Alert 2009! Report on conflicts, human rights and peacebuilding Prepared by: Maria Cañadas Francesch Albert Caramés Boada Vicenç Fisas Armengol Patricia García Amado Maria Prandi Chevalier Gema Redondo de la Morena Josep Maria Royo Aspa Eneko Sanz Pascual Núria Tomàs i Collantes Jordi Urgell García Ana Villellas Ariño María Villellas Ariño This book is printed on chlorine-free recycled paper. Report completed in January 2009. Edited by: Icaria Editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau (School for a Culture of Peace), Autonomous University of Barcelona Printed by: Industria Gráfica Frape Cover design: Lucas Wainer Mattosso Translation: Simon Berrill ISBN: 978-84-9888-087-8 Legal Registration Number: B-???-2009 This report has been written by: Maria Cañadas Francesch (human rights), Albert Caramés Boada (disarmament), Vicenç Fisas Armengol (peace processes), Patricia García Amado (humanitarian crises and tensions), Maria Prandi Chevalier (human rights), Gema Redondo de la Morena (post-war peace-building), Josep Maria Royo Aspa (armed conflicts and tensions), Eneko Sanz Pascual (disarmament and post-war peacebuilding), Núria Tomàs i Collantes (armed conflicts and tensions), Jordi Urgell García (armed conflicts and tensions), Ana Villellas Ariño (armed conflicts and tensions) and María Villellas Ariño (gender and tensions). Yesid Arteta Dávida and Carlos Arturo Velandia Jagua (Colombia opportunity for peace and armed conflict overview). The contents of this report may be freely reproduced and circulated provided that the source is properly quoted, with reference to the title of the report and the publisher. The authors assume full responsibility for the contents of this report. Index List of tables, boxes, graphs and figures 5. Humanitarian crises and humanitarian action_ 104 and maps _______________________________________ 7 5.1. Humanitarian crisis: definition Summary/Sumario/Sumari/Sommaire_____________ 9 and indicators___________________________ 105 List of indicators ________________________________ 11 5.2. Evolution of the humanitarian crises_____ 108 Glossary _________________________________________ 12 5.3. Humanitarian action overview in 2008 __ 115 Introduction _____________________________________ 17 2008 Global conflict overview ___________________ 19 6. Disarmament_________________________________ 118 6.1. Arms cycle ______________________________ 119 Chapters 6.2. Arms control initiative___________________ 122 6.3. Disarmament, Demobilisation and 1. Armed Conflicts______________________________ 20 Reintegration Programmes (DDR)________ 125 1.1. Armed Conflicts: definition ______________ 21 1.2. Armed Conflicts: global trends 7. Human rights and transitional justice_________ 130 in 2008_________________________________ 24 7.1. Human rights: analysis of the 1.3. Armed Conflicts: annual trend situation worldwide______________________ 131 by region________________________________ 28 7.2. Transitional justice ______________________ 138 2. Tension ______________________________________ 46 8. Gender dimension in peace-building _________ 144 2.1. Tension: definition ______________________ 47 8.1. Gender inequalities _____________________ 145 2.2. Tension: global trends in 2008 __________ 52 8.2. The impact of violence and conflicts 2.3. Tension: annual trend by region _________ 53 from a gender perspective _______________ 147 8.3. Peace-building from a gender perspective______________________________ 150 3. Peace Processes _____________________________ 78 3.1. Peace processes: definitions and typologies __________________________ 79 Conclusions _____________________________________ 157 3.2. Evolution of the peace processes _______ 80 Opportunities for Peace 2009 ___________________ 161 3.3. Evolution of peace negotiations__________ 81 1. The Geneva Declaration: a reduction in armed violence for 2015 _____________ 162 3.4. The temperature of peace in 2008 _____ 94 2. The peace agreement in Burundi _________ 163 3. The Inclusive Political Dialogue in Central 4. Post-war peace-building _____________________ 96 African Republic _______________________ 164 4.1. Approach to Post-War Peace-Building ___ 97 4. Openness for peace in Colombia _________ 165 4.2. Initial response: development in 2008 __ 98 5. The consolidation of peace in Nepal ______ 166 4.3. United Nations Peace-building 6. The negotiations for reunifying Cyprus ____ 167 Commission ____________________________ 102 Index 5 7. The inclusion of Syria into the regional Annex V. Countries with flash appeal submitted peace picture ________________________ 168 through United Nations system in 2008______ 196 8. The application of the EU's Common Annex VI. EU’s Common Position Position on arms trade_________________ 169 on Equipment and Military Technology Exports ______________________________________ 197 9. The closure of Guantanamo as a turning point on the present Annex VII. Current arms embargoes imposed human rights crisis____________________ 170 by the United Nations, EU and OSCE ________ 200 10. Resolution 1820 on sexual violence Annex VIII. Resolutions and decisions as a weapon of war____________________ 171 issued by the United Nations Human Rights Council _______________________________ 201 Annex IX. Post-war Peace-building indicator _____ 206 Annexes Annex I. Country and indicators table and Bibliography_____________________________________ 211 definition of the indicators ___________________ 173 Thematic and country index _____________________ 217 Annex II. Multilateral peace missions ____________ 186 Escola de Cultura de Pau (School for a Culture Annex III. Donors’ response and CAP overview of Peace – UAB)_________________________________ 221 2008 ________________________________________ 194 Annex IV. Humanitarian Response Index 2008___ 195 6 Alert 2009 List of tables, boxes, graphs, figures and maps Table 1.0. Conflict overview 2008 ___________ 19 Figure 5.1. Development of a humanitarian crisis_______________________________ 105 Figure 1.1. Conflict dynamics__________________ 21 Map 5.1. Number of internally displaced Table 1.1. Summary of the armed conflicts persons in 2008 ___________________ 106 in 2008 ___________________________ 22 Graph 5.1. United Nations humanitarian Graph 1.1. Regional distribution of number appeals for 2009 ________________ 107 of armed conflicts _________________ 24 Box 5.1. Countries facing humanitarian Graph 1.2. Intensity of armed conflicts ________ 25 crises during 2008 ______________ 108 Table 1.2. Main multilateral missions Box 5.2. Radiography of outstanding during 2008 ___________________ 27 humanitarian crises in 2008 ______ 108 Box 1.1. The Georgian-Russian conflict and Box 5.3. The militarisation of IDP camps Russian motives to make war______ 41 in Sudan _______________________ 110 Box 1.2. Israel – Palestine: scenarios for Box 5.4. Cyclone Nargis: the opening of escaping a war economy __________ 44 “humanitarian dialogue” with the Burmese government ____________ 113 Table 2.1. Summary of tensions in 2008 _____ 47 Graph 5.2. Humanitarian funding overview ____ 116 Graph 2.1. Regional distribution of the number Box 5.5. HRI: an index to measure aid of tension scenarios______________ 52 effectiveness ____________________ 116 Box 2.1. China: one country, four systems?__ 67 Box 2.2. Kosovo, the uncertain precedent___ 74 Graph 6.1. Estimate of world military spending by regions (1998-2007) __________ 120 Table 6.1. Countries with a level of military Table 3.1. State of negotiations at the end expenditure exceeding the 4% of 2008 ___________________________ 80 of GDP _________________________ 121 Box 3.1. Main reasons for crisis in Table 6.2. Main arms exporters and importers negotiations_____________________ 80 in 2007 _______________________ 122 Figure 3.1. Mirrors for peace ________________ 86 Table 6.3. Countries and armed groups Figure 3.2. Negotiations with the Taliban in embargoed ____________________ 122 Afghanistan _____________________ 87 Table 6.4. Negative effects of illicit arms Figure 3.3. Peace process in The Philippines __ 90 trade on MDGs __________________ 124 Box 3.2. Ceasefire agreement reached Box 6.1. The role of private companies the 12 of August between Russia in reintegration in Colombia_______ 127 and Georgia_____________________ 93 Box 6.2. Diagnosis for the DDR programme Graph 3.1. The temperature of peace in 2007 in Côte d’Ivoire __________________ 128 and 2008 ______________________ 95 Box 7.1. What is the right to freedom Table 4.1. Ranking and Classification in of expression? ___________________ 133 the Failed States Index __________ 98 Box 7.2. The European directive on the Table 4.2. PCPB and Conflict Situations _____ 98 detention and expulsion of people Graph 4.1. Scope, duration and progress in irregular situations ____________ 134 of PCPB initial response __________ 99 Box 7.3. The UN Human Rights Committee Table 4.3. Countries in the PBC_____________ 103 and anti-terrorist measures in Europe_______________________ 136 List of tables, boxes, graphs, figures and maps 7 Table 7.1. Countries with serious human Box 8.3. Women’s participation in rights violations in 2008 _________ 138 the Constituent Assembly of Nepal________________________ 153 Box 7.4. The International Criminal Court and the inconsistencies of an Box 8.4. The importance of family and important historic landmark _______ 139 community environment on women’s reintegration processes ___________ 155 Box 7.5. Responsibilities for the genocide at Srebrenica ___________________ 141 Table 7.2. Truth Commissions and other commissions: