DOCSLIB.ORG

European History: Course Study Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European History: Course Study Guide European History: Course Study Guide From Simple Studies, https://simplestudies.edublogs.org & @simplestudies4 on Instagram Roman Monarchy: 753- 509 BC ● 753- Romulus first King ● 509 Last Kings of rome- Tarquis- expelled Roman Republic: 509- 27 Bc ● Ruled by two elected consuls, legislative bodies of senators, popular assemblies Powerful generals disrupt Republic ● 82 BC Sulla marches with army to Rome, declared dictator for life ● 50 BC Julius Caesar marches on Italy with the army ○ 44 B.C dictator for life, assassinated ● Augustus (adopted son of Caesar) wins civil war between Caesar’s followers and his opponents Roman Empire (27 BC- 476AD) Diocletian: (284-306 BC) - splits empire up into East and West because he believes it will be easier to maintain, persecuted Christianity ● Governed by multiple emperors Constantine: (305-337) - converts Empire into chrisitanity in 312 AD ● Makes Eastern capital at Byzantine, calls in Constantinople ● Edict of Milan- 313 AD- legalizes Christianity in Europe Visigoths- threatened by the Huns because they have a long relationship with Rome Barbarians- a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian). Huns: Nomadic people from Central Asia Entry of Visigoths into Empire ● Huns threatened Visigoths in 376- force them to seek asylum in Rome ○ In Rome they were mistreated ● Visigoths - Sack of Rome 410 AD- viewed as the start of the end of the Roman Empire- Alaric was their leader- under him they started demanding land ● Visigoths pressured by the Huns, ask for permission to cross the Rhine, Rome says no, they do so anyway. The Romans treated them poorly. Would enslave Visigoths and sell their kids as slaves. Led to the battle. ● Battle of Adrianople- 378 AD- battle between Roman army and Goths army. The Visigoths won ultimately leaving Eastern Roman Empire basically defenseless and established the supremacy of cavalry over infantry that would last for the next millennium. ● 418- Visigoths finally settled in Gaul (Southern France) ○ Helps Romans defeat the Huns Attila the Hun- Also known as Scourge of God- said that he was sent by God to punish them ● 434- becomes leader of the Huns ● 451- defeated by the Romans and Visigoths at the Battle of Chalons under Attila ○ Turns on Rome, negotiated peace with Pope Lee I - 452 ● 453 dies- of suffocating on vomit from partying How Rome lost the West ● Abandon Britain ○ Pull troops from Rome-410 ○ Angelo Saxons- take control Vandals cross Rhine (406) ● Sack of Rome - 455 9 emperors (455-476) - taken out by Barbarian generals Odoacer- Barbarian general in Roman army with followers- disposed of the last Roman Emperor ( Romulus Augustus) in 476. - Calls Himself King of Italy- although no one recognized him as such Why did Rome Fall? - Weak emperors- appointed kids as young as 8 years old - Civil Wars- Emperors and Usurpers- multiple King makers (generals, barbarian commanders) - Dependence on Barbarians in the military Western Territorial Collapse (Loss of territories) ● 408- Vandals take Spain ● 410- Abandon Britain ● 418- Visigoths take Aquitaine - 213 landlord estates + political control ● 439- Vandals take North Africa - food/grain ● 455- Vandals sack Rome a second time ● 486- Franks take Northern Gaul Losing Territory= loss of revenue and people, which led to them not being able to support the army. Became a cycle. Justinian ● Builds the Hagia Sophia- destroyed in Nika revolt 532 ● Makes law code - serve as a basis of later European law systems - compilation of earlier laws ● Takes back Italy from the Ostrogoths for a time, Southern Spain from Visigoths ● Takes back Africa from Vandals ○ Eastern Roman Empire keept it until Muslim conquest Natural disasters (during Justinian reign) ● 542- Black Plague - kills 33-50% of Europe’s population Nika Revolt- 532 ● Mobs in Constantinople who revolted because of high taxes, burned half of city, sieged part of palace, burned Hagia Sophia ● Justinian sends army - kills 30,000 people Franks ● Rise of the Franks in Gaul ○ 507 pushed Visigoths, South into Spain ○ Clovis- first Catholic King of France and the Merovingian Ostrogoths ● Theodoric ○ Sent him to recover Italy in 493 in the name of Eastern Europe ○ Takes Italy back from Odoacer ○ Theodosian code 438- all laws since Constantine Council of Nicea-325 Heresies: Arianism, Miaphysitism Early Middle Ages: 476-1000 ● Population grows ● More land cultivated, forests cut down ● Better farming technique- more food grown ● Trade and Navigation - Italian city states trade in Mediterranean ● Growth of cities ● Start using horses and iron plows there was an increase in trade Germany ● Started after the treaty of Verdun ● Independent state after Charlemagne’s grandsons split up the empire ● Ruled by German dukes, who elected one duke as their King Lechfeld- King of the Germans 955, Duke of the Saxons, Pope crowned “Holy Roman Empire” ● Defeats magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 ○ End of Magyar raid in Western Europe ■ Magyars settle down in Hungary Germany from now on known as the Holy Roman Empire, and its rulers are Holy Roman Emperors Guilds- groups that live together Otto I - First Holy Roman Emperor Timelines: 27 B.C Beginning crowned Roman Emperor (Augustus) 476 A.D Fall of Western Empire 900 A,D Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (in spirit) (Franks) 962 A.D Otto the Great (German) crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1453 A.D End of Eastern Roman, capital at Constantinople The Investiture Controversy Investiture= the appointment of bishops Controversy= Popes vs. Emperor over who has the right to appoint Bishops in the Holy Roman Empire Pope eventually wins- bishops must be elected first according to church law 1122- Henry the fifth- concordat of worms - A Emperor can no longer interfere Gregory VIII ● Reformed the Papacy ● Forbids the emperor Henry IV to appoint bishops ● Henry tries to fire him - gets excommunicated in 1076 and tells Henry’s subjects to not follow him ○ The Road to Canossa (1077) - begs for forgiveness barefoot in snow ● Seperation of the Church and State Papal Monarchy - advisors, bureaucracy, lives in papal states ● Cardinals ○ Political contender ■ 2 weapons against monarchs= excommunication, interdict(excommunicate a country= puts pressure on a ruler) ○ Cannon law ■ Law of the church - independent court system in Europe, Church punishes clergy not state People are divided by those who pray (clergy) , fight (nobles), andwork (peasants/farmers) Feudalism = the system by which Medieval Europe is governed, King at top Knight at bottom- comes from no central authority ● Nobility=people with land who can fight - Lords and Vassals ● Lords give land to vassals- vassals fight for Lord ● Peasants- work land owned by nobles for food in return for protection ● Estates- land owned by nobles Fall of Rome ● Barbarian Kings (kingdoms)- land grants take place of taxes ● Roman tax system collapses ○ Kings give land to supporters in exchange for military aid Roman period: - Land owners pay taxes to a central state, which would defend them Anarchy- no ruler Normans- Northmen ● Settle in Normandy ○ Northern France ■ Settle in Sicily ■ Push out Muslims ○ Settle in England on two occasions England- Anglo Saxons invade after the abandonment of Britain (410) ● Anglo Saxon kingdoms ● Raids by the Vikings begin (800’s) ● Alfred the Great, King of Wessex unites the Anglo Saxons, protects against Vikings Britons- (400s and earlier) ● Anglo Saxons united by Alfred the Great Vikings ● Danes- Denmark ● Normans- (Normandy) (France) ○ Sicily ○ Holy Land ○ North Africa ● Both groups end up in England at some point - Christianized by Ireland (509-604) Conquests of England ● 1014 Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark conquers all of England ○ Son is Cnut the Great (1016-1035) ● 1066 Edward the Confessor dies without an heir ○ William, duke of Normandy conquered England Cnut has no heir Anglo saxons ● Edward the Confessor- takes a vow of chastity= no heir= ruled for 24 years 3 prospects for next King (1066) 1. William of Normandy- Vikings 2. Harald Hardrada- Norway 3. Harold II- Anglo-Saxon Harold defeats and kills Harald. William is given the throne - put off by the storm. 1066- Battle of Hastings( Norman Conquests) ● William conquered all of England from harold ○ French becomes the language of the court (legal language) - used in our laws Medieval England ● 1154-1189 Henry II ○ Sends sheriffs around to enforce laws ○ Conflict with Thomas Becket on who can try clergy ○ Henry wants to try them in royal courts ○ Thomas wants to try them in church(canon law) courts ● England- control of legal system- royal court and cannon law ● Thomas Becket is killed by Henry II’s knights ● King John “Softsword” Beginning of English Democratic tradition ● 1215- King John is forced by English nobles to sign the Magna Carta ○ King must respect the rights of lords ○ No illegal imprisonment ○ No taxation of nobles without their consult ● English nobles and Kings start to meet in Parliament Parliament ● Begins when the King agrees to call nobles together to make decisions with him ● An assembly of nobles and common people that make decisions with King and passes law ○ Gains power over 100’s of years English common law- their court system Medieval France - Many local lords with castles - Capetian Kings constantly fight them for authority - Philip IV- taxes clergy and brings bishops to court- Pope Boniface VIII challenged him but backs down The Great Schism of 1054 ● For along time, Western Christians (led by the Pope) and Eastern Christians (Led by the Patriarch of Constantinople) had been in conflict ● Main issue: the universal power of the Pope ○ Pope: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Patriarch: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other ■ Eastern and Western Christianity split (Eastern- Orthodox, Western Catholic) Crusades ● Pilgrimage ● The People's Crusade ● Princes Crusade ● Siege of Antioch ● Siege of Jerusalem ● Second Crusade 1146-1149 ● Third Crusade 1189-1192 ● Fourth Crusade ● Children Crusade Cathars ● Religious Heretics in southern France that believe the world was evil and created by an evil God.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2013 NHB Set C Round
    2013 NHB Set C Bee Round 4 BEE ROUND 4 1. This man participated in the Wagon Box Fight near Fort Kearny and also took part in the Fetterman Massacre. This man refused to honor the provisions of the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, and he was pursued by General George Crook after gold was discovered in the Black Hills. A monument to this man was begun by Korczak (CORE-chak) Siolkowski in 1948 and is still being designed. For the point, name this Oglala Sioux chief who united with Sitting Bull to defeat General Custer at Little Bighorn. ANSWER: Crazy Horse [or Ta-sunko-witko] 030-13-87-14101 2. Herbert Hoover's wife christened the first purpose-built one of these objects, the Ranger, in 1933. The Saratoga and Independence were examples of these items which were scuttled by atomic bomb tests in Operation Crossroads. The Lexington was one destroyed in the Battle of the Coral Sea, and the Yorktown was one of these sunk at Midway. For the point, identify this type of ship, now extant in Nimitz and Ford classes, which transports fighter planes. ANSWER: American aircraft carriers 019-13-87-14102 3. Two training exercises that raised tensions before this event were Operation Purple Storm and Operation Sand Flea. The Vatican mission was blasted with loud rock music during Operation Nifty Package to force the military dictator deposed by this event to surrender. George H.W. Bush ordered this 1989 event in order to bring Manuel Noriega to trial for drug trafficking. For the point, identify this American invasion of a Central American country with a major shipping canal.
    [Show full text]
  • Lyon on Bowlus, 'The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: the End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West'
    H-German Lyon on Bowlus, 'The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West' Review published on Tuesday, May 1, 2007 Charles R. Bowlus. The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. xxiv + 223 pp. $94.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7546-5470-4. Reviewed by Jonathan R. Lyon (Department of History, University of Chicago)Published on H- German (May, 2007) A New Theory on the Campaign that Ended the Hungarian Invasions In 955 Otto I, the ruler of the East Frankish kingdom, led an army comprised predominantly of Bavarians, Swabians, Franconians, and Bohemians against a Magyar (Hungarian) military force that had launched a raid into the south of the kingdom from the Carpathian basin. The two armies first came into contact with one another near the Lech River, in the region around Augsburg, in what is today the German state of Bavaria. Though few extant sources provide details about how the battle unfolded, it is clear that the encounter between the two sides eventually resulted in a decisive victory for Otto I. After approximately a half-century of raids into Italy and the East Frankish kingdom, the Magyars would never seriously threaten the Latin West again. Indeed, in subsequent centuries they would convert to Christianity and emerge as an important buffer between western Europe and other nomadic peoples from the steppes of Asia. For Otto I, the victory set the stage for his emergence as the dominant ruler in Latin Christendom.
    [Show full text]
  • Zgoda the Official Publication of the of the U.S
    “Together – We Can and We Will” ZGODA THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE OF THE U.S. OF N.A. The officialPOLISH Publication NATIONAL of ALLIANCE the Polish FALL 2020 www.pna-znp.orgNational Alliance of North America1882-2020 Vol. 164; No. 3 Count on Family (USPS 699-120) Published Quarterly 3 President’s Corner The Official Publication of the Polish National Alliance 4 From the Editor 6100 N. Cicero Avenue 5 A Moment in History: PNA Division Street Chicago, IL 60646-4385 7 From the Manager of Sales Phone: (773) 286-0500 Fax: (773) 286-0842 11 For Those You Love www.pna-znp.org 12 Making A Difference: Korczak Ziolkowski Polish National Alliance 14 Fraternal Life of US of NA • An Astute Practitioner of Serendipity • Thank You Frontline Workers! Executive Committee Frank J. Spula • PNA Art & Coloring Contest Results • PNA $150,000 Undergraduate Scholarships President/CEO • Dziennik Zwiazkowy/Polish Daily News Marian Grabowski • We are Proud of…….. Vice President • Texas Region H Update • Newbies, PNA’s Newest Members Alicja Kuklinska • PNA $50,000 Graduate Scholarships National Secretary • Sto Lat and 75 Years. Steve H. Tokarski • WPNA-FM Independence Day Run Treasurer 35 In Memoriam Send all articles, correspondence 36 A Moment in History: Milwaukee and Wisconsin PNA and materials to: ZGODA Magazine 39 Life in Polonia: Zgoda, 10 Tons and Postage 6100 N. Cicero Avenue 40 Destination Poland Chicago, IL 60646 • Lower Silesia, Wroclaw and more Mark S. Dobrzycki • Legends of Wroclaw Editor in Chief • Taste of Poland, A Silesian Favorite Jacob Kaplan 52 PNA Pennsylvania Poles Donald Pienkos 53 PNA Sales Team Trainin Daniel Pogorzelski Teresa Sherman 56 Living Well Contributors • Dealing with Pandemic Stress Contents • Heartburn and more… Paulina Kowalska Arek Trzaska 61 Bulletin Board Copy Editors Ewa Krutul Count on Family.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
    POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The
    [Show full text]
  • The Journey of Benedictus Polonus Or a European Discovery of Asia Before Marco Polo
    ACTA VIA SERICA Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2019: 79–95 doi:10.22679/avs.2019.4.2.004 The Journey of Benedictus Polonus or a European Discovery of Asia before Marco Polo RENATA CZEKALSKA This article presents a brief reconstruction of the historic journey of Benedict the Pole and John of Pian de Carpine, the first known Europeans after A.D. 900 who completed a successful return journey east of Baghdad and gave surviving accounts of their travels. The article, which focuses mainly on the role of Benedict the Pole, is divided into five parts: the reasons and organization of the deputation sent to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV from 1245-1248, the route travelled by the Papal envoys, the existing versions of the two surviving accounts of the mission, the role of Benedict the Pole as the secretary and translator to the papal legate Pian de Carpine, and the outcome of the journey as seen from the perspective of Europe-Asia contacts. Keywords: 13th century Europe-Asia contacts, early Western accounts of Asia and the Mongol Empire, Benedictus Polonus, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, European journeys to Asia before Marco Polo RENATA CZEKALSKA ([email protected]) is a professor at the Chair for East and South Asia, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University, Poland. 80 Acta Via Serica, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2019 Introduction Already during the initial period of the formation of Polish statehood (from ca. 960), in the areas located in the Vistula and Odra basins, there existed a network of European trade routes, leading from east to west and north to south.
    [Show full text]
  • AHMP Strzegom Intro.Pdf
    ATLAS HISTORYCZNY MIAST POLSKICH Redakcja naukowa ROMAN CZAJA TOM IV ŚLĄSK Redakcja naukowa MARTA MŁYNARSKA-KALETYNOWA ZESZYT 6 STRZEGOM Redakcja naukowa RAFAŁ EYSYMONTT Opracowali DAGMARA ADAMSKA, RAFAŁ EYSYMONTT, RADOSŁAW GLIŃSKI, KRZYSZTOF JAWORSKI, MARTA MŁYNARSKA-KALETYNOWA, MARCIN SIEHANKIEWICZ, LESZEK ZIĄTKOWSKI Wybór i opracowanie kartografii historycznej: Rafał Eysymontt Praca naukowa finansowana w ramach programu Opracowanie redakcyjne: Krzysztof Uściński Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą Opracowanie typograficzne: Marcin Siehankiewicz „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2014-2017 Tłumaczenie na język angielski: Jacek Słupski Projekt nr 11H 13 0215 82 Prace kartograficzne: Jarosław Połamarczuk, Marcin Siehankiewicz Prace techniczne: Lidia Nowacka Koordynacja prac wydawniczych: Jadwiga Dunaj Recenzenci: Bogusław Krasnowolski, Zdzisław Noga Publikacja przygotowana we współpracy z Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu Wydawca: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN ISBN 978-83-63760-57-1 Ośrodek Badań nad Kulturą Późnego Antyku i Wczesnego Średniowiecza © Autorzy, Redaktorzy i Wydawca 2015 50-118 Wrocław, ul. Więzienna 6 Wydrukowano w Drukarni Księży Werbistów, ul. Klasztorna 4, Górna Grupa, PL 86-134 Dragacz WROCŁAW 2015 THE HISTORICAL ATLAS OF POLISH TOWNS Academic editing ROMAN CZAJA VOLUME IV SILESIA Academic editing MARTA MŁYNARSKA-KALETYNOWA BOOK 6 STRZEGOM Academic editing RAFAŁ EYSYMONTT Prepared by DAGMARA ADAMSKA, RAFAŁ EYSYMONTT, RADOSŁAW GLIŃSKI, KRZYSZTOF JAWORSKI, MARTA MŁYNARSKA-KALETYNOWA, MARCIN
    [Show full text]
  • The Hungarian Raids. the Cases of the Battles of Pressburg (907) and Lechfeld (955)
    TELLING AND RETELLING OF EARLY HISTORY BETWEEN THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE 18TH CENTURY: THE HUNGARIAN RAIDS. THE CASES OF THE BATTLES OF PRESSBURG (907) AND LECHFELD (955) László Veszprémy Historical study of the Hungarian raids into Western Europe has to a large extent focused on their defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld (Augsburg), and tends to ignore the Battle of Pressburg in 907.1 Certainly, there are more surviving accounts of Lechfeld than any 10th century military event. It is described in detail in Gerhard’s Life of St Udalrich, Bishop of Augsburg and Widukind’s History of the Saxons.2 The events have a very clear his- torical significance: in 907, the western defences of the eastern Frankish kingdom collapsed, the Bavarians lost their lands to the east of the Enns, including Pannonia, and the Hungarians launched an almost continuous series of raids. The Hungarians’ western adventures came to an end in 955, the Hungarians voluntarily joined Christian Europe within a few decades, the victorious King Otto of Germany had himself crowned emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire was born. It is therefore interest- ing to review what subsequent chroniclers made of all this. It is now an accepted fact that Latin historiography of the early Hungarians preserved no authentic direct information, but reconstructed it from Western sources.3 Considering what the Viking sagas tell of their 1 The paper was helped by the OTKA project K 68394. For he battle of 907 see Schicksalsjahr 907. Die Schlacht bei Pressburg und das frühmit- telalterliche Niederösterreich, ed. Roman Zehetmayer (St.
    [Show full text]
  • Pilgrimage in Medieval East Anglia
    Pilgrimage in medieval East Anglia A regional survey of the shrines and pilgrimages of Norfolk and Suffolk Michael Schmoelz Student Number: 3999017 Word Count: 101157 (excluding appendices) Presented to the School of History of the University of East Anglia in partial fulfilment of the requirement for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2nd of June 2017 © This thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone wishing to consult it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation must include full attribution. 1 Contents List of Appendices 6 List of Figures 6 Abstract 11 Methodology 12 Introduction 13 Part One – Case Studies 1. Walsingham 18 1.1. Historiography 18 1.2. Origins: the case against 1061 20 1.3. The Wishing Wells 23 1.4. The rise in popularity, c. 1226-1539 29 1.5. Conclusions 36 2. Bromholm 38 2.1. The arrival of the rood relic: two narratives 39 2.2. Royal patronage 43 2.3. The cellarer’s account 44 2.4. The shrine in the later middle ages: scepticism and satire 48 2.5. Conclusions 52 3. Norwich Cathedral Priory 53 3.1. Herbert Losinga 53 3.2. ‘A poor ragged little lad’: St. William of Norwich 54 3.3. Blood and Bones: other relics at Norwich Cathedral 68 3.4. The sacrist’s rolls 72 3.5. Conclusions 81 2 4. Bury St. Edmunds 83 4.1. Beginnings: Eadmund Rex Anglorum 83 4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bowl Round 9 Bowl Round 9 First Quarter
    NHBB C-Set Bowl 2015-2016 Bowl Round 9 Bowl Round 9 First Quarter (1) This event's fourth principle declared that \superior orders" do not relieve a person from lawful responsibility. Seven subjects of these events were taken to Spandau. Their location was chosen symbolically, as it had hosted an annual propaganda rally and was the city where, in 1935, a harsh set of anti-Semitic laws was signed. Luftwaffe commander Hermann Goring was sentenced to death at, for ten points, what series of trials in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes? ANSWER: Nuremberg trials (2) In this modern day country, Boleslaw [boll-eh-slav] the Pious of this country's Piast Dynasty granted Jews legal rights with the Statue of Kalisz [kal-eesh]. In this modern day country, the Szaltcha [SHALL-chah] enacted the Golden Liberty under its Jagiellion [yah-gell-ee-on] dynasty. This modern day country has been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. For ten points, name this eastern European nation with capital Warsaw. ANSWER: Poland (3) This man's autobiography details his successful separation of the conjoined twins Josef and Theresia Binder, though his scientific credentials were criticized in 2015 after he denied Big Bang theory. This author of Gifted Hands gave the keynote address at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast and, in September 2015, stated that a Muslim should not be in charge of the United States. For ten points, name this Republican presidential candidate and retired neurosurgeon. ANSWER: Ben Carson (4) This person came to power after his wife ran over her father's body with a chariot on the Vicus Sceleratus.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Contacts Between China and Poland in History
    Nowa Polityka Wschodnia 2020, nr 4 (27) ISSN 2084-3291 DOI: 10.15804/npw20202701 s. 15–33 www.czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/pl/10-15804/npw B I W EI University of Gdańsk ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1081-8717 The First Contacts between China and Poland in History The First Contacts between China and Poland in History Abstract Poland is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 70 years ago, both countries have conducted close cooperation in all areas and the bilateral relations have witnessed steady development. In particular, the “One Belt, One Road” initiative, launched in 2013, got the positive responses and support from many countries, including Poland, which became an important partner for China to promote the construction of the initiative. This paper, from a historical perspective, reviews the first interaction between China and Poland in the period of Yuan Dynasty which is arranged in chronological order. The narrations mainly concentrate on accounts of the western expeditions by Genghis Khan and his descendants as well as the Battle of Legnica, during the period of which the Mongolia Empire was successively set up. Each entry will include a concrete description, highlighting where possible issues such as where the Mongolia went, why the expedition and its record are important. The paper also expounds the first record about Poland and the change of the name of Poland in Chinese literature so as to deepen the mutual understanding between two countries. Keywords: western expeditions, Genghis Khan, Battle of Legnica, Bolonia 16 ARTYKUŁY Первые в истории контакты Китая и Польши Аннотация Польша – одна из первых стран, установивших дипломатические отношения с Новым Китаем.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Memory in Contemporary Poland and Pre-Independence
    Review of European Studies; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2013 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Collective Memory in Contemporary Poland and Pre-Independence (1918) Warfare: An Early 21st Century Foreign Traveler's Observations concerning Polish Battlefield Memorials Rodney Earl Walton1 1 Department of History, Florida International University, FL, USA Correspondence: Rodney Earl Walton, Department of History, Florida International University, DM Building, Miami, FL 33199, USA. Tel: 1-305-274-4371. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 17, 2012 Accepted: March 5, 2013 Online Published: April 11, 2013 doi:10.5539/res.v5n2p1 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v5n2p1 Abstract This essay examines war memorials in contemporary Poland. The article also analyzes Polish historical memory through the prism of three theories of collective memory discussed by Nachman Ben-Yehuda. To the eye of a foreign observer, Polish memorialization of pre-1918 battle sites appears strange. Significant battlefields from the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and World War I are largely ignored in favor of emphasis on medieval battlefields. The author argues that this pattern reflects both Polish ethnocentric nationalism and a desire to forget the many years during which German-speaking peoples controlled portions of present-day Poland. The author maintains that Poland’s early Cold War-era policy of de-Germanization of cultural sites is no longer appropriate for contemporary Poland - a member of the European Union. Keywords: Poland, Polish, collective, historical, memory, battlefield, war, memorial 1. Introduction This essay explores one aspect of war and collective memory in contemporary Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Identity of Medieval Silesia: the Case of Art and Architecture
    Romuald Kaczmarek University of Wrocław The cultural identity of medieval Silesia: the case of art and architecture Abstract: The cultural identity of architecture and visual arts of the Middle Ages in Silesia can be analyzed in the following frameworks: 1.) the distinct formal features of local artwork; 2.) the specific content expressed through it. Macro factors (the type of materials and their availability) are important in ar- chitecture, as are architectural patterns and styles. Of greatest frequency in this context are brick buildings, with sandstone used for details. In the 14th century distinct and formal patterns of style in architecture took shape (such as the basilica form of town churches), as was the case with detailed construction and aesthetic solutions applied in walls and vaults. Factors shaping the specificnature of Silesian art were the influence of dominant styles (initially from the Czech state, later southern Ger- many, including Nuremberg), political contexts (affiliation with the Bohemian Crown) and religious ones (mostly the selection and popularity of patron saints). Keywords: vaults, ducal tombstones, Piast dynasty, St Hedwig, St John the Baptist The subject of Silesia’s cultural identity in the Middle Ages, viewed from the nar- row perspective of architecture and fine arts, has not had much scholarly attention de- voted to it in recent decades, notwithstanding a few attempts to identify unique Silesian characteristics in certain groups of work or artistic genres. One obvious reason for this restraint may be
    [Show full text]