European History: Course Study Guide From Simple Studies, https://simplestudies.edublogs.org & @simplestudies4 on Instagram Roman Monarchy: 753- 509 BC ● 753- Romulus first King ● 509 Last Kings of rome- Tarquis- expelled Roman Republic: 509- 27 Bc ● Ruled by two elected consuls, legislative bodies of senators, popular assemblies Powerful generals disrupt Republic ● 82 BC Sulla marches with army to Rome, declared dictator for life ● 50 BC Julius Caesar marches on Italy with the army ○ 44 B.C dictator for life, assassinated ● Augustus (adopted son of Caesar) wins civil war between Caesar’s followers and his opponents Roman Empire (27 BC- 476AD) Diocletian: (284-306 BC) - splits empire up into East and West because he believes it will be easier to maintain, persecuted Christianity ● Governed by multiple emperors Constantine: (305-337) - converts Empire into chrisitanity in 312 AD ● Makes Eastern capital at Byzantine, calls in Constantinople ● Edict of Milan- 313 AD- legalizes Christianity in Europe Visigoths- threatened by the Huns because they have a long relationship with Rome Barbarians- a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian). Huns: Nomadic people from Central Asia Entry of Visigoths into Empire ● Huns threatened Visigoths in 376- force them to seek asylum in Rome ○ In Rome they were mistreated ● Visigoths - Sack of Rome 410 AD- viewed as the start of the end of the Roman Empire- Alaric was their leader- under him they started demanding land ● Visigoths pressured by the Huns, ask for permission to cross the Rhine, Rome says no, they do so anyway. The Romans treated them poorly. Would enslave Visigoths and sell their kids as slaves. Led to the battle. ● Battle of Adrianople- 378 AD- battle between Roman army and Goths army. The Visigoths won ultimately leaving Eastern Roman Empire basically defenseless and established the supremacy of cavalry over infantry that would last for the next millennium. ● 418- Visigoths finally settled in Gaul (Southern France) ○ Helps Romans defeat the Huns Attila the Hun- Also known as Scourge of God- said that he was sent by God to punish them ● 434- becomes leader of the Huns ● 451- defeated by the Romans and Visigoths at the Battle of Chalons under Attila ○ Turns on Rome, negotiated peace with Pope Lee I - 452 ● 453 dies- of suffocating on vomit from partying How Rome lost the West ● Abandon Britain ○ Pull troops from Rome-410 ○ Angelo Saxons- take control Vandals cross Rhine (406) ● Sack of Rome - 455 9 emperors (455-476) - taken out by Barbarian generals Odoacer- Barbarian general in Roman army with followers- disposed of the last Roman Emperor ( Romulus Augustus) in 476. - Calls Himself King of Italy- although no one recognized him as such Why did Rome Fall? - Weak emperors- appointed kids as young as 8 years old - Civil Wars- Emperors and Usurpers- multiple King makers (generals, barbarian commanders) - Dependence on Barbarians in the military Western Territorial Collapse (Loss of territories) ● 408- Vandals take Spain ● 410- Abandon Britain ● 418- Visigoths take Aquitaine - 213 landlord estates + political control ● 439- Vandals take North Africa - food/grain ● 455- Vandals sack Rome a second time ● 486- Franks take Northern Gaul Losing Territory= loss of revenue and people, which led to them not being able to support the army. Became a cycle. Justinian ● Builds the Hagia Sophia- destroyed in Nika revolt 532 ● Makes law code - serve as a basis of later European law systems - compilation of earlier laws ● Takes back Italy from the Ostrogoths for a time, Southern Spain from Visigoths ● Takes back Africa from Vandals ○ Eastern Roman Empire keept it until Muslim conquest Natural disasters (during Justinian reign) ● 542- Black Plague - kills 33-50% of Europe’s population Nika Revolt- 532 ● Mobs in Constantinople who revolted because of high taxes, burned half of city, sieged part of palace, burned Hagia Sophia ● Justinian sends army - kills 30,000 people Franks ● Rise of the Franks in Gaul ○ 507 pushed Visigoths, South into Spain ○ Clovis- first Catholic King of France and the Merovingian Ostrogoths ● Theodoric ○ Sent him to recover Italy in 493 in the name of Eastern Europe ○ Takes Italy back from Odoacer ○ Theodosian code 438- all laws since Constantine Council of Nicea-325 Heresies: Arianism, Miaphysitism Early Middle Ages: 476-1000 ● Population grows ● More land cultivated, forests cut down ● Better farming technique- more food grown ● Trade and Navigation - Italian city states trade in Mediterranean ● Growth of cities ● Start using horses and iron plows there was an increase in trade Germany ● Started after the treaty of Verdun ● Independent state after Charlemagne’s grandsons split up the empire ● Ruled by German dukes, who elected one duke as their King Lechfeld- King of the Germans 955, Duke of the Saxons, Pope crowned “Holy Roman Empire” ● Defeats magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 ○ End of Magyar raid in Western Europe ■ Magyars settle down in Hungary Germany from now on known as the Holy Roman Empire, and its rulers are Holy Roman Emperors Guilds- groups that live together Otto I - First Holy Roman Emperor Timelines: 27 B.C Beginning crowned Roman Emperor (Augustus) 476 A.D Fall of Western Empire 900 A,D Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (in spirit) (Franks) 962 A.D Otto the Great (German) crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1453 A.D End of Eastern Roman, capital at Constantinople The Investiture Controversy Investiture= the appointment of bishops Controversy= Popes vs. Emperor over who has the right to appoint Bishops in the Holy Roman Empire Pope eventually wins- bishops must be elected first according to church law 1122- Henry the fifth- concordat of worms - A Emperor can no longer interfere Gregory VIII ● Reformed the Papacy ● Forbids the emperor Henry IV to appoint bishops ● Henry tries to fire him - gets excommunicated in 1076 and tells Henry’s subjects to not follow him ○ The Road to Canossa (1077) - begs for forgiveness barefoot in snow ● Seperation of the Church and State Papal Monarchy - advisors, bureaucracy, lives in papal states ● Cardinals ○ Political contender ■ 2 weapons against monarchs= excommunication, interdict(excommunicate a country= puts pressure on a ruler) ○ Cannon law ■ Law of the church - independent court system in Europe, Church punishes clergy not state People are divided by those who pray (clergy) , fight (nobles), andwork (peasants/farmers) Feudalism = the system by which Medieval Europe is governed, King at top Knight at bottom- comes from no central authority ● Nobility=people with land who can fight - Lords and Vassals ● Lords give land to vassals- vassals fight for Lord ● Peasants- work land owned by nobles for food in return for protection ● Estates- land owned by nobles Fall of Rome ● Barbarian Kings (kingdoms)- land grants take place of taxes ● Roman tax system collapses ○ Kings give land to supporters in exchange for military aid Roman period: - Land owners pay taxes to a central state, which would defend them Anarchy- no ruler Normans- Northmen ● Settle in Normandy ○ Northern France ■ Settle in Sicily ■ Push out Muslims ○ Settle in England on two occasions England- Anglo Saxons invade after the abandonment of Britain (410) ● Anglo Saxon kingdoms ● Raids by the Vikings begin (800’s) ● Alfred the Great, King of Wessex unites the Anglo Saxons, protects against Vikings Britons- (400s and earlier) ● Anglo Saxons united by Alfred the Great Vikings ● Danes- Denmark ● Normans- (Normandy) (France) ○ Sicily ○ Holy Land ○ North Africa ● Both groups end up in England at some point - Christianized by Ireland (509-604) Conquests of England ● 1014 Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark conquers all of England ○ Son is Cnut the Great (1016-1035) ● 1066 Edward the Confessor dies without an heir ○ William, duke of Normandy conquered England Cnut has no heir Anglo saxons ● Edward the Confessor- takes a vow of chastity= no heir= ruled for 24 years 3 prospects for next King (1066) 1. William of Normandy- Vikings 2. Harald Hardrada- Norway 3. Harold II- Anglo-Saxon Harold defeats and kills Harald. William is given the throne - put off by the storm. 1066- Battle of Hastings( Norman Conquests) ● William conquered all of England from harold ○ French becomes the language of the court (legal language) - used in our laws Medieval England ● 1154-1189 Henry II ○ Sends sheriffs around to enforce laws ○ Conflict with Thomas Becket on who can try clergy ○ Henry wants to try them in royal courts ○ Thomas wants to try them in church(canon law) courts ● England- control of legal system- royal court and cannon law ● Thomas Becket is killed by Henry II’s knights ● King John “Softsword” Beginning of English Democratic tradition ● 1215- King John is forced by English nobles to sign the Magna Carta ○ King must respect the rights of lords ○ No illegal imprisonment ○ No taxation of nobles without their consult ● English nobles and Kings start to meet in Parliament Parliament ● Begins when the King agrees to call nobles together to make decisions with him ● An assembly of nobles and common people that make decisions with King and passes law ○ Gains power over 100’s of years English common law- their court system Medieval France - Many local lords with castles - Capetian Kings constantly fight them for authority - Philip IV- taxes clergy and brings bishops to court- Pope Boniface VIII challenged him but backs down The Great Schism of 1054 ● For along time, Western Christians (led by the Pope) and Eastern Christians (Led by the Patriarch of Constantinople) had been in conflict ● Main issue: the universal power of the Pope ○ Pope: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Patriarch: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other ■ Eastern and Western Christianity split (Eastern- Orthodox, Western Catholic) Crusades ● Pilgrimage ● The People's Crusade ● Princes Crusade ● Siege of Antioch ● Siege of Jerusalem ● Second Crusade 1146-1149 ● Third Crusade 1189-1192 ● Fourth Crusade ● Children Crusade Cathars ● Religious Heretics in southern France that believe the world was evil and created by an evil God.