) b. Rhesus Monkey Copulin – short-chain fatty acids: acetic acid, proprionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid c. Microflora of vagina produce pheromones 12. Swelling of sexual skin - Vulva Metestrus: Ovulation and Corpus Hemmorhagicum (Corpora Hemmorhagica) 1. Circulating Estrogens and Progesterone are LOW 2. Uterine cells expressing receptors for progesterone (PGR), estradiol (ESR1) and Oxytocin (OXTR) Diestrus: Corpus Luteum (Corpora Lutea) and Progesterone 1. Circulating Progesterone is HIGH 2. Large luteal cells of CL synthesize and store, depending on species, oxytocin-neurophysin (ruminants) and relaxin (pig) In sheep and cow: OXY production: Days 0-3 transcription (maybe in response to LH surge Days 4-7 translation of OXT-Neurophysin mRNA Days 8-14 storage of OXY-Neurophysin Days15-17 pulsatile release of OXT and Neurophysin 3. Steroid Receptors in Uterine Endometrium Uterine epithelia and stromal cells: NO OXTR Uterine epithelia lose ESR1 Uterine epithelia lose PGR after Days 11 to 12 Uterine stromal cells express PGR and low or no ESR1 4. Preparation of the Uterus for Pregnancy – Uterine luminal and glandular epithelial cells begin to express proteins important to development of embryo/conceptus (conceptus is embryo and its associated membranes) Late Diestrus – Corpus Luteum Regression 1. Steroid Receptors in Uterine Endometrium Uterine Epithelia have increasing expression of ESR1 and then OXTR 2. Increase in estrogens from developing follicles stimulate more ESR1 and OXTR in uterine epithelia 3. Oxytocin released from CL and/or Posterior Pituitary in Ruminants and Posterior Pituitary and/or Uterus in sows and mares 4. Oxytocin-induced luteolytic pulses of PGF2a 5. Corpus Luteum Regression Proestrus – Corpus Albicans (Corpora Albicantia) and Mature Graffian Follicles 1. Circulating Estradiol Increasing 2. Circulating Progesterone Decreasing to basal levels 3. GnRH Pulse Frequency increasing from 1
Recommended publications
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female Reproduc�Ve System

    FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female ReproducVe System

    Human Anatomy Unit 3 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female Reproducve System • Gonads = ovaries – almond shaped – flank the uterus on either side – aached to the uterus and body wall by ligaments • Gametes = oocytes – released from the ovary during ovulaon – Develop within ovarian follicles Ligaments • Broad ligament – Aaches to walls and floor of pelvic cavity – Connuous with parietal peritoneum • Round ligament – Perpendicular to broad ligament • Ovarian ligament – Lateral surface of uterus ‐ ‐> medial surface of ovary • Suspensory ligament – Lateral surface of ovary ‐ ‐> pelvic wall Ovarian Follicles • Layers of epithelial cells surrounding ova • Primordial follicle – most immature of follicles • Primary follicle – single layer of follicular (granulosa) cells • Secondary – more than one layer and growing cavies • Graafian – Fluid filled antrum – ovum supported by many layers of follicular cells – Ovum surrounded by corona radiata Ovarian Follicles Corpus Luteum • Ovulaon releases the oocyte with the corona radiata • Leaves behind the rest of the Graafian follicle • Follicle becomes corpus luteum • Connues to secrete hormones to support possible pregnancy unl placenta becomes secretory or no implantaon • Becomes corpus albicans when no longer funconal Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes • Ciliated tubes – Passage of the ovum to the uterus and – Passage of sperm toward the ovum • Fimbriae – finger like projecons that cover the ovary and sway, drawing the ovum inside aer ovulaon The Uterus • Muscular, hollow organ – supports
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria

    Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria

    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
  • Women's Menstrual Cycles

    Women's Menstrual Cycles

    1 Women’s Menstrual Cycles About once each month during her reproductive years, a woman has a few days when a bloody fluid leaves her womb and passes through her vagina and out of her body. This normal monthly bleeding is called menstruation, or a menstrual period. Because the same pattern happens each month, it is called the menstrual cycle. Most women bleed every 28 days. But some bleed as often as every 20 days or as seldom as every 45 days. Uterus (womb) A woman’s ovaries release an egg once a month. If it is Ovary fertilized she may become pregnant. If not, her monthly bleeding will happen. Vagina Menstruation is a normal part of women’s lives. Knowing how the menstrual cycle affects the body and the ways menstruation changes over a woman’s lifetime can let you know when you are pregnant, and help you detect and prevent health problems. Also, many family planning methods work best when women and men know more about the menstrual cycle (see Family Planning). 17 December 2015 NEW WHERE THERE IS NO DOCTOR: ADVANCE CHAPTERS 2 CHAPTER 24: WOMEN’S MENSTRUAL CYCLES Hormones and the menstrual cycle In women, the hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced mostly in the ovaries, and the amount of each one changes throughout the monthly cycle. During the first half of the cycle, the ovaries make mostly estrogen, which causes the lining of the womb to thicken with blood and tissue. The body makes the lining so a baby would have a soft nest to grow in if the woman became pregnant that month.
  • Phylogenetic Rate Shifts in Feeding Time During the Evolution of Homo

    Phylogenetic Rate Shifts in Feeding Time During the Evolution of Homo

    Phylogenetic Rate Shifts in Feeding Time During the Evolution of Homo The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Organ, Chris L., Charles L. Nunn, Zarin P. Machanda, and Richard W. Wrangham. 2011. Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(35): 14555-14559. Published Version doi:10.1073/pnas.1107806108 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5342813 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Phylogenetic Rate Shifts in Chewing Time During the Evolution of Homo Chris Organ1, Charles L. Nunn2, Zarin Machanda2, Richard Wrangham2 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. 2 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 Classification: Biological Sciences (Evolution) 1 Abstract Unique among animals, humans eat a diet rich in cooked and non-thermally processed food. The ancestors of modern humans who invented food processing (including cooking) gained critical advantages in survival and fitness through increased caloric intake. However, the time and manner in which food processing became biologically significant is uncertain. Here, we assess the inferred evolutionary consequences of food processing in the human lineage by applying a Bayesian phylogenetic outlier test to the first comparative analysis of feeding time in humans and non-human primates.
  • Conceptive Estrus Behavior in Three Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus)

    Conceptive Estrus Behavior in Three Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus)

    Sciknow Publications Ltd. ABC 2015, 2(1):30-48 Animal Behavior and Cognition DOI: 10.12966/abc.02.03.2015 ©Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) Conceptive Estrus Behavior in Three Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Holley Muraco1* and Stan A. Kuczaj II2 1Mississippi State University 2University of Southern Mississippi *Corresponding author (Email: [email protected]) Citation – Muraco, H., & Kuczaj, S. A. II. (2015). Conceptive estrus behavior in three bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Behavior and Cognition, 2(1), 30-48. doi: 10.12966/abc.02.03.2015 Abstract - Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are a highly promiscuous species that routinely engage in socio-sexual interactions, yet relatively little has been reported about actual estrus behavior. For this study of three female dolphins located at two aquarium facilities, 20 reproductive behaviors were investigated during three conceptive estrous cycles with known endocrinology. Reproductive behaviors increased with estradiol levels and peak occurrences of behaviors were observed during the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Two novel behaviors were observed: (1) genital tracking, an investigatory-type behavior, and (2) immobility, a novel form of standing heat estrus. These behaviors appeared to communicate reproductive readiness and increased copulation success. A total of 314 occurrences of estrus behavior were recorded in 10 hours of footage from the three focal females, and copulation spanned from day -9 to day 0 in one dominant female. Sexual interactions during estrus included female- to-female, immature male-to-female, mature male-to-immature male and masturbation with toys. During estrus, focal females received more behavioral attention than they initiated, and passive and active dorsal fin mounting between females was the most frequent behavior.
  • Luteal Phase Deficiency: What We Now Know

    Luteal Phase Deficiency: What We Now Know

    ■ OBGMANAGEMENT BY LAWRENCE ENGMAN, MD, and ANTHONY A. LUCIANO, MD Luteal phase deficiency: What we now know Disagreement about the cause, true incidence, and diagnostic criteria of this condition makes evaluation and management difficult. Here, 2 physicians dissect the data and offer an algorithm of assessment and treatment. espite scanty and controversial sup- difficult to definitively diagnose the deficien- porting evidence, evaluation of cy or determine its incidence. Further, while Dpatients with infertility or recurrent reasonable consensus exists that endometrial pregnancy loss for possible luteal phase defi- biopsy is the most reliable diagnostic tool, ciency (LPD) is firmly established in clinical concerns remain about its timing, repetition, practice. In this article, we examine the data and interpretation. and offer our perspective on the role of LPD in assessing and managing couples with A defect of corpus luteum reproductive disorders (FIGURE 1). progesterone output? PD is defined as endometrial histology Many areas of controversy Linconsistent with the chronological date of lthough observational and retrospective the menstrual cycle, based on the woman’s Astudies have reported a higher incidence of LPD in women with infertility and recurrent KEY POINTS 1-4 pregnancy losses than in fertile controls, no ■ Luteal phase deficiency (LPD), defined as prospective study has confirmed these find- endometrial histology inconsistent with the ings. Furthermore, studies have failed to con- chronological date of the menstrual cycle, may be firm the superiority of any particular therapy. caused by deficient progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum or failure of the endometrium Once considered an important cause of to respond appropriately to ovarian steroids.
  • Creating an Artificial 3-Dimensional Ovarian Follicle Culture System

    Creating an Artificial 3-Dimensional Ovarian Follicle Culture System

    micromachines Article Creating an Artificial 3-Dimensional Ovarian Follicle Culture System Using a Microfluidic System Mae W. Healy 1,2, Shelley N. Dolitsky 1, Maria Villancio-Wolter 3, Meera Raghavan 3, Alexandra R. Tillman 3 , Nicole Y. Morgan 3, Alan H. DeCherney 1, Solji Park 1,*,† and Erin F. Wolff 1,4,† 1 Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; [email protected] (M.W.H.); [email protected] (S.N.D.); [email protected] (A.H.D.); [email protected] (E.F.W.) 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA 3 Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; [email protected] (M.V.-W.); [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (A.R.T.); [email protected] (N.Y.M.) 4 Pelex, Inc., McLean, VA 22101, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] † Solji Park and Erin F. Wolff are co-senior authors. Abstract: We hypothesized that the creation of a 3-dimensional ovarian follicle, with embedded gran- ulosa and theca cells, would better mimic the environment necessary to support early oocytes, both structurally and hormonally. Using a microfluidic system with controlled flow rates, 3-dimensional Citation: Healy, M.W.; Dolitsky, S.N.; two-layer (core and shell) capsules were created. The core consists of murine granulosa cells in Villancio-Wolter, M.; Raghavan, M.; 0.8 mg/mL collagen + 0.05% alginate, while the shell is composed of murine theca cells suspended Tillman, A.R.; Morgan, N.Y.; in 2% alginate.
  • Oogenesis [PDF]

    Oogenesis [PDF]

    Oogenesis Dr Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy) K.G.M.U Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Oogenesis • Development of ovum (oogenesis) • Maturation of follicle • Fate of ovum and follicle Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Oogenesis • Site – ovary • Duration – 7th week of embryo –primordial germ cells • -3rd month of fetus –oogonium • - two million primary oocyte • -7th month of fetus primary oocyte +primary follicle • - at birth primary oocyte with prophase of • 1st meiotic division • - 40 thousand primary oocyte in adult ovary • - 500 primary oocyte attain maturity • - oogenesis completed after fertilization Dr Navneet Kumar Dr NavneetKumar Professor Professor (Anatomy) Anatomy KGMU Lko K.G.M.U Development of ovum Oogonium(44XX) -In fetal ovary Primary oocyte (44XX) arrest till puberty in prophase of 1st phase meiotic division Secondary oocyte(22X)+Polar body(22X) 1st phase meiotic division completed at ovulation &enter in 2nd phase Ovum(22X)+polarbody(22X) After fertilization Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr Navneet Kumar Dr ProfessorNavneetKumar (Anatomy) Professor K.G.M.UAnatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Maturation of follicle Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Maturation of follicle Primordial follicle -Follicular cells Primary follicle -Zona pallucida -Granulosa cells Secondary follicle Antrum developed Ovarian /Graafian follicle - Theca interna &externa -Membrana granulosa -Antrial
  • Diagnostic Evaluation of the Infertile Female: a Committee Opinion

    Diagnostic Evaluation of the Infertile Female: a Committee Opinion

    Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Diagnostic evaluation for infertility in women should be conducted in a systematic, expeditious, and cost-effective manner to identify all relevant factors with initial emphasis on the least invasive methods for detection of the most common causes of infertility. The purpose of this committee opinion is to provide a critical review of the current methods and procedures for the evaluation of the infertile female, and it replaces the document of the same name, last published in 2012 (Fertil Steril 2012;98:302–7). (Fertil SterilÒ 2015;103:e44–50. Ó2015 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) Key Words: Infertility, oocyte, ovarian reserve, unexplained, conception Use your smartphone to scan this QR code Earn online CME credit related to this document at www.asrm.org/elearn and connect to the discussion forum for Discuss: You can discuss this article with its authors and with other ASRM members at http:// this article now.* fertstertforum.com/asrmpraccom-diagnostic-evaluation-infertile-female/ * Download a free QR code scanner by searching for “QR scanner” in your smartphone’s app store or app marketplace. diagnostic evaluation for infer- of the male partner are described in a Pregnancy history (gravidity, parity, tility is indicated for women separate document (5). Women who pregnancy outcome, and associated A who fail to achieve a successful are planning to attempt pregnancy via complications) pregnancy after 12 months or more of insemination with sperm from a known Previous methods of contraception regular unprotected intercourse (1).
  • Understanding Reproductive Events in the Mare for Successful Breeding Programs

    Understanding Reproductive Events in the Mare for Successful Breeding Programs

    Understanding Reproductive Events in the Mare for Successful Breeding Programs By Jillian Fain Bohlen, Department of Animal and Dairy Science Mare Cyclicity A solid understanding of mare cyclicity is the foundation on which to build or evaluate an equine breeding program. Horses differ from other species both in timing of cyclicity as well as endocrine patterns within a cycle. Basic principles can aid horse breeders in more effectively timing and breeding with or without hormone manipulation. Seasonally Polyestrus Mares are classified as seasonally polyestrous animals and are more generally termed “long day breeders.” This classification means mares cycle multiple times in the year but that these times are limited to when days are long. For the mare, this means conception prior to the hot days of summer and optimizing nutritional value for offspring by foaling early spring. This seasonality of the mare’s breeding cycle is mostly dictated by photoperiod; however, available food resources and temperature may also play minor roles. Lighting signals, associated with the photoperiod, are interpreted by the pineal gland and ultimately converted into endocrine signals. At the center of this pathway is melatonin. Melatonin secretion increases during the night phase and quickly decreases at the beginning of the day phase. In seasonal breeders such as sheep (short day) and horses (long day), melatonin has a large impact on when cyclicity will end and ultimately resume. This pattern for long day breeders is evident in Figure 1. In horses, low melatonin levels, which are associated with longer days, stimulate a cascade of hormones that ultimately control the ability of the mare to properly cycle.
  • Changes Before the Change1.06 MB

    Changes Before the Change1.06 MB

    Changes before the Change Perimenopausal bleeding Although some women may abruptly stop having periods leading up to the menopause, many will notice changes in patterns and irregular bleeding. Whilst this can be a natural phase in your life, it may be important to see your healthcare professional to rule out other health conditions if other worrying symptoms occur. For further information visit www.imsociety.org International Menopause Society, PO Box 751, Cornwall TR2 4WD Tel: +44 01726 884 221 Email: [email protected] Changes before the Change Perimenopausal bleeding What is menopause? Strictly defined, menopause is the last menstrual period. It defines the end of a woman’s reproductive years as her ovaries run out of eggs. Now the cells in the ovary are producing less and less hormones and menstruation eventually stops. What is perimenopause? On average, the perimenopause can last one to four years. It is the period of time preceding and just after the menopause itself. In industrialized countries, the median age of onset of the perimenopause is 47.5 years. However, this is highly variable. It is important to note that menopause itself occurs on average at age 51 and can occur between ages 45 to 55. Actually the time to one’s last menstrual period is defined as the perimenopausal transition. Often the transition can even last longer, five to seven years. What hormonal changes occur during the perimenopause? When a woman cycles, she produces two major hormones, Estrogen and Progesterone. Both of these hormones come from the cells surrounding the eggs. Estrogen is needed for the uterine lining to grow and Progesterone is produced when the egg is released at ovulation.
  • Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial 3D Structure During Folliculogenesis

    Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial 3D Structure During Folliculogenesis

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dynamic changes in mitochondrial 3D structure during folliculogenesis and luteal formation in the goat large luteal cell lineage Yi‑Fan Jiang1*, Pin‑Huan Yu2, Yovita Permata Budi1, Chih‑Hsien Chiu3 & Chi‑Yu Fu4 In mammalian ovaries, mitochondria are integral sites of energy production and steroidogenesis. While shifts in cellular activities and steroidogenesis are well characterized during the diferentiation of large luteal cells in folliculogenesis and luteal formation, mitochondrial dynamics during this process have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we collected ovaries containing primordial follicles, mature follicles, corpus hemorrhagicum, or corpus luteum from goats at specifc times in the estrous cycle. Enzyme histochemistry, ultrastructural observations, and 3D structural analysis of serial sections of mitochondria revealed that branched mitochondrial networks were predominant in follicles, while spherical and tubular mitochondria were typical in large luteal cells. Furthermore, the average mitochondrial diameter and volume increased from folliculogenesis to luteal formation. In primordial follicles, the signals of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase were undetectable in most cells, and the large luteal cells from the corpus hemorrhagicum also showed low enzyme signals and content when compared with granulosa cells in mature follicles or large luteal cells from the corpus luteum. Our fndings suggest that the mitochondrial enlargement could be an event during folliculogenesis and luteal formation, while the modulation of mitochondrial morphology and respiratory enzyme expressions may be related to tissue remodeling during luteal formation. Te development of follicles and formation of corpus luteum (CL) are the major processes that defne the two phases of the ovarian cycle.