Word Formation of English Slang Words in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’S Album Amen

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WORD FORMATION OF ENGLISH SLANG WORDS IN SELECTED SONGS IN RICH BRIAN’S ALBUM AMEN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

By RECZA MAHARANI AUGANIA RUNUK Student Number: 164214105

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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WORD FORMATION OF ENGLISH SLANG WORDS IN SELECTED SONGS IN RICH BRIAN’S ALBUM AMEN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

By RECZA MAHARANI AUGANIA RUNUK Student Number: 164214105

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021

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r· A Sarjana Satra Undergraduate Thesis

WORD FORMATION OF ENGLISH SLANG WORDS IN SELECTED SONGS IN RICH BRIAN'S ALBUM AMEN

..-- By RECZA MAHAR4_NI AUGANIA RUNUK Stud¥.Ut Number:1 64214105

~· ~ tP ~ UJ ~ ~ ~

'~ .tJ .

Approved b ~ Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M.Hum December 28, 2020 Advisor

December 28, 2020 Co-Advisor

...

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any unversity, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis

December 27, 2020

Recza Maharani Augania Runuk

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Recza Maharani Augania Runuk Nomor Mahasiswa : 164214015

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul WORD FORMATION OF ENGLISH SLANG WORDS IN SELECTED SONGS IN RICH BRIAN’S ALBUM AMEN

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 27 Desember 2020

Yang menyatakan,

Recza Maharani Augania Runuk

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“Do not go where the path may lead, go

instead where there is no path and leave a

trail”.

-Ralph Waldo Emerson-

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God for blessing, loving, opportunity, and His grace, so that I can finish my undergraduate thesis.

This undergraduate thesis entitled “Word Formation of English Slang Words in

Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Album Amen” is submitted as the final requirement in accomplishing undergraduate degree at English Letters in Sanata

Dharma University.

In writing this thesis, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Arina Isti’anah S.Pd., M.Hum as my thesis advisor. This thesis would not have been possible without her help, support, patience, accompany and adviced to finish my undergraduate thesis. Also, I would like to thank my co-advisor Almira

Ghassani Shabrina Romala, S.s, M.a. for giving me further advices and supports to finish my undergraduate thesis.

This thesis also is dedicated as an appreciation to my beloved family, my mother Noorhaili, and my father Gantar for the endless love, pray, and support.

Continuously, it is also dedicated to my sisters Desira and Reczi who always remind me to keep going and never giving up. Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends. I am very grateful to have some close friends who always supported me when I have to revise this thesis and remind me not to be lazy, give the advice, and accompany me when I get stressed working on my thesis.

Recza Maharani Augania R.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE...... iiiv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... xii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiii LIST OF TABLES ...... xiv ABSTRACT ...... xv ABSTRAK ...... xvi

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 6 C. Objectives of the study ...... 7 D. Definition of Terms ...... 7 CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 9 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 9 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 12 1. Morphology ...... 13 a. Coinage...... 16 b. Borrowing ...... 16 c. Compounding ...... 17 d. Blending ...... 17 e. Clipping ...... 17 f. Backformation ...... 18

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g. Conversion ...... 18 h. Acronyms ...... 19 i. Derivation ...... 19 j. Inflectional ...... 19 k. Multiple Processes ...... 20 4. Theory of Slang ...... 20 5. Forms of Slang ...... 22 a. Change in Meaning ...... 22 b. Change in Function ...... 23 c. Change in Form ...... 23 d. Abbreviation ...... 23 e. Change in Spelling ...... 24 f. Folk of Etymology ...... 24 g. Inﬂuence of other Words ...... 24 h. Slang Loans ...... 25 i. Slang of Sound ...... 25 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 25 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 27 A. Object of the Study ...... 27 B. Approach of the Study ...... 28 C. Method of the study ...... 28 1. Data collection ...... 28 2. Data Analysis ...... 29 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 31 A. Forms of Slang Words Found in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Album Amen ...... 31 1. Slang Forms in “Glow Like Dat” ...... 32 2. Slang Forms in "See Me" ...... 35 3. Slang Forms in “Amen” ...... 38 4. Slang Words in “Cold” ...... 43 5. Slang Forms in “Chaos” ...... 48 B .Word Formation Processes of Slang Words in Rich Brian’s Amen ...... 54 1. Multiple Processes of Slang Words in Album Amen ...... 55 2. Clipping of Slang Word in Album Amen ...... 59

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3. Compounding of Slang Words in album Amen ...... 61 4.Borrowing of Slang Worrds in album Amen ...... 63 5. Acronym of Slang Word in album Amen ...... 64 6. Blending of Slang Words in album Amen ...... 65 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 67 REFERENCES ...... 69 APPENDICES ...... 71 Appendix 1: Forms of Slang Words found in the song lyrics in album Amen ...... 71 a. Forms of Slang Words in “Glow Like Dat” ...... 71 b. Forms of Slang Words in ““See Me”” ...... 72 c. Forms of Slang Words in “Amen” ...... 73 d. Forms of Slang Words in “Cold” ...... 74 e. Forms of Slang Words in “Chaos” ...... 75 Appendix 2: Types of Word Formation ...... 76

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CD : Compact Disc HAM : Hard as Motherfucker NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Figure Page

1. Fig 1. Multiple Procesess 56 2. Fig 2. Multiple Procesess 57 3. Fig 3. Multiple Procesess 58

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Example of Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 14 2. Summary of Slang Words in Album Amen 33 3. Types of Word Formation of Slang Words 53

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ABSTRACT

RUNUK, RECZA MAHARANI AUGANIA. (2021). Word Formation of English Slang Words in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Album Amen. Yogyakarta: Department Of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Language is one of the important things in human life for communication. Language as a bridge for people when they convey a connection in this world. There are many variations of language used in the community. Slang is one of the various of language that are used in an informal situation. The phenomenon of slang in our environment can be found in movies, books, and songs. One of them is a song that often appears slang words especially in a hip-hop song. In this study, the researcher analyses word formation of slang in Rich Brian in album Amen. This study focuses on how slang words are formed. There are two objectives which are going to be achieved in this study. The first one is to find out the forms of slang words in selected songs Rich Brian’s album Amen. The second is researcher analyzes the processes of how slang words are formed in the song lyrics. The researcher applied qualitative method in writing the study. Then, the researcher applied purposive sampling method to collect the data. Morphological approach is applied in this study to identify the root of words. The root of words is used to help modify old words and create different words in slang words. The result shows there are four forms of slang words that are change in form, change in meaning, change in spelling, and abbreviation. Form of slang that most frequently appear in the song lyrics which is change in meaning that occurs twenty times. In analyzing the structure of those slang words, the researcher found that there are six types of word formations used which are multiple processes, compounding, borrowing, clipping, acronyms, and blending. Multiple processes become the dominant type in forming the slang words. Based on the findings, the researcher concludes that Rich Brian used slang words in the song lyrics to express his characteristics and to make the music more attractive by changing the meaning of the original word, the song to be familiar to the listeners and the utterance is simply daily spoken language. Keywords: slang word, word formation, morphology

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ABSTRAK

RUNUK, RECZA MAHARANI AUGANIA. (2021). Word Formation of English Slang Words in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Album Amen. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Bahasa merupakan salah satu hal penting dalam kehidupan manusia untuk komunikasi. Bahasa sebagai jembatan bagi manusia untuk menyampaikan suatu hubungan di dunia ini. Ada banyak variasi bahasa yang digunakan di masyarakat. Slang adalah salah satu ragam bahasa yang digunakan dalam situasi informal. Fenomena slang juga dapat kita temukan di lingkungan kita seperti film, buku, dan lagu. Salah satunya adalah dalam sebuah lagu yang sering menggunakan slang terutama dalam lagu hip-hop. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis pembentukan kata-kata slang di lagu-lagu Rich Brian dalam album Amen. Penelitian ini bertujuan pada bagaimana kata-kata slang tersebut terbentuk. Terdapat dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan yang pertama, adalah menentukan bentuk kata-kata slang di lirik lagu dalam lagu pilihan album Rich Brian Amen. Tujuan yang kedua, adalah menganalisis proses pembentukan kata- kata slang dalam lirik lagu tersebut. Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dalam menyusun penelitian ini. Kemudian, peneliti menerapkan metode purposive sampling dalam mengumpulkan data. Peniliti juga menerapkan pendekatan morfologi dalam penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi akar sebuah kata untuk membantu memodifikasi kata lama dan atau bahkan menciptakan kata yang berbeda di kata- kata slang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam pembentukan kata slang, terdapat empat bentuk slang yang terdapat dalam lirik lagu yaitu change in form, change in meaning, change in spelling, dan abbreviation. Bentuk bahasa slang yang paling sering muncul dalam lirik lagu yaitu change in meaning yang terdapat dua puluh kali di lirik lagu. Dalam menganalisis struktur kata-kata gaul tersebut, peneliti menemukan bahwa ada enam jenis proses pembentuan kata yang digunakan yaitu multiple process, compounding, borrowing, clipping, acronyms, dan blending. Multiple process merupakan jenis yang paling dominan dalam proses pembentukan kata-kata slang. Berdasarkan hasil penilitan, peniliti menyimpulkan bahwa Rich Brian menggunakan kata slang dalam lirik lagu untuk mengkespresikan karakteristiknya dan membuat musiknya menjadi lebih menarik dengan mengubah makna dari kata aslinya, dengan menjadi lebih akrab bagi pendengar dan memudahkan pengucapan dalam bahasa sehari-hari.

Kata kunci: slang word, word formation, morphology

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of the important things in human life for communication, language as a bridge for people to convey a connection in this world. By using language, people can communicate ideas, messages, and opinions to each other easier. Therefore, people can understand what people say when they deliver information.

Nowadays, there are many variations of languages used in the community.

According to (Chaika, 2008), language variation consists of social varieties and style functions (p. 375). In other words, people may say the same thing in different ways. The speakers use different styles of their languages, depending on the formal and informal language. People use formal or standard language in a formal context while people usually use informal in an informal context. There are several variations of the language used in an informal context, one of them is slang. Swan stated slang is a very informal language often used in conversation by people who know each other well (2005, p.526). Sometimes slang is used by certain social groups to make their language different from the original of the word, for example, “I got new rides to match my favourite shirt”. Word “ride” for the act of being a passenger in a vehicle, is categorized into a noun to describe a car, While as a slang, “my rides” indicates sneakers. On the other hand, informal language or nonstandard language is a variation of language that comes out from

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the of characteristics the standard language. In addition, “slang is something that everyone can recognize but no one can define“ (Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, &

Harmish, 2001), (p. 303). In formal situation, people who are not interested in particular group they tend to prevent to use of slangs in order to make the hearers could understand what they are talking about. On the other hand, in an informal situation people who are interested in particular group they prefer to use slangs because slang is easy to be used and they assume that the hearers could understand the meaning. The group which uses slang is a minority and often uses slang to set themselves apart or to make it difficult for ordinary people to understand them. Generally, most countries have their slang term in their languages, for example, Indonesia has slang word which is “lebay” that means overacting.

From the phenomena above, we often find phenomena of slang words in our environment such as movies, books, and songs. One of them is a song that often brings up slang words because there are many words quickly become ancient because of trends. Guerra, (2015) says, the song is a combination of music and lyrics to express feelings and opinions concerning a particular matter (p.1). In a song, the songwriter uses slang words in song lyrics, to help them in finding inspiration and they can express their feelings by writing a song lyric. The musicians or songwriters also have their own genre such as pop, rock, hip-hop, melodic and jazz. However, slang words are often use in Hip-hop song, because

Hip-hop describes “it to inform on betray someone“ it means to talk in an informal or unstructured manner (Coleman, 2014, p. 19). In learning language, it

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is important for reader to know all of the languages. That includes slang, as well.

By learning slang language it becames a significant role in language. In order to be able to communicate with native speakers with ease and confidence because it helps the reader to know new some words ecpecialy slang. In addition, it will be recognized as a part of the group. As the researcher mentioned before, slang words often used in certain group. However, there are some slang words are not familiar for common people. Sometimes they did not know how the slang words are formed and whether the words are slang or not. Therefore, the researcher chooses slang word as the object of this study.

In this study, the researcher chooses Rich Brian’s album as the object study because the genre of his music is hip-hop song. Therefore, his music is related to this study in analyzing slang words that appears in hip-hop song. Brian

Imanuel Soewarno known as Rich Brian is an Indonesian rapper, producer, and web comedian. He was born in 1999 and reached internet fame at the age of 16 after he released a music video called “Dat $tick” in February 2016 supported by

Genius.com. Brian released two albums namely Amen and Sailor. Amen as his debut album was released on 2 February 2018, by 88rising Records and Empire

Distribution. It is the debut commercial project by Rich Brian after releasing a string of non-album single since 2016 “Dat Stick“. This album had topped the iTunes album charts in the United States and Indonesia, as well as various countries in the world a few hours after its release (Genius, 2018).

There are two reasons that motivate the researcher to choose the data as the object of study. The first is slang words are often used in the song lyrics,

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especially in hip-hop song. In rapping technique, rapping can be used to free styling and improvising that were previously arranged and written lyrics,

(Coleman, 2014, p.18). Therefore, the singer could be easier to use the slang and it makes the song sounds more impressive to catch the rhythm or to make the words are more fluent and it changes quite rapidly. In hip-hop songs, the rapper often use slang word in their song lyrics, for examples “bitch”, ”motherfucker”, “shit”, and

“fucking shit”. The second is the researcher interested in choosing Brian, because he is a young rapper from Indonesia. According to Genius.com he became famous when he released his first music video called “Dat $tick” in February 2016 and the song is a success at the time.

The researcher found that many slang words occured in the song lyrics by

Rich Brian especially in the album Amen. Album Amen became his debut album.

In the album Amen, there are fourteen songs, but the researcher only chooses five songs such as “Glow Like Dat”, “See Me”, “Chaos”, “Amen”, and “Cold”. These songs are top five and and get verified because it is play often than the other songs based on genius.com. The use of slang words in the song happened because many things such as the song writers wanted to make their music more attractive, the song to be familiar to the listeners and the utterance is simply daily spoken language which is used also by the native speakers. In English music especially for those who are not native speakers they found that there are some slang words occur in the song. Sometimes they could not understand the meaning of the slang words itself or they even wonder if those words are slang or not.

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Akmajian et al. (2001) state that “the slang vocabulary often consists of regular vocabulary used in specific ways“ (p.30). It means when people used slang, they change the meaning from the regular vocabulary in a particular way.

Based on the book, theword “turkey” and “banana” are regular vocabulary in

English and it can be used in formal language with literal meaning, but in slang words it refers to stupid or foolish people. Therefore, this expression is used in specific ways. In addition, to use of regular vocabulary words, slang words also makes use of regular word formation processes to create new words. For the examples, slang words can be blended, from the word “emoticon” and “brunch”, both of the words is blends based on the originaly words “emotion” + “icon” and

“breakfast” + lunch”. These processes are called blending by combinations of two words to create a one new term and it is one of the word formation that commonly used in slang words (Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, & Harmish, 2001).

This study focuses on how slang words are formed. Therefore, people to know the kinds of the slang words of the song lyrics and understand the processes of the slang words formed in the song lyrics by looking the structure of the word.

In addition, word-formation helps the readers to know the meaning of the slang because they are not familiar with the words. In forming of word there are some kinds of word formation one of them is compunding. Therefore, people would know the process of forming of slang words. In this case, it shows that this is one of the English phenomena that creates a new word called word formation. In addition, to support this study, the researcher uses theories of forms of slang, morphology, and word-formation processes to analyze of slang word in song

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lyrics. In order to see the concept of slang word it based on the context of the song lyrics. The approach of this study is Morphology. In morphology are the linguistic processes of creating new word or terms. The processes of word formation from old words to new terms sometimes the meaning changes or making new words to become a linguistic process of creating new words or terms.

Word formation processes are the processes of creating new words and the new uses of the old words. According to Plag (2003), word formation is dealing with the formation of words (p. 12). Which means it deals with morphologically completed words. For example, the word “unhappy” comes from the original word “happy” by adding {-un} in the beginning of the word. This process is categorized into derivational by adding suffix {-un}. In completing the words into their smallest meaningful units called morphemes. Based on the explanation above, the researcher could know in analyzing formed of slang words are found in the album Amen.

B. Problem Formulation

There are two questions regarding this study, and the two problems are formulated as follows:

1. What forms of slang words are found in selected songs in Rich Brian’s album

Amen ?

2. What word formation processes of slang words are found in selected songs in

Rich Brian’s album Amen ?

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C. Objectives of the study

Based on the problem formulations stated previosly, there are two objectives that be analyzed in this research. Firstly, the researcher explains the forms of slang words in the selected songs of Rich Brian’s album Amen.

Secondly, after the researcher explains the forms of slang words from in Brian’s album Amen, the researcher analyzes the word formation processes of how slang words are formed in the song lyrics.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to determine the finding of this research, the researcher would like to give certain information of the terms of this research, to help the reader understand this study and to avoid the misunderstanding of the terms. There are 3 terms used in this researcher are as follows:

The first word is slang. According to Yule, (2006) slang has words or phrases that commonly used by teenager speaker and social group which have special interest (p. 211). They often use slang words as their language instead of using every day that known by most of people.

The second word is word formation processes, which is the processes of forming some words by adding or removing affixes, which are bound morphemes.

(Yule, 2010, pp. 54-60) There are many words formation processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, inflectional, Blending, Clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, and multiple processes.

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The last word is album. In music, album is the composition of songs which is arranged in a beautiful way to develop the concept of the songs grouping that are usually produced in CD’s (Gioia, 2015, p. 2).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, there are three points explained by the researcher. The first is review of studies, second is review of theories, and third is theoretical framework. In the review of related studies, the researcher uses an undergraduate thesis and some journal articles. Those studies are contributed to this study. In the second point, review of related theories, the researcher uses theory of Semantic,

Morphology that covers morpheme, root, stem and base, and word formation. The last point is the theoretical framework; the researcher explains the contribution of each theory and review to answer the problems of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

Some related studies previously done by the previous researchers are similar analysis or data to support this study. These are a few studies that are conducted for undergraduate thesis.

The first study is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Word Formation

Analysis of English Slang Language on Deadpool Movie” by Novianti (2017).

This study focuses the process of word formation on of slang words used in character in the Deadpool movie. There are two purposes of the research. The first is to classify types of word formation and the second is to explain process of how to word formation occurs in slang words in the Deadpool movie. In this final study, the researcher found 32 slang words used by characters in the movie. That concern words formation five processes such as blending, compounding, clipping,

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initials and multiple processes.

The similarity between this study and Novianti’s study is the topic of the word formation of slang words and the approach. Both of the studies used morphology as the approach. Those studies also use the qualitative method. The difference between both the studies is the object of the study. The researcher uses a song as the object of the study while the previous research uses a movie as the object of the study. This study is related to the research both studies have the same topic of the study on analyzes the slang words.

The second study is an undergraduate thesis written by Rosa (2018) entitled “Slang Reflecting Male and Female Rapper’s Lexical Styles Seen in Song

Lyrics”. There are two purposes of this study are to know the forms of slang and meaning that used in male and female rappers and to find out the styles of male and female rappers in using slang words in their lyrics. Rosa uses qualitative research method in collecting and analyzing the data. In finding the researcher found that both male and male rapper use the multiple processes, compounding, affixation, functional shift, shortening, change in meaning, change in spelling, and coinage. Slang loans only used by female rapper. The dominant style used both male and female rapper is various.

The similarities between Rosa’s study and present study are both of studies have same topic which is identify the form of slang words in the song lyrics. Both of studies use rap songs in finding the slang words as object of the study. However, there is a difference of those studies. Rosa’s study use three approach of his study which are stylistic, semantic, and morphological approach

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and stylistic is the main approach while present study only uses morphological approach.

The third is a journal article written by Gemilasari, Jufrizal and Muhd Al

Hafizh (2013) entitled “An Analysis of Word Formation of Slang Words Found in

Short Stories in Teenager Magazines Aneka Yess!”. This journal article has three research questions. The first is describes the types of word formation from the slang vocabulary found in short stories from the teen magazine Aneka Yess! The second is describes the types of word formation from slang vocabulary that is often used in each year, and the last is describes whether there is a slang vocabulary that really changes at that time. The final of this study the researchers found that types of word formation that uses are acronym, abbreviation, blending, clipping, coinage, compounding, multiple processes, borrowing, reduplication, and affixation. The type of word formation that is often used in each edition is coinage.

The similarities of this journal article and this study are that both studies have the same topic analysis of word formation of slang words and approach.

Both of the researches also use a qualitative method. The difference can be seen from the object of the study. The journal article uses a magazine as the object of the study. While in this study uses a song as the object of the study. Another difference from the problem formulation, this journal article has three problems formulation. While in this study applies two problems formulation.

The last related study also is taken from a journal article by Oktavia,

Yulmiati and Theresia (2017) entitled “An Analysis of Word Formation Processes

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of Slang Words in The Beginning album by Black Eyed Peas”. The purpose of this study is to analyses the word formation Processes of Slang Words In “The

Beginning” Album by Black Eyed Peas. The final of this study there are 7 types of slang formation process, 9 words use multiple process types, 3 words use derivation type (in multiple processes), 44 words use clipping type, 1 word uses internal change type, 5 words use coinage type, 1 word uses type borrowing and 1 word using the acronym type. Based on the 7 types above, the type most commonly found is the clipping type.

The similarities both of the study are the object of the study. Both studies are identifying slang words in selected song in an album. This journal article also contained three techniques in analyzing the data there are codding, categorizing and explaining the word of formation. There is no difference between these studies.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the researcher explains the related theories which contribute to this study. Each study is elaborated and discussed, in order to synthesize the theories. There are some major theories apply, which are morphology, that covers root, stem, base and word formation, theory of slang, and form of slang.

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1. Morphology

Words are an important part of linguistic knowledge and form a component of our skill in grammar, but people can learn thousands of words in a language and still do not know the language. Without words we would be unable to convey our ideas with the other. In field of linguistic, Morphology is “the study of the internal structure of words” (Katamba, 1993, p. 2). According to Brinton &

Brinton, word may also refer to a grammatical word that means consists of a lexeme and related grammatical meaning. For example: I took the garbage out yesterday. I take the garbage out every week. I have taken the garbage out already. The words took, take, and taken are from the same as lexeme “take”

(2010, p.81). The main point of studying morphology is how to identify morpheme and their distributions and combinations in forming words.

In morphology, there is a morpheme, the smallest part of a word. The deﬁnition of a morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”.

(Yule, 2010, p. 67). Units of grammatical function include forms used to indicate past tense or plural, for example in the sentence The police reopened the investigation, the word reopened consists of three morphemes. The root of is open, another minimal unit of meaning is {re-} meaning “again” and a minimal unit of grammatical function is {-ed} indicating past tense. In addition, the word tourists also contain three morphemes. The root is tour, another minimal unit of meaning {-ist} marking “person who does something”, and a minimal unit of grammatical function {-s} (indicating plural).

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Morpheme is divided into two parts there are bound morpheme and free morpheme. A free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words for example, close and open. These words can be said free morpheme because they do not have to attach to another word. While a bound morphemes, the words cannot normally stand alone and paired to another form for example,

{re-},{-ist},{-ed}, and {-s} (Yule 2010, p. 68). Generally, we often find bound morphemes in an affix because they must be attach to another form. The free morphemes can generally be identiﬁed as these to separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, and verb. When they are used with bound morphemes attached the basic word forms are known as stems. The examples can be seen from the table below:

Table 1. Examples of Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme

Undressed Carelessness un- Dress -ed Care -less -ness

Prefix Stem Suffix Stem Suffix Suffix

(bound) (free) (bound) (free) (bound) (bound)

(Source: Yule: 2010, p.68).

From the example above, we can conclude that from the words undressed consist of {un-} and {ed-} and carelessness consist of {less-} and {ness-} those are form as bound morpheme because they attached to the stems. While the forms of dress and care is free morpheme they can stand as by themselves as a word but they can be as a stem because it is combined with an affix.

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2. Root, Stem, and Base

Root is the core of the word. According to Katamba (1993) root is “the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it” (p. 41). For example, talk as a root and it can have one added in order to modify the meaning of the words like talks, talked, and walking. Therefore, root is the important part in all lexeme forms and root can be in various structures. Root can add the affixes in the beginning or in the end of word, even though the affixes do not have meaning if their own. Roots usually found in free morpheme, but not all roots are free. Many roots are cannot occur separately. They always occur with some other word-building to pair them. Those roots are called bound morpheme. For example the root {–mit} as in permit, remit, commit, and admit. (p. 42).

The second is stem. Katamba (1993) states, the stem is “that part of a word that is in existence before any inflectional affixes have been added” (p.45). For examples: in the form untouchables the stem is untouchable the last word is added the suffix {–s} and the form wheelchairs the stem is wheelchair, it also the last word is added the suffix {–s} even though the stem contains two roots wheel and chair.

The Base is similar to the stem, but they have no lexical meaning.

According to (Katamba, 1993, p.45) base is “any unit what so ever to which affixes of any kind can be added”. The base is a word or part of word seen as an input to derivational or inflectional process, in particular affixation. For example, the word touchable can occur as base for prefix to give untouchable. In other

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words, all roots are bases. Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional morphology.

3. Word Formation Processes

The formation of word is divided by rules of word formation in order to support this study, the researcher uses theories of word formation by Yule (2010) and also uses Brinton &. Brinton (2010) to support the theories. There are eleven word formations which are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, inflectional, conversion, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes. The explanation of those types of word formation are presented in the following. a. Coinage

Coinage is the process to create of new terms (Yule, 2010. p.54). Coinage happens when a new word is needed. Sometimes the word is created to make something new for example for commercial products that become general terms in making product. The example from the coinage which are: “kleenex” means for tissue, “Indomie” for “instant noodles”. b. Borrowing

“Borrowing is the process of taking over words from other languages”.

(Yule, 2010. p.54). Borrowing is one of the common sources of new word in

English. A special type of borrowing is described as loan-translation or calque

(/kælk/). In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into

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the borrowing language. The example of borrowing words in Japan, “suupaa” or

“suupaamaaketto” is borrowing words from English which means supermarket. c. Compounding

Compounding is the process of combining two separate words to create a single form (Yule, 2010, p, 55). In addition, Brinton states a compound is the combination of two or more free roots (2010, p.103). Compounding can happen in some word classes such as: a noun, a verb, an adjective, or a preposition. The example for this form is: “motherfucker”, “fingerprint”, and “bookcase”. d. Blending

The combination of two separate forms to produce a one new term is also present in the process (Yule 2010, p. 55). However, combination is usually by only taking the beginning of one word and combining it to the end of another word. According to Brinton & Brinton(2010, p, 107), a blend involves two process of word formation, compounding, and clipping. Blends are similar to compounds but some parts of the words that are combined are deleted. Example of blending: “brunch” from ‘breakfast and lunch’. e. Clipping

Clipping is a process of reducing some parts in a word, which occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form (Yule, 2010, p 56).

In addition, Brinton and Briton (2010, p,108) state clipping is “the result of deliberately dropping part of a word, usually occur in the end or the beginning, or less often both, while retaining the same meaning and same word class”. This

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occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, usually beginning in casual speech. Example: the word “phone” from word

“telephone”, “net” from word “internet”, and “communicate” from word

“communication”. f. Backformation

BackFormation is “a process the speakers derive a morphologically simple word from a form which they analyse in derivational and inflectional patterns in

English” ( Brinton & Brinton 2010, p. 107). A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type verb. For example of backformation of words created by this process are: donate from “donation”, emote from“emotion”, enthuse from “enthusiasm”, liaise from “liaison”, and babysit from “babysitter”. g. Conversion

The function of a word can be changed, when a noun comes to be used as a verb called conversion (Yule, 2010 p, 57). The conversion can involve verbs becoming nouns. Phrasal verbs (to printout, to take over)also become nouns (a printout, a takeover). One complex verb combination (want to be) has become a new noun, as in “He is not in the group, and he’s just a wannabe”. Example: nouns as “bottle”, “butter”, and “vacation” have come to be used. As verb, we bottled home brew last night.

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h. Acronyms

Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words (Yule, 2010, p, 58). Acronyms are pronounced as new single words, as in

“NATO”, “NASA” or “UNESCO”. These examples have kept their capital letters, but many acronyms simply become everyday terms such as laser (“light ampliﬁcation by stimulated emission of radiation”), radar (“radio detecting and ranging”), scuba (“self-contained underwater breathing apparatus”) and zip (“zone improvement plan”) code. i. Derivation

Derivation is the process by adding a word-forming affix. The form of meaning and categories are change from the root and produce a new word with one or more ( Brinton and Brinton 2010, p. 94). This process makes clear the word class assignment of the word to make it into adjective, adverb or another part of speech. For examples, the form “sing” the word category is verb but if the word added affix {-er} and becomes “singer” it changes from verb to noun.

Affixes have to be added with the word in case forming the new word. Some affixes that have to be added to the beginning of the word are called prefixes.

Another affixes that have to be added in the end of the word are called suffixes. j. Inflectional

A process when a word without change the grammatical category of a word. This process is not used to make new word, but to denote the function of word (Brinton & Brinton2010, p 90). Inﬂectional morphemes are used to indicates if a word is plural or singular, past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or

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possessive form. For examples, the word “cats” by adding affix {–s} it shows the number of the root from singular to plural without change the category of word. k. Multiple Processes

A particular word is possible to have more than one process (Yule, 2010, p. 60) Multiple processes happens when one word is needed another process just in case to configure a new word. For example, “snowball” has two processes which is compounding and conversion (N).

4. Theory of Slang

In the background of the study, the researcher already explained a little about slang. In the informal situation it is used in conversation to make it easier.

Teenagers prefer to use slang words in daily conversation. Slang also is described as “word or phrases that are used in daily by young people and other groups with special interest” (Yule, 2006, p.211). In the other hand, Akmajian et al (2010, p.

301) state that slang is something that everyone can know but no one can interpret. It means that slang is in informal language that is used in an informal situation which is only used by certain people in a social group.

In addition, Eble states, (1996, p. 11) slang is “an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large”. Therefore, people produce slang words because they want to build their own language. Using slang words that is special to show their confidence, identity, and belonging. Therefore, sometimes a certain group of people has

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different slang from another. Eble also states, (1996, p. 20) Slang is more informal than colloquial. It belongs to the spoken part of language and is rarely written except in direct quotation of speech. However, not all colloquial expressions can be said a slang, for example, the word Shut up refers to “be quiet” means a rude way to tell someone to stop talking. This expression is similar to “be quiet” but this expression uses in informal because it is more casual and spontaneous and often occur in a dialogue than written. Therefore, this expression is categorized into colloquial. In the other hand, slang is used to more informal situation and used in a certain group, for example, the word LMAO is abbreviation of

“Laughing My Ass Of” that indicates something so funny. This expression can be said slang because it is informal language and used by specific group to show their expression in a places where a laughing emoji “haha” is inadequate and make something new. Therefore, someone in a part of group creates this expression in a slang term.

In addition, nowadays slang words are used in daily conversation with their close friends or a part of some group by making their own language. Sometimes they use it when they meet someone of their own age. Especially for young people, due to slang is a way to know what things have in common. Besides that, slang can be also used in books, movies, internet, and music. In a music, some songwriters’ uses slang to show their characteristics to create a song especially a rapper. We often find a slang words in hip-hop song, because the sound of music such as beat, rhyme, and style are same. In this case, the songwriter easily conveyed their ideas using slang words and made their song more interesting.

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In linguistic point of view, slang words is considered as the use of ordinary words in extraordinary words or of extraordinary words in ordinary words

(Mattiello, 2008, p. 33). It means slang words are created a new word from old words. Within the linguistic approach, slang words are different from standard language that contains part of morphology and semantics. In morphology, slang is considered standard word formation processes and in semantics it is considered to enrich or qualified the meaning of words. However, because this study focuses on the processes of forming slang word the researcher applied morphological approach.

5. Forms of Slang

The forms of slang are undergone by Coleman (2012). There are nine forms of slang expression which are, change in meaning, change in spelling, change in form, and change in function, abbreviation, folk etymology, influence of other words, slang loans, and slang from sound (pp.31-45). The explanation of form of slang formation is presented in the following. a. Change in Meaning

The first form of slang is change in meaning, slang is “the ﬁgurative, extended, or narrowed use of Standard English terms” (Coleman 2012, p.31).

Even though ﬁgurative applications of Standard English words create slang expression, this is not only the development in semantic. In slang expression it different from Standard meanings. Sometimes a change in the meaning of one word will result in a change in the meaning of the related term. For example from the word “anus“as slang expression means “back door”.

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b. Change in Function

The second form of slang is change in function, the slang is comes from

Standard English words used not in creating a new word, but created in different grammatical function (Coleman 2012, p.33). Grammatical ﬂexibility is general in

Standard English as well as slang. Words can also be produced from proper nouns: from the names of people and places. For example the form “ask” is category word verb “to make a request” and change in function to “as a request” the word category is noun. c. Change in Form

The third form of slang is change in form, the slang as Standard English words that combined in irreverent and humorous ways to create slang synonyms

(Coleman 2012, p.35). In combining forms it becomes special meaning in slang word. For example, the “head” has been described as the knowledge box as slang terms. d. Abbreviation

The fourth form is slang created by abbreviation; it means Slang terms can occur in from various types of abbreviation of Standard English terms (Coleman

2012, p.37). It came omitted in the beginning and end of the word or in the middle of the word. Sometimes pairs of words are abbreviated and combined in blends. This form also contains form of abbreviation such as acronym and initialisms. For example: the word “what’s up” is abbreviated to “sup”, and the word “fugly” it consists abbreviation and combined from “fucking ugly” and the word “BBC” as initialisms it pronounced as a series of letters, while acronym they

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pronounced as a word like AIDS (acquired immune deﬁciency syndrome) and laser (light ampliﬁcation by the stimulated emission of radiation), e. Change in Spelling

The fifth form of slang is change in spelling, “typographical variation: the respelling of words to indicate that they are being used in a speciﬁc sense“(Coleman 2012, p.39). These happen in written communication, but sometimes changes in pronunciation when speakers want to distinguish between two uses of a word. For examples: the original word “boys” and “gunz” change in spelling to “boyz” and “gunz” f. Folk of Etymology

The seventh form, of slang is folk of etymology, all the processes as main ways that slang currently develops from existing words in Standard English

(Coleman 2012, p.40). Folk etymology produces accounts of the originals of words based on similarities. Standard English words that exist, and what is often used here is a process that has been touched. For example: pot “marijuana” and

Standard English pot and pod. g. Inﬂuence of other Words

The next form of slang is inﬂuence of other words, two etymologies for a single word, either because it’s impossible to distinguish between two closely related alternatives or because a process of folk etymology or assimilation has led two separate words to fall together (Coleman 2012, p.42). For examples: from the

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word “shamus” which comes from the other word Irish “seamus” and from the

Hebrew “shomus”. h. Slang Loans

The next form of slang is slang loans. Sometimes slang words aren’t always produced from existing English words (Coleman 2012, p. 44). Some are borrowing from other languages. For example, the word “work together” is loaned from Chinese “Gungho,” and the name “a reckless attack” is loaned from

Japanese “Banzai”. i. Slang of Sound

the last form of slang is slang of sound, “slang comes from adapting the use or form of existing words, but slang also creates entirely new words”

(Coleman 2012, p. 45). Imitative words often remain informal and sometimes humorous. Slang terms created in this way or supported in their use by onomatopoeic associations for example from this form “yack” means “to chatter inconsequentially.

C. Theoretical Framework

In doing analysis, the researcher uses some theories, which are theory of morphology that covers root, stem and base, and word formation. In addition, to support the analyses the researcher applies theory of slang and forms of slang.

Those theories are helping the researcher to answer the problems formulation.

The first is theory of morphology which helps the researcher to find out about the morphological processes from the slang words are found in the song

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lyrics. Theory of morphology covers theory of morpheme, root, stem and base and word formation. In order to help the researcher to analyses the structure of slang words. In finding the structure of word, root, stem and base are applied to help the researcher to know structure of a word in analyzing. The researcher uses word formation to know the type of word formation from the slang words. The researcher uses word formation processes from the theories Yule (2010), and

Brinton & Brinton (2010). There are eleven word formation types, such as borrowing, clipping, blending, inflectional, compounding, coinage, acronyms, derivation, conversion, backformation and multiple processes. These theories are needed to find the definition and types of word formation from the slang words are found in the song lyrics.

The last is theory of slang. This study focuses the concept of slang to find out the kinds of the slang. By finding the phenomena of slang itself it is to know the meaning and how those slang words are used in the song lyrics. The researcher uses theories of slang from Yule (2010), Akmajian et al (2010) and Coleman

(2002). In discovering the form of slangs, theory of slang that related to this study is theory of Coleman (2002). There are nine form of slang change in meaning, change in spelling, change in form, and change in function, abbreviation, folk etymology, influence of other words, slang loans, and slang from sound.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three parts which are the object of the study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. The first part is object of the study. This part, explains the procedure of how the object of the study is processed. The second part is the approach of the study. This part explains the approach further that is applied as the tool to analyze the data. The last part is method of the study. This part explains the way the data is collected and analyzed

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this study were slang words in selected songs in Rich

Brian’s Amen. The album Amen debut as project released on 2 February 2018. The album was published with fourteen songs they are 1. Amen 2. Cold 3. Occupied

4.introvert 5. Attention 6. Glow Like Dat 7. Trespass 8. Flight 9. “See Me” 10.

Enemies 11. Kitty 12. Little Prince 13. Chaos 14. Arizona. From those fourteen songs of the album, there are five songs were chosen because they were more popular because they had the highest number of listener and get verified among the others song such as “Glow like Dat”, “See Me”, “Chaos”, “Amen”, and

“Cold”. All the lyrics were taken from Genius.com. Moreover, the slang words occur more than once in the song lyrics. Therefore, the researcher chooses the data as object of the study. All of the slang words is enclosed in the appendix.

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B. Approach of the Study

The approach of the study used to analyses object of the study is morphology. Morphological approach was used to find out the answer of the second problems in this study. According to Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams (2014, p

33), morphology is the study of words and structure. Words are meaningful linguistics parts that can be combined to form phrases and sentences. Therefore, morphological approach can help the researcher to find out the structure of slang words and how the processes are formed.

C. Method of the study

The study applied descriptive qualitative method. According to Kothari

(2004, p, 37), descriptive research are studies which are concerned with describing the character of a particular individual or a group. Qualitative research method is applied in this research because the researcher observe the slang words in the song lyrics. The method of study is divided into two parts. The first part is data collection is about how the data is collected. Next, the data analysis is about how the data is analyzed and the steps in analyzing the data as follows:

1. Data collection

The researcher used a purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling was applied in this study. Purposive sampling technique is by choosing the specific samples from all the data to be used as the object of the study for particular purpose (Leedy & Ormord, 2005, p.206) which is by finding the slang word. In collecting that data, the researcher collected the all the song lyrics from

Genius.com in album Amen. The song lyrics were taken based on top five chart

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they are Glow like Dat, “See Me”, Chaos, Cold Me, and Amen. The researcher also found that of the five songs there was several slang words appearing in the song lyrics from the album Amen and those songs are more popular than the other songs in the album supported by genius.com. The researcher found all the lyrics from the world's biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge which is

Genius.com and check the data by reading and listening the song. After that, the researcher observed each slang words from those song lyrics. Then, the researcher placed each lyric that contained slang word and categorized the form used in the slang.

2. Data Analysis

In order to answer the problem formulation, there are some steps were applied. The first is the researcher observed the slang words are found in every song lyrics. This part focus on the concept of slang which is those words only people or specific group know the meaning. In finding the concept of slang, the researcher uses theory forms of slang by Coleman (2002). In analysing, the researcher needs to find the meaning of slang words that related to the context of lyrics, the whole of selected slang words in the song lyrics was searching through reading three dictionaries such as the Routledge American Slang, NCT’s

Dictionary of American Slang, and The Oxford Dictionary. Therefore, the researcher easily identifies the used of slang that are found in song lyrics, whether those words are slang words or not.

The last step is to answer the second research question is the researcher categorizes the types of word formation of slang such as compounding, blending,

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clipping, and borrowing. In order to make the researcher easy in analyzing the data each discussion will be described in detail to clarify the classification of slang. In analysing the process of word formation of slang words in song lyrics, this step the researcher used morphological approach to explain the process of word formation. The researcher applied theory from Yule (2010) and Brinton and

Brinton (2010). The analysing process started with identify the morpheme from the words that covers free morpheme and bound morpheme and root, stem and base also support in explaining the process. Therefore, the researcher can explain the process of word formation in slang words in the album Amen.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the answers to the research questions presented in chapter 1. This part is divided into two parts. The first part is analysis forms of slang words that are found in selected songs in Rich Brian’s album Amen.

The second part discusses how those slang words formed in Rich Brian’s album Amen.

A. Forms of Slang Words Found in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Album Amen

In this section contains the explanation the forms of slang words are found in album Amen. There are five selected songs, such as “Glow Like Dat”, “See Me”,

“Amen”, “Cold”, and “Chaos”. The researcher used three dictionaries such as The

Oxford Dictionary, NTC’s Dictionary of American Slang, and The Dictionary of

Modern American Slang, and Unconventional English to help the researcher finds the meaning of each slang word. Based on the analysis, the researcher found that there are thirty-eight slang words are found in five songs in album Amen. The forms of slang analyzed consist of four forms of slang: change in form, change in meaning, and change in spelling, abbreviation. The summary and analysis are presented as in the following.

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Table 2. Summary of Forms of Slang Words in Album Amen

NO Songs Frequency of Forms of Slang in album Amen Slang Words 1. Glow Like Dat 4 Forms of change in form Forms of change in spelling 2. See Me 5 Forms of change in meaning 3. Amen 9 Forms of abbreviation Forms of change in form Forms of change in meaning 4. Cold 10 Forms of change in meaning Forms of abbreviation Forms of change in spelling Forms of change in form 5. Chaos 10 Forms of change in spelling Forms of abbreviation Forms of change in form Forms of change in meaning Total 38 4 Forms of Slang in album Amen

From the table data above, there are thirty-eight slang words are found in album Amen. In the first song “Glow Like Dat” there are two forms of slang words.

The second song “See Me” there is only one form of slang words. The third song

“Amen” has three forms of slang words. The fourth song “Cold” has four forms of slang words. The last song “Chaos” has four forms of slang words. The analyzed forms of slang words are presented below:

1. Slang Forms in “Glow Like Dat”

In this section, the researcher would like to explain the forms of slang words in the first song which is “Glow Like Dat”. This song talks about Brian reminiscing about his ex when they had a long distance relationship. The researcher found that

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there are four slang words experience slang in song lyric, they are fucked up, fuck around, nah, and hoes. From these four slang words above, there are two forms of slang used, which is change in form and change in spelling. The explanation of slang forms from those words above are presented below. a. Change in Form

Slang synonym can also be created from Standard English words by combining in irreverent or humorous ways (Coleman 2012, p.35). In combining forms, it becomes a special meaning in slang words. That means to create jokes and gratuitous insults. There are two slang words that belong to change in form, which is

Fuck up and Fuck around. The examples of line from the song lyrics that contains slang change in form are.

Had to let you go like that, I’d say it fucked me up (ayy) One of these days I’ll fuck around and book a flight up to Manhattan

The first datum is fucked up. In the song lyrics, this expression is considered into a change in form because it creates irreverent ways from the word fucked and

‘up” into the form fucked up. By combining the word “fucked” and “up” it becomes a special meaning. Which is this expression indicates that fucked up is created to convey insults as slang terms. It is also supported from the song lyrics it shows that the speaker is mess up. Therefore, the word fuck up was described as mess up to create slang synonym. The word fucked up is listed in Routledge Dictionary means

“to mentally unstable, depressed, broken, ruined, spoiled, and anguished”.

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The next datum is fuck around. The form fuck around is also categorized into a change in form. There are two words are used to create slang which is “fuck” and “around”. By looking this slang expression indicates that fuck around is used to show that the speaker wants to go to the Manhattan. Therefore, this form is categorized into a change in form by using irreverent way. While in creating slang synonym the word fuck around was described as “go around”. The meaning of fuck around itself means “to waste time by behaving in a silly way”. This meaning has taken from the Oxford Dictionary. b. Change in Spelling

Slang is created by the change in spelling, “typographical variation: the respelling of words to indicate that they are being used in a speciﬁc sense “(Coleman

2012, p.39). Usually this happens in written communication but sometimes changes in pronunciation when speakers want to make a difference between two uses of a word. It is commonly used in advertising, as well as in text messaging, on social networking sites, and other online forums. There are two slang words that belong to change in spelling in the song lyrics, which are Hoes and Nah. The examples of the line from the song lyrics that contains slang words are.

Had too much of these hoes Thought I’d fix the road, but now you out here flying on your own, nah..

The first datum is hoes. It is regular of the word “whore”. According to the theory above, this process happens when the speaker wants to make a difference between two uses of a word. Therefore, this form is considered into a change in

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spelling because the form “whore" is respelling to slang expression to distinguish between two uses of a word becomes hoes. In Routledge Dictionary, the word

“whore" means “a sexually available woman, or a woman who may be considered sexually available and a prostitute”.

The second datum is Nah. This slang term is also categorized into a change in spelling because the original word of “No” undergoes a change in pronunciation into

“nah”. This expression changes in pronunciation when speakers want to make a difference between two uses of a word. It shows that they are being used in a speciﬁc sense by respelling the word. The word nah means used to give a negative reply or statement.

2. Slang Forms in “See Me”

In the next section, the researcher would like to explain the forms of slang words in the second song which is “See Me”. This song indicates Brian’s characters and he changed his name to Rich Chigga. The researcher found that there are five slang words that experience slang in song lyric which are bitch, shit, pussy, ass, and cheddar. From these five slang words, there is only one form of slang used which is change in meaning. The explanation of the slang forms from those words above are presented below. a. Change in Meaning

The form slang change in meaning, slang is “the ﬁgurative, extended, or narrowed use of Standard English terms” (Coleman 2012, p.31). In slang expression,

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it is different from standard meanings. Sometimes a change in the meaning of one word will result in a change in the meaning of the related term. There are five slang words that belong to change in meaning which are bitch, shit, pussy, ass and cheddar. The examples of line from the song lyrics that containing form of change in meaning can be seen in the below.

Runnin’ for the front, I feel like Usain in this bitch (Ayy) I’ll do the shit 'til the credits roll They know what I like though, Pussy on my rider Beat your ass if you correct my grammar in this bitch Man stop avoidin' that cheddar (Ayy)

The first datum is bitch. The form bitch is considered into a change in meaning. The meaning bitch itself in Oxford Dictionary means “a female dog”.

While in the song lyric, the meaning of word “bitch” related to his career, he feels like Usain (a runner) he can passing his career as number 1 best rapper is so quickly.

Therefore, this process is called change in meaning. In informal situation the word bitch means “an offensive way of referring to a woman, especially an unpleasant one”.

The second datum is shit. The form of shit is also considered into a change in meaning. The meaning of shit itself in Routledge Dictionary of Modern American

Slang and Unconventional English means “to deceive someone to lie to someone or stretch the truth” (p.691). While in the song lyric, the word shit is referring to his music career. It can be said the word shit refers to career because in the song lyric the speaker uses the word “credits roll” as a metaphor for his life, to tell the listener he is going to keep doing his until the movie ends or his career. Therefore, it is belong to

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change in meaning that related to the song lyric. As mentioned before, the word shit refers to career.

The next datum is pussy. The form of pussy comes from Standard English which means “a child’s word for a cat”. Based on song lyric, this slang expression belongs to change in meaning because the form of pussy has changed in slang terms

“having sex”. It indicates that the speaker is having sex with woman. This is kind of vulgar slang because it related with woman means the female sexual organs.

Next datum is ass in the song lyrics is considered into a change in meaning because the word ass related it can be assumed as roasted expression for people who correct his grammar. The meaning of word ass itself in Oxford Dictionary means “the part of the body that you sit on your bottom”. Therefore, in slang terms this expression belongs to change in meaning, because the word of ass in Standard

English is part of body, in song lyrics related to roasted expression.

The last datum is cheddar. The form cheddar is considered into a change in meaning because in the song lyric it indicates money. In Standard English the word cheddar means to “a type of hard yellow cheese”. This meaning has taken from

Oxford Dictionary. In the song lyric, it indicates the speaker encouraging the listeners to stop avoiding money. Therefore, this expression belongs to change in meaning in slang terms. The form of cheddar related to “money” based on the song lyrics.

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3. Slang Forms in “Amen”

In the next section, the researcher would like to explain the forms of slang words in the third song which is “Amen”. This song tells the story of Brian's time when he lived in Indonesia and moved to the Los Angeles. He also revealed people who thought he had changed after becoming successful rapper. The researcher found that there are ten slang words that experience slang in song lyric which are goddamn, chicks, em, piss, green, hella, fucking up, fuck, bitch, and shit. From these ten slang words there are three forms of slang which are abbreviation, change in form, and change in meaning. The explanation of the slang forms from those words above are presented below. a. Abbreviation

Slang created by abbreviation; it means Slang terms can occur in from various types of abbreviation of Standard English terms (Coleman 2012, p.37). It came omitted in the beginning and end of the word or in the middle of the word. Three these ways of derivation are used to reinforce the common usage. Sometimes pairs of words are abbreviated and combined in blends. There is an only one slang expression that belongs to abbreviation which is em. The slang word from lines of the song lyrics that contain slang words is the following.

Hit 'em with a good amount of the hits

The first datum is em. The slang word em comes from regular form of “them” as Standard English. This expression belongs to abbreviation because in slang terms

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the words “them” is abbreviated to slang expression em. The deletion of word em is omitted in the beginning of the word “them”. This slang expression shows that to make the common usage the slang word of the previous word “them”. In the song lyrics, the form “them” refers to the kids. In Oxford Dictionary “them” means

“referring to people, animals or things as the object of a verb or preposition, or after the verb be”. b. Change in Form

Slang synonym can also be created from Standard English words by combining in irreverent and humorous ways (Coleman 2012, p.35). In combining forms, it becomes a special meaning in slang words. That means to create jokes and gratuitous insults. There are two slang words that belong to change in form which is

Goddamn and Fucking up. The examples of lines of the song lyrics that contain slang words are.

Even some are gon' be like, Goddamn that's a lot of kids" I'm still learnin', I'm still fuckin' up, correct me if I'm wrong

The first datum is Goddamn. This expression is considered into slang change in form because this process of combining irreverent ways to create slang words, from the word “God” and “Damn ” becomes Goddamn. By looking this slang expression indicates that Goddamn is used to show that Brian was angry or annoyed.

Therefore, this slang terms belong to change in form to create slang synonym. In the song lyric, the form of Goddamn shows that the speaker was upset because there

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were lots of kids. The word Goddamn is listed in Oxford Dictionary means “a swear word that many people find offensive, used to show that you are angry or annoyed”.

The next datum is fuckin up. The form of fuckin’ up also is categorized into slang in form. This expression categorized into slang in form because it combines irreverent way from the word "fucking" and 'up" into the form fucking up. The form of fucking up as slang expression in song lyric shows that the speaker is mess up. By looking this slang expression indicates that fucked up created to convey gratuitous insults as slang synonym. As the researcher mentioned before the word fucking up similar to mess up. In the song lyric shows that the speaker still confused in learning

English. c. Change in Meaning

Slang created by change in meaning, slang is “the ﬁgurative, extended, or narrowed use of Standard English terms” (Coleman 2012, p.31). In slang expression it different from Standard meanings. Sometimes a change in the meaning of one word will result in a change in the meaning of the related term. There are seven slang words that belong to change in meaning which are chicks, green, piss, bitch, hella, fuck, and shit. The explanation of lines of the song lyrics that contain slang words are.

They be hella sure, but I always say Amen I been rockin' my own merch, I'm makin' way more green than CeeLo Told that bitch that I don't really give a fuck bout you Shout to $uicideBoy$, kill ‘em all, rest in piss I talk to myself, and all my seven chicks I'm in my zone, I went through this shit alone

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Told that bitch that I don't really give a fuck 'bout you

The first datum is hella. The word “hella” is regular from of “hell of”. The meaning of word itself means “the place believed to be the home of devils and where bad people go after death”. This slang expression belongs to change in meaning because the word hella on the song lyrics means “really or very” to express an adjective or adverb. Therefore, this expression is categorized into a change in meaning as a slang word.

The second datum is green. The form green is also considered into a change in meaning as slang term, because this expression comes from Standard English which undergoes changing in meaning as slang term. The word green has a meaning

“having the color of grass or the leaves of most plants and trees”. However, in the song lyric the meaning of form green which are related to money. It can be said this form has changed the meaning because in the song lyric the use of word green has changed to “money”. In the song lyric, it indicates the speaker makes more money than the physical color of CeeLo’s (singer) name itself.

The third datum fuck, is also categorized into a change in meaning. The word fuck itself In Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional

English means “a swear word that many people find offensive that is used to express anger, horror or surprise to copulate with someone”. While in the song lyric the word fuck has changed to care. Therefore, this expression is considered into a change in meaning as slang terms. It can be said the word related to care because in the song

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lyric I don't really give a fuck bout you indicates that the speaker does not care with the girl.

The fourth datum is piss. This expression belongs to change in meaning because the form of piss in the song lyric changed to “peace”. In Oxford Dictionary means “peace”, “a situation or a period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or an area”. While in the song lyric the form piss means “a more polite way of expressing this is go to the bathroom”. Based on the song lyric, it can be considered this expression belongs to change in meaning which is the form “piss” changed to “peace”.

The fifth datum is chicks. The word chicks belong to change in meaning. The word chicks in Oxford Dictionary means “a baby bird, especially a baby chicken”.

While in the lyric of song “I talk to myself, and all my seven chicks” the slang word chicks refers to “whore”. It happens that the speaker wants to make the song lyric is interesting by change the meaning from the original word “whore” changes to chicks.

The sixth datum is shit The word shit is categorized into a change in meaning because the meaning of word shit means “to deceive someone; to lie to someone or stretch the truth”. While in the song lyrics, thw word shit refers to situation of the speaker. It can be said the word shit refers to “situation” because in the lyric “I'm in my zone, I went through this shit alone” shows that the speaker could go through himself situation during his career in the United States. Therefore, the word shit is categorized into a change in meaning.

The last datum is bitch is also categorized into a change in meaning because

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the word of bitch has changed to a lot of people. It was appropriated with the situation in the song lyric. The speaker was described a word bitch to his friends when he was in elementary school because he considered his friends to be weirdos.

Therefore, this slang word is categorized into a change in meaning.

4. Slang Words in “Cold”

In the next section the researcher would like to explain the forms of slang words in the fourth song which is “Cold”. Rich Brian reflects this songs on his thoughts and emotions, specifically his mental perspective and his relationships. The researcher found that there are nine slang words that occurs slang in song lyric which are chicks, fucked, bitch, em, fella, witcha, dick, I’ma, and motherfuckas. From these ten slang words above there are four forms of slang which are change in meaning, abbreviation, change in spelling and change in form. The explanation of the slang forms from those words above are presented below. a. Change in Meaning

Slang is created by change in meaning, slang is “the ﬁgurative, extended, or narrowed use of Standard English terms” (Coleman 2012, p.31). In slang expression it different from Standard meanings. Sometimes a change in the meaning of one word will result in a change in the meaning of the related term. There are four slang words that belong to change in meaning which are shit, chicks, dick, and bitch. The researcher will explain the forms of slang words in the song lyric in the following are.

Like to play chicks but get mad when they get new guys

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Bumpin' oldies as I try to dick her down Always brought friends but today I feel like doin' this shit alone GoFundMe on your bitch's pinned tweet man

The first datum is chicks means in slang terms derived to “as unpleasant woman”. The form chick itself in Standard English means “a baby bird, especially a baby chicken”. This meaning is taken from Oxford Dictionary. While in the song lyric, it indicates that the speaker is having a sex. Therefore, the researcher decided this expression belongs to change in meaning in slang terms, because the meaning of

“chicks” related to unpleasant woman not as baby chicken. The songwriter uses this expression to make his song lyrics is attractive to use by using the word chicks than

“having sex”.

The second datum is dick. This expression also belongs to change in meaning.

It can be said change in meaning because the meaning of dick in Routledge

Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English means “male part of body that hangs between legs”. While the song lyric, it shows the speaker tried to having a sex with that girl. Therefore, the meaning of dick has changed to “having sex” as slang term. This expression shows that the speaker wanted to give an alternate meaning.

The third datum is shit. The words shit is categorized into a change in meaning as a slang words because the word shit changed to “thoughts and emotions” of the speaker. While the meaning of word shit Routledge Dictionary of Modern

American Slang and Unconventional English means “to deceive someone to lie to

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someone or stretch the truth” (p.691). Therefore, this slang words belongs to change in meaning. The lyrics of the song is also related to the word shit refers to thought and emotions of the speaker. The speaker used slang word shit to make the songs is attractive.

The last datum is bitch. This slang words belongs to change in meaning. The word bitch means “an offensive way of referring to a woman, especially an unpleasant one” while in the song lyric the word bitch refers to a lot of people, man.

This slang word happens because the speaker showed that he does not have problem with the people that have GoFund Me’s on their pinned tweets. It was appropriated with the situation in the song lyric. Therefore, the researcher decides this slang word is categorized into a change in meaning. b. Change in Spelling

The fifth form of slang is change in spelling, “typographical variation: the respelling of words to indicate that they are being used in a speciﬁc sense“(Coleman

2012, p.39). These happen in written communication, but sometimes changes in pronunciation when speakers want to distinguish between two uses of a word. There are two slang words that belongs to change spelling which are witcha and fella. The song lyrics that contain slang words are following.

If she witcha i'ma get her She gon' need another fella, ayy

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The first datum is witcha. The word witcha comes from the regular form of

“with you”. The word witcha categorizes as non-standard English and considered into a change in spelling because the pronunciation of form “with you” changed to slang expression to change in spelling from “you” into “cha” becomes “witcha” as slang way of saying with you and informal situation. This expression happens in pronunciation when speakers want to distinguish between two uses of a word and make it in the song lyric, it also indicates “with you” Brian tries to get her, if the girl has someone.

The second datum is fella is regular form of “fellow”. In slang terms this expression also belongs to change in spelling because the original of pronunciation of word “fellow” change to fella. Produces from existing word “fellow” to make the word familiar by using “fella” than “fellow”. This form occur based on similarities between two words without change the meaning. Which means “an informal way of referring to a man or people you are often with and treat as close people to you“. This meaning has taken from NTC’s Dictionary of American Slang. In the song lyric, it indicates that speaker was looking for a new guy. c. Abbreviation

Slang is created by abbreviation; it means Slang terms can occur in from various types of abbreviation of Standard English terms (Coleman 2012, p.37). It came omitted in the beginning and end of the word or in the middle of the word.

Three these ways of derivation are used to reinforce the common usage. Sometimes

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pairs of words are abbreviated and combined in blends. There are two slang words that contains abbreviation they are em and I’ma. The researcher will explain form of slang words that occurs in the line of song lyric in the following are.

Hit 'em with the rhymin' pattern They wishin' I'ma fail

The first datum is em. The form of em a slang way of saying “them”. This form is considered to abbreviation as slang term because the form of “them” is abbreviated to em it is easier to pronounce especially in rap song and it was appropriated with the situation in the song lyric. This expression used to make the common usage as slang in abbreviation. The speaker wants to make the pronunciation it easy by making shorter.

The next datum is I’ma belongs to abbreviation in forming slang word. It can be said this slang word belongs to abbreviation because it short form “I’m going to”.

The words are abbreviated and combined in blends becomes I’ma. The speaker used this slang word to reinforce the common usage by abbreviation thw word “I’m going to”. Therefore, this slang word is categorized into a abbreviaiton. d. Change in Form

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gratuitous insults. There is only one slang word that belongs to change in form which is motherfuckas. The word motherfuckas is found in the following lyrics.

Still, motherfuckas always got a lot to say

The word motherfuckas comes from non-standard English. In slang terms this expression belongs to change in form because it creates irreverent way to create slang word from forms such as “mother”, “fuck”, and “as” into the form

“motherfuckas”. The form “motherfuckas” in the song lyric shows that anger or dislike towards somebody. Therefore, this slang expression is categorized into a change in form to create slang synonyms by uttering gratuitous insults of the word

“motherfuckas” related with showing angry. In the song lyric, in indicates the speaker shows his anger with a bunch of damn people who talks a lot. Sometimes in rap song, the rapper uses vulgar slang to evoke anger and energy to show their feelings.

5. Slang Forms in “Chaos”

The last section, the researcher would like to explain the forms of slang words in the fifth song which is ‘Chaos”. This song talks about Chigga's proof that he is now an adult and has been allowed to do some things that are prohibited. The researcher found that there are ten slang words that experience slang in song lyric which are ho, cake, HAM, shit, bitch, yo, damn, I’ma, goddamn, and bullshit.

From ten slang words, there are four forms of slang which are change in spelling, abbreviation, change in meaning, and change in form. The explanation of the slang forms from those words above are presented below.

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a. Change in Spelling

Slang created by change in spelling, is a “typographical variation: the respelling of words to indicate that they are being used in a speciﬁc sense“(Coleman

2012, p.39). These happen in written communication, but sometimes changes in pronunciation when speakers want to make different between two uses of a word.

There are two slang words that belongs to change in spelling which is ho and yo.

Here the examples of line that containing forms of change in spelling.

Bumpin' on that XO and I'm 'bout to call my ex ho Ayy, that was the sound of yo' bitch

The first datum ho comes from non-standard English means “an offensive word used about a woman especially one who you think has sex with a lot of men”.

This expression can be said into a change in spelling from the regular form the word

“whore” changed in spelling into ho. This expression shows that the speakers want to make different between two uses of a word between “whore” and “ho”. This meaning has taken from Oxford Dictionary. While in the song it indicates the speaker describes his ex-girlfriend as a whore.

The last datum is yo. The slang word yo is categorized into a change in spelling because it short form of “your” has changed to yo as a slang word. The speaker wants to make different between two uses of a word “your” and yo in the song lyrics. Therefore, this slang word belongs to change in spelling.

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b. Change in Meaning

Slang is change in meaning, slang is “the ﬁgurative, extended, or narrowed use of Standard English terms” (Coleman 2012, p.31). In slang expression it different from Standard meanings. Sometimes a change in the meaning of one word will result in a change in the meaning of the related term. There are four slang words belong to change in meaning they are cake, bitch, shit, and damn. The researcher will explain form of slang words that occurs in the song lyrics

Cake, cake up on this belt, the day I landed in the States Damn, make all my own shit, I get all the profits Dressed like I don't give a damn, but I be ballin' like LaVar Ayy, that was the sound of yo' bitch

The first datum is cake. The form of cake in the song lyric belongs into a change in meaning because this expression comes from Standard English which undergoes changing in meaning as slang term. The form of cake itself means “sweet food made from a mixture of flour, eggs, butter, and sugar. That is baked in an oven” listed in Oxford Dictionary. While in the song lyric, the word cake in the song lyric related to money. The meaning was appropriated with the context in the song lyric, the speaker tells the listener he got some money when he moved to United States.

Therefore, the researcher decided this slang is form of change in meaning. The word cake has changed to “money”. The speaker uses another word to make the song lyrics become interesting.

The second datum is Shit. This expression is also categorized into slang change in meaningbecause the form of shit has changed in the song lyric becomes

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“song”. The meaning was appropriated with the context in the song lyric which is in the song lyric indicates that the speaker produced his own songs and does not share the income with anyone either. While the word shit itself means “a swear word that many people find offensive, used to show that you are angry or annoyed”. Therefore, this expression is considered into a change in meaning as slang term the form of shit has changed to “song”. The speaker uses this slang terms by using rude word to show his power because he got some money from his job. This expression brings up the lyrics of the song to be cool.

The third datum is damn. This slang word is categorized into a change in meaning because the word damn in the song lyric refers “don’t care”. It can be said the word damn refers “don’t care” because the previous lyric of song is “Got these people all around me, man, that treat me like a star” the speaker does not care with them who treated him like a star. Therefore, the researcher decides this slang word belongs to change in meaning.

The last datum is bitch. The slang word bitch is categorized into a change in meaning because it changed to “liar”. While the meaning of bitch is “female of dog” or “an offensive way of referring to a woman, especially an unpleasant one”. The speaker used the slang word bitch to show the person who always says bad things to him. Therefore, this slang word is categorized into a change in meaning.

.c. Abbreviation

Slang created by abbreviation; it means slang terms can occur in from various

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types of abbreviation of Standard English terms (Coleman 2012, p.37). It came omitted in the beginning and end of the word or in the middle of the word.

Sometimes pairs of words are abbreviated and combined in blends. This form also contains form of abbreviation such as acronym and initialisms. The researcher found there are two slang words such as HAM, and I’ma. The researcher will explain form of slang words in the song lyrics in the following are.

Go HAM on the mic, just like I'm sitting in the cockpit, ayy Now your boy is on the road two months and I'ma get the load

The word HAM is regular form of the phrase “hard as a mother fucker” as slang word. In slang terms this expression is considered into a abbreviaiton, because it type of abbreviation which is acronym. Which means the initial letters of the phrase they represent it’s pronounced as words in their own right into slang expression

HAM. In the song lyric, it indicates to take the microphone quickly. The type of abbreviation that happens here is acronym. This process only shortens the words

Hard As Motherfucker by taking the first letter H, A and M, and omitting the other letters. This slang indicates that the speaker wants to reinforce general use by upping the word and making it shorter in pronunciation.

The second datum is I’ma. The word I’ma comes from the regular form of

“I’m going to”. In Standard English it means that “to move or travel from one place to another or makes a plan”. This is considered into a abbreviaiton of slang terms, the original word “I’m going to” is abbreviated to “I’ma. In the song lyric, the speaker

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indicates the speaker tells the listener he will take the risk to his relationship. The speaker also uses this slang terms to make the pronunciation is easy than using the

“I’m going to”. d. Change in Form

Slang created by change in form, the slang as Standard English words that combined in irreverent and humorous ways to create slang synonyms (Coleman 2012, p.35). In combining forms it becomes special meaning in slang word. There are two slang words that contains change in form which is goddamn and bullshit. The researcher will explain two of them that appears in the song lyrics in the following are

But you gon' make me go back to my bullshit again Sayin', I forgot my roots, goddamn, you went too far The form of bullshit comes from non-standard English that means “the ideas, statements or beliefs that you think are silly or not true”. In the song lyric, it can be assumed the form “bullshit” it is related to the speaker’s bad characters who. This slang term belongs to change in form that combines irreverent way from the word

‘bull” and “shit” in single form into bullshit. By looking this expression it can be said categorized into a change in form to create slang synonyms it shows from the word bullshit refers to “lie or bad character”. That means the form of bullshit is created in terms of irreverent in producing slang word.

The last datum is Goddamn is also categorized into a change in form because the speaker used word Goddamn to show his anger by using irreverent way in creating slang synonym. The meaning of Goddamn “a swear word that many people

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find offensive, used to show that you are angry or annoyed” as a slang synonym the word goddamn was described as angry. Thefore, this slang words is categorized into a change in form.

B. Word Formation Processes of Slang Words in Selected Songs in Rich Brian’s Amen

In the previous discussion, the researcher already explained the form of slang words that found in the song lyrics. There are thirty-nine slang words are found in five songs “Glow Like Dat”, “See Me”, “Amen”, “Cold”, and “Chaos” . However, there are sixteen words were analyzed and classified by word formation processes based on their own classes. This means, not all the slang words had word formation processes that deals with the word formation theories. In this part, the researcher focuses on how those slang words are formed in the song lyrics by using theory of word formation processes. In analyzing the slang words, the researcher uses morphological approach to make the researcher easier to analyze the structure of those slang words in the song lyrics and identify the morpheme. After analyzed the data, researcher found there are six types of word-formations slang words. The types of word formation of slang are presented as in the following are.

Table 3. Types of Word Formation of Slang No. Word Formation of Slang Slang Words 1. Multiple processes Fucked up, hoes, fucking up, Chicks, and motherfuckas 2. Clipping ‘em, yo, and ho

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3. Compounding Fuck around, Goddamn, and bullshit 4. Borrowing Fuck and damn 5. Acronyms HAM 6. Blending I’ma and witcha

Table 3 shows six types of word formation of slang words found in the song lyrics, and there are multiple processes, clipping, compounding, borrowing, acronyms, and blending. The analysis is presented as in the following:

1. Multiple Processes of Slang Words in Album Amen

“A particular word is possible to have more than one process“(Yule, 2010, p.

60). Multiple processes happens when one word is needed another process just in case to produce a new word. The researcher found there are seven slang words in the song lyrics that belong to multiple processes they are fucked up, hoes, fucking up, chicks, I’ma, witcha, and motherfuckas. The explanation of those slang words formed through this process: a. Fucking Up

The word fucking up is categorized into a multiple processes. Which means it has more than process. There are two processes in creating of word fucking up they are compounding and inflectional. In the process of compounding is a process of joining two separate words or more to create a single form. Inflectional is a process which is added a affix without change the word category from the word. The pattern of analysis can be seen as follow:

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Fuck + {-ing} → Fucking

V + suffix → V

Fucking + up → fucking up

V + prep. → V

Figure 1. Word Formation Processes in Fucking up

From the figure above it can be conclude that fucking up is a word that consists of three morphemes, they are, fuck, {-ing}, and up. Fuck and up are free morphemes that can stand alone as a word, while {-ing} is a suffix that categorized as bound morpheme because a suffix must be attached with another word. The word fuck as a root and the word fucking as a stem without change the category of class as a verb. Fucking up belongs to multiple processes in forming a new word. The first processs is compounding between fuck, ing and up as fucking up. The second is inflectional process which added a suffix {-ing} from the root fuck as fucking to indicate progressive tense. b. Motherfuckas

The word motherfuckas is also belonging to multiple processes, there are compounding and inflectional. The first is belonging compounding process between

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two words such as mother as N and fuck as V becomes mother-fuck. Then belongs to the inflectional process, which added a suffix {–as} from the word motherfuck. The pattern of analysis can be seen as follow:

Mother + fuck → Motherfuck→

→ N + V N

Motherfuck + {-as} → Motherfuckas

N + Suffix N

Figure 2. Word Formation Processes in Motherfuckas

The form of motherfuckas is a word that consists of three morphemes they are mother, fuck and {–as}. The form of Mother and fuck are free morphemes they can stand alone as a word, while {–as} is a suffix that considered as bound morpheme, that cannot stand alone as a word. c. Fucked Up

The word fucked up is categorized into a multiple processes. Which means it has more than process. There are two processes in creating of word fucked up they are compounding and inflection. In the process of compounding is a process of joining

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the words fuck, {-ed}, and up as fucked up. Inflectional is a process which is added a suffix {-ed} that indicates the word fucked is past tense.

Fuck + -ed N + (suffix) = V

Fucked + up V + prep = V

Figure 3. Word Formation Processes in Fucked up

The word fucked up that consist of three morphemes such as fuck, {-ed}, and up. The word fuck and up are free morphemes they can stand as a word while the suffix {-ed} as a bound morpheme because it is a suffix it must be attached with another word. The root is fuck and the stem is fucked because it is formed by the root fuck. d. Hoes

The word hoes is categorized into a multiple processes. The word hoes is having two processes such as clipping and inflectional. The first process is clipping that omitted the parts of word whore as ho. While the inflectional process which added as suffix {-s} to indicates a word is plural without change the category of word. The pattern of analysis is drawn as bellow:

Whore /ho/ + {-s}

Root suffix

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From the pattern, it can be seen the word hoes is shorter form of whores that consists of two morphemes they are whore as a root and {-s} as a suffix. The word whore is free morpheme that stand alone as a word while the suffis {-s} is bound morpheme because it is an affix that must be attached with another word. e. Chicks

The word chicks has two processes which are clipping process and inflectional process. The first process is clipping that omitted the part of word chicken as chick, while inflectional process which added a suffix {-s} from the word chick becomes chicks. It indicates a word chicks is plural without change the grammatical category of word.

Chicken chick + {-s}

Root suffix

The word chicken as root and {-s} as a suffix. The word chicks has two morphemes, they are chick and {-s}. The word chick belongs to free morpheme it can stand as a word while {-s} is bound morpheme because it is a suffix that must be attached with another word. The root is chick and the stem is chicks because the inflectional process have been added.

2. Clipping of Slang Word in Album Amen

Clipping is a process of reducing some parts in a word, which occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form (Yule, 2010, p 56). In

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addition Brinton and Briton (2010, p,108) state clipping “is the result of deliberately dropping part of a word, usually occur in the end or the beginning, or less often both, while retaining the same meaning and same word class”. In the song lyrics, there are three slang words belong to clipping processes they are, ho, yo, and em. The explaination process of slang words that belongs to clipping processes as follow: a. Ho

The word ho is a shorter form of the word whore. The form whore as a root that only consist one morpheme and considered as free morpheme that can stand alone as a word. The form ho refers to clipping processes, because it is not completely word. In this process, the part of word whore are omitted and produce to a shorter word as ho. The way ho is pronounced does not change in the word whore but in the song lyrics the word whore is removed becomes ho the In the omitting of letters in this process is also often used in hip hop songs because the music of a rap song is more beats, it makes the singer is easy in the pronunciation of certain words. b. Yo

The word yo is shorter form of the word your. The form your only consist one free morpheme which is the word can stand alone as a word without attached to another word. The way of pronunciation yo does not change when pronounced your but in the song lyrics the part of word your is omitted becomes yo. Deletion of letters in this expression is also to make the speaker it easy in pronunciation especially in rap song.

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c. Em

The word em is also categorized into a clipping process. The word em is shorter form of the word them. Them as a root and can be said one free morpheme it can stand alone as a word. The way of pronunciation of word them has changed to em in the song lyrics.

3. Compounding of Slang Words in album Amen

Compounding is the process of combining two separate words or more to produce a single form (Yule, 2010, p, 55). Compounding can happen in some categories such as: a noun, a verb, an adjective, or a preposition. In the album Amen, there are three slang words occur in the song lyrics they are Fuck around, goddamn, and bullshit. The explanation of slang words that are formed through this process: a. Fuck Around

The word fuck around is considered into compounding processes because it formed by combining two separate words into single form, which are fuck and around as a root without omitting or changing any letters from the words becomes fuck around. The tree diagram for compounding process is as follows:

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Fuck Around (N) (Prep.)

This tree diagram represents word fuck as noun category whiles the word around as preposition category. However, in slang term this form is phrasal verb category. The form of fuck around consists of two morphemes, which are fuck and around. The word fuck and around is categorized as free morpheme, they can stand alone as a word. b. Goddamn

The second datum is Goddamn. The form Goddamn is having compounding process because they combine two separate words, which are God and damn, to produce a single form that has different meaning from those separate words. The tree diagram of compounding process as follows:

God Damn (N) (N)

The tree diagram above shows that the word consists of two morphemes. The first is God which is a free morpheme, has an identity as a noun category, and can be

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used alone as a word. The second is damn that is also a free morpheme as noun category. These forms are considered to be able stand alone as a word. c. Bullshit

The last datum is bullshit consist of two morphemes. The first is bull which is a free morpheme, has an identity as a noun, and can be used alone as a word. The second is shit that is also a free morpheme and as a noun. The tree diagram of compounding process as follows:

Bull Shit (N) (N)

These forms are considered to be able stand alone as a word. The form bullshit is having compounding process because they combine two separate words, which are bull and shit, to produce a single form that has different meaning from those separate words.

4. Borrowing of Slang Word in Album Amen

According to Yule (2010, p.54) “Borrowing is the process of taking over words from other languages”. Borrowing is one of the common processes of new word in English. The researcher found there are two slang words in the song lyrics in album Amen that belongs to borrowing which are fuck and damn. The explanation of word that are formed through this process:

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a. Fuck

The form fuck comes from the original word fokken from Middle Dutch. The form fuck has one morpheme and can be said as free morpheme that must no be attached with another form. This process is considered borrowing word because it taking over words from other languages which is from Middle Dutch. The fokken itself means “to breed” while in English Fuck it assumed as a slang word means a swear word that many people find offensive that is used to express anger, horror or surprise. b. Damn

The form damn comes from the original word dam(p)ner from Old French.

The form damn has one morpheme and can be said as free morpheme. The form damn is borrowing process that taking over from Old French. The form damn in

English as a slang word that used in informal situation which means a swear word that people use to show that they are annoyed, disappointed.

5. Acronym of Slang Word in Album Amen

Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words (Yule, 2010, p, 58). Acronyms are pronounced as new single words. The researcher only found one slang word in the song lyrics in album Amen which is

HAM. The explanation of word that is formed through this process:

The word HAM is categorized into acronym process. The extension for HAM is ‘Hard As Motherfucker”. The initial of HAM it takes from H from “hard”, A from

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“as”, and M from “motherfucker”. It can be seen that there are four free morphemes and one bound morpheme. Which are hard, as, mother, and fuck as free morphemes while the form {-er} as bound morpheme because it has to pair another word to make a new form. Therefore, this process is abbreviated into new single terms.

6. Blending of Slang Word in Album Amen

According to Brinton & Brinton(2010, p, 107), a blend involves two process of word formation, compounding, and clipping. The researcher found there are two slang words in the song lyrics in album Amen that belongs to blending which are witcha and I’ma. The explanation of word that is formed through this process: a. Witcha

The word witcha is a blend word that built by two morphemes. The first word is with where the word is consist of one free morpheme. The second is cha that comes from the word you that consist one free morpheme. Both of them are free morpheme.

In this process, the word witcha has created by omitted part of word to combine into a new word, it omitted the last part of with as wit and combined the word cha as witcha.

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b. I’ma

The next word is I’ma is consist of the word I’m going to. The word I’m going to consists four morphemes they are I’m, go, {-ing}, and to. The word I’m, go, and to are free morpheme while the suffix {-ing} as a bound morpheme. In this process, the word I’ma has created by omitted part of word to combine into a new word, it omitted the each part of I’m going to as I’ma and combined the word ma as I’ma.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the last chapter, the researcher makes some conclusions based on the findings and the discussions. The data of analysis are taken from top five songs in album Amen by Rich Brian. The top five songs are in album Amen they are “Glow like Dat”, “See Me”, “Amen”, and “Chaos”. The researcher focuses on the form of slang words and how those are formed in the song lyrics in the top five songs.

The findings show there are thirty-eight slang words in album Amen. In forming of slang word, there are four forms of slang that categorized in the song lyrics, which are change in form, change in meaning, change in spelling, and abbreviation. The researcher reveals the most form of slang that occurs is change in meaning with the frequency of twenty times. In analyzing word formation of slang words, the researcher found there are six types of word formations used multiple processes, compounding, borrowing, clipping, acronyms and blending. Multiple processes become the dominant type in forming the slang words that has five slang words.

After analyzing the forms of slang, The researcher concludes that Rich Brian used slang words in the song lyrics to express his characteristics and to make the music more attractive by changing the meaning of the original word, the song to be familiar to the listeners and the utterance is simply daily spoken language. In

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addition, all of the songs of Brian are created based on his experience and improvisation. Then, in analyzing the word formation of slang words that frequently appear in the song lyrics is multiple processes of word formation. It happens when the speaker wanted to produce a new word by combining more than one process.

From the explanation above, people can understand the concept of slang words by looking the form of slang words in the song lyrics in the album Amen by

Rich Brian. The characteristic of slang words introduce new concepts, some of the most effective slang provides new expressions. The impact of using slang words by combining English and slang makes it unstructured and becomes uncommunicative because it cannot generally be understood by all people. In the lyrics of song in album

Amen, there are some slang words has a crude meaning. On the other hand, slang words also have a positive impact that with the slang, by the presence of this slang, people, especially teenagers, become more creative. Enrich new vocabulary, even in daily conversation can use slang in English usage. It is suggested for the future researcher, in the linguistics, slang can be researched using sociolinguistic and semantic. In sociolinguistic by analyzing function and identity, while semantic analyzes meaning literally.

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REFERENCES

Akmajian, A., Demers, R. A., Farmer, A. K., & Harmish, R. M. (2001). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication (6th Ed). New York: The MIT Press. Brinton, L. J., & Brinton, D. M. (2016). The Stucture of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. Amsterdam: Jhon Benjamins Publishing Company. Chaika, E. (2008). Language of the Social Mirror. Boston: Cengage Learning. Coleman, J. (2012). The Life of Slang. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Coleman, J. (2014). Global English Slang Methodologies and Perspectives (Ed.). New York: Routledge. Dalzell, T. (2018). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (2nd ed). London: Routledge. Eble, C. C. (1996). Slang & Sociability. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hayms, N., (2011). (An Introduction to Language (9th International). New York: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Gemilasari, N., Jufrizal, & Hafizh, M. A. (2013). An Analysis of Word Formation of Slang Words Found in Short Stories in Teenager Magazines Aneka Yess! English Language and Literature E-Journal Article, 142-148. Genius.(2018, February 28). Retrieved from Genius: https://genius.com/albums/Rich- brian/Amen. Gioia, T. (2015). Love Song: The Hidden History. New York: New York Times. Guerra, J. (2014). Retrieved from What is the Song Anyways: Retrieved 2019 from https://www.jonguerramusic.com/

Katamba, F., (1993). Modern Linguistics Morphology. London: Macmilan Basingstoke. Kothary, C. R. (2005). Research Methodology: Methods and Tehcniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. Leedy, P. D., & Omrod, J. E. (2005). Pratical Research: Planing and Design (8th edition). Upper Saddle River: Practice Hall.

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Mattielo, E. (2008). An Introduction to English Slang. Milan: Polimetrica Publisher. Novianti, D. (2017). Word Formation Analysis of Slang Language on Deadpool (Undergraduate Thesis). Yogjakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri. O'Grady, W., & De Guzman, V. P. (2010). Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press. Plag, I. (2003). Word Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rosa, Y. (2018). Slang Reflecting Make and Female Rappers' Lexical Styles Seen in Song Lyrics (Undergraduated Thesis). Yogjakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma. Spear, R. A. (2000). NCT's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. New Yorl: Oxford University Press. Oxford University. (n.d). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from Oxford Learners Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ Yule, G. (2006). The Study of Language (3rd ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press. Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language (4th Ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press. Yulmiati, Oktavia, F., & Theresia, M. (2017). An Analysis of Word Formation Processes of Slang Words in "The Beginning" Album by Black Eyes Peas. English Language and LIterature E-journal Article, 1-11.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Forms of Slang Words found in the song lyrics in album Amen a. Forms of Slang words in “Glow Like Dat”

Forms of Slang Slang Words in the Song Lyrics Change in Form Had to let you go like that, I'd say it fucked me up (ayy) One of these days I'll fuck around Change in Spelling Had too much of these hoes Thought I'd fix the road, but now you out here flying on your own, nah...

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b. Forms of Slang Words in ““See Me””

Forms of Slang Slang Words in the Song Lyrics Change in Meaning Runnin' for the front, I feel like Usain in this bitch (Ayy) I'll do the shit 'til the credits roll They know what I like though, Pussy on my rider Beat your ass if you correct my grammar in this bitch Man stop avoidin' that cheddar (Ayy)

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c. Forms of Slang Words in “Amen”

Forms of Slang Slang Words in the Song Lyrics Abbreviation I’m Gunner Stahl. I’m takin’ many pics Hit 'em with a good amount of the hits Change in Form, Even some are gon' be like, Goddamn that's a lot of kids" I'm still learnin', I'm still fuckin' up, correct me if I'm wrong Change in Meaning They be hella sure, but I always say Amen I been rockin' my own merch, I'm makin' way more green than CeeLo Do the shit for the people that look like me I talk to myself, and all my seven chicks Shout to $uicideBoy$, kill ‘em all, rest in piss Told that bitch that I don't really give a fuck 'bout you Damn, homeschool felt like yesterday

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d. Forms of Slang Words in “Cold”

Forms of Slang Slang Words in the Song Lyrics Change in Meanin Like to play chicks but get mad when they get new guys Bumpin' oldies as I try to dick her down Show some attitude and bitch I won't show I just fucked a lady and she 'bout 30 years old Like to play chicks but get mad when they get new guys Abbreviation Man, yo' shit is borin' and it's makin' me go sleep fast Hit 'em with the rhymin' pattern Change in Spelling If she witcha i'ma get her Change in Form. Still, motherfuckas always got a lot to say Folk of Etymology She gon' need another fella, ayy

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e. Forms of Slang Words in “Chaos”

Forms of Slang Slang Words in the Song Lyrics Abbreviation Go HAM on the mic, just like I'm sitting in the cockpit, ayy Change In Meaning Dressed like I don't give a damn, but I be ballin' like LaVar Damn, make all my own shit, I get all the profits GoFundMe on your bitch's pinned tweet man Cake, cake up on this belt, the day I landed in the States Brian be so clean, wanna let him spank on my bum Change In Form But you gon' make me go back to my bullshit again Sayin', I forgot my roots, goddamn, you went too far Change in Spelling She a hippie, she gon' suck for some granola bars Bumpin' on that XO and I'm 'bout to call my ex ho Now your boy is on the road two months and I'ma get the load

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Appendix 2: Types of Word Formation

No. Slang Words Types of Word Formation

1. Fucked up Multiple processes

2. Hoes Multiple processes

3. Fuck around Compounding

4. Goddamn Compounding

5. Chicks Multiple processes

6. ‘em Clipping

7. Fucking up Multiple processes

8. Fuck Borrowing

9. HAM Acronym

10. Yo’ Clipping

11. Damn Borrowing

12. I’ma Blending

13. Bullshit Compounding

14. Witcha Blending

15. Motherfuckas Multiple processes

16. Ho Clipping