e

d:ds or $e UniEn 5bB- rMln b @ pE denb' aDUe eftod b sh3c 'eia6@dre sBl$ 3(B al

I c6pa'e lnd cod€s rhe doMc pc c s oJ aiy trhy rec loron and EisdhM, appod6 'd@d t Mdaidrysq 10, al irinlls dnd rcs6 Y€m.dy dt belan b bke dodi. pd.y F,io6t s!.6sfu t ded dr rhe rh@ ol mmun e 6 he p'eparcn for be eleod or 1963: Wd inrlraio in t'e !S CormlMr To $rrd dsl do

fte e8aqof s@mmed tutuioi in rhe da Ly wihd wbr'!a€, Nidk tru d be t\s ol US dizeE rdE @ egaq ord,e dom6ii. dridjc @d morc impclnr tBn s pola6 ol Ituman dnd lohnen: lss and a3 d€ cmembered 6 d,Is Cd seidr'AsPddsgR d ephn t6y Io y,lrd do b€ dre p.Lid6 ol 1n the r940s and l9t{s dE najoiry ol p€oph Liling *fr itr dodi. pejdenb uiirEd a be@, n dre uiited 5bE5 enjol€d an mp'@m4r n dre , rh* h6'oi mde $e sbr6 ph@? WBt e o, Sou d fiey doEl ftrdad ol iliru Sa wd unnDidred n US domn. e @ld he h nory H()w,, irb trs Fcpeiv d d nor lnclude al

' canada's domesti. policies: Dietenb.ker to clark

six nen ocdpied 24 susex Dnve, rhe ofir.ial reridence ol the cmadian prime nininer i. rhe cpnal city ol otawa, betuem l94t md 1979. ]|e LibeEl Pany dominaied, holdins powe. for 23 ol ihe r4 yea^ and was only our of oliie twie. Not 5urynsinslr lhey weE considercd ro be "lne Govemneni Pary" and had cone !o belicve !ha! whar was sood tor rhe riberal Panl was soo,l lor canada one Liberal F"Tnine nin$ e doninred eero. s :1 Lyor v".\er?ie Xing FiNrelededpnneDinisre!in'l 1922,Kinehcldofticeunrilr94s, virb.he cxceprion oi rhc period ler0-r5. Kin3s leadeship durDg rhe se.ond wodd wai was the nos sBnilicdt period oJ his .onnand. h 1919, he led canada into wai iela nvel y unprepared, andrnha snall mihaiy a an e.onony nil reelinS lron rh€ Dep.e$ion. By the end of the wa! over one nillion canadians had seped in de amed lorces our ora toral popula tion of 12 milli on Per capira wa. producdon i n both ihe indun.ial and agnohunl sedors equalled rhe lnned (ingd.m and wasahead olthe Uni.e'l Srales whcn $e warended, Canadians a leared a(rur. tolhelo4 dishonei daYsolrhe Dertsjon bur Kinghadphnn.dlortheendorthervarindefiedivelvrcabsnrh{l dc ler€rans, convcfted the ..ononY to I ca.crime p.odudion and ser lhe nase lor over Mo decrdes ol unprcc.dented e.ononi. soMFd'd q nq' -! '''lolo!,\ Ir br''. h\"o, '-nud 1 Dg d.y. .,'',. dJ. h"d "1as o no'ro^Fl l d l 'ero

(jng wrs ru.ceeded by Louis Sr' Lrurc.L who trlso ptuved to he i venGpatlcieaderata tine in which crnadabegrn to loosen ties wirh rhe unned Kinsdon and *rengrh.n its re ladonship nith thc United srarcs. se was al$ bjlinsual sr' Latrent hrd manv su..es.s td,drt.,rr rd4.,oo becane Canada: rorhpr.vince He convnt.cd Eisenhowerlo asree rolhest hw.c..c scawayprojccr' ajoinr canada usv€n'urc conpleredin 1959, drar allowed shiDs ro navilatc up dre sr' bwen.e tuver Itub rhccrstLrkes !o the A anLi.oce:..lb deet rhe threar of lons ranso soliet bombcs, dre nvo ntruo.s lgned a joi nr air delen ce arangcmcnr th at inteSra.ed the comma n d nrudures dlrhe us and canadian miliraaes, rhe Nonh Amcncan Acrospace Delense Conma.d (NoRAD) ahich requird rrc .oosrudion ofa radar line lDlw Line) a.ros nonhem canada None.hele$, sl. Lalrenrs riberals lon lhe clcdions in l957andhe refted as head ol rhe paty Hc *as rellaced bv a p.pnlist pol..ia., rhe consenariveJohn Dielenbaket wlro endcd thc cra or riberil lromon.oltherwopaniesrtheLiberalorco$cnariv.pan'es nicknaned ibe 6rib and rories respc.riveln Durins rhcrro*war penod thcre wa5 lir c djllcrenc betweenrhe platfods olrhe.vo panies. The-v undesrood rlr:r camdinns lvanted a s!.al welrare prosranr.d rullenploymeni Disrsreemens on poln) rcnded ro r..us on levcl olraxanon and nroces€s Honeve. dt appcar:n.e dl riid panieson the Folit.al(cne i.jeded rore se'i!us idcoLog'.:r rlrcrnaiives inro .he narional dcbte and elle.rivelv challclllcd dle domi'ran.e ol drc cnt andT!n.s rn dre r,r2os, prorcrlolitical pa appcaredin rlic dcs: rhe ftsuh oi regronal dnadva.tasesa ' ftprsenrarion-b y -P oPU la rion ele d€ heavily popularcd t.oYin.ts oiOuebecand onrarjo The non inporant ol rhcse Lmed in rerr rhecoo!.ranee c onmonwe alih redc ra lion (ccF) Thenore lcft lca.nrsccr ad'o.ared n:tionaliai.n olkey i unries and rlrt ..orion ola wellare synen In l9.l4 rhey lorncd the ptuvnr.nl Sovemnent D saskar.hc$an Thc.cxr yea. rhc ccFt popular and.apable lerd.4 rhonar c Douslas, ota MacKenzie Kingdciicd'cnrto tothe ccFas "LibenLio a hurt bnr he had ro lake tbenfiouny. To iavc oll the ihrar kom theleh lh. Liberals adopred rhc cCFt Pr.gr benehs olrher polllarity anong the elecromrc. rh.fir{ rvas rltc fam r sllowan.c prosran inmuted dunns rhc Lv.r raking rhc iind out oI dc ccF sails k€pt the Liberals in p.d.f ror tr de.adc alter ihe rvar. By rln ri.r Dierenbaker cane ro power il re57, rbe ccF had hern join.d bf rlr So.ial credit rafly thal aho had a Quebe. Eran.h. /. RdrL,tr"r arddir These third partieswould hold rbe balancc or t)owerin ruling ninoily goler.nent in rhe canadian domestic politics, 1957-79

Innedir r ely Iollowins rh e sa! cana diaN e xpe.tcd their gDvemnen6 lborh lederal and pturfcial) ro trovide solutions and diredion in re$l1nrg inr'ortam e.onotic and socialt'.blems Tbe Nrarh Relon (19.1r) ier tbe $aseloradopritSa xcynesian arrproach to rhe e.ononr_ .nd social wellare prclrans, .o'ab\ indudins a .ational hetrld in$trarce sclren-" several *.yblrcarcra. had peGo.ally nudied under xeues ar oxlod ind favorcd hh demand bas.d e.onomi. pdli.ies. h the pon war penod rh. t.dcral eovemnlenl ra. -cr.rn .oipora rranspon:tion, air tarei and radi oI rhc governmem in ihe €.o.omy rvas here b nay. c..ad. war a lirg( .ouDuy wirh a snallpopularion andbigsolermenr was viewcd as rhe be{ war ro ensuF Fg,oMl eqn:litv and prcm.rc e.ononi. dcvelop.renr and lull enployne.t unlike th€divnio. ol porves xi rh. federalsvnem ol the unir.d s6res, the najoiry al porver rvas ro rcside rnh rhe lederal Soverment During this period, the prordccs dcmanded more n ber'een ies. No lcvels ol s.vemn€nr woulddoninderhe Canadian poliri.al landscape DanioLany rrdu.d rarario. an'l connnuiional rclonn. Fcdcnl t r.vinci a L conleiences beca ne an impoftanr devi.e ro rc$lvc ni.kyisn'et. rn Canada, social wellare prograns were inplenemed 3radually over rhrcede.ades.ThereNasno-madenr Ca.ada"vcBio.oIltlman's iely rhe more cautiou s aPP roa.h

.oisensus and compronise rtrder rhan ra dical refom And n turnsd our, bl rhc mid le60s Canadians enjoyed a.radle to srave social welfaE nd lhar indudcd: fan jlr allolv,n.es (194t); uDem!rolmenl in5uran.€ (1940)j old.agc pcnsio.l192? Fvisedn 195r, and nrcorDoraring th€ canada rcnsion Pl:n lrom l96t)i and, no! significa.tlv (in.omparno. sjrh rhc us nodell, analional hcnhhcaE in5Dnn.€rlan 119651. n n consdered a natnenr ol lacr bt camdi3ns rhar Ine Us Rcvolurion o.ared nor one mrio nrrn:nd \vomen whowishedr! ftmin loyal ro the ritish cnwn AnLi-Us sdridcnr. based.n 3 ferr o, Us donDatioDareas canrdian as maplc syn'tand rhe renden.ies L cca.ic mor.prononncd as crnada noved awal lrcm rhe!I(andsrex closd r. rhcUnired star€s. canadians wotjedrh3l rhe narion\ dnrD.rivo culrural idenritywas beins engulledby rhe powedul US medD and was bc.o sD.cesive g.r€rmenc roo*.crion ro nem thetid€tbtuugl) inllenentins ftsuluions RquirinS ca.adian .onrent on Tv dd and brnksI!Us radio. noppin!rhe 'lcoIc adlan.odrF.ics i.rcre$s and ttuough provjdjt'g Sovemmenr gran6 ro prdndi.

A lunhcr cure lor sp.cial teamenr, by the r960s, was rhc hovcmcnr known in Otrebe.ar th€ Quier (or silent Revolution A d€w brc.d ot edu.arcd and entrcpren€u.ial Qu6l€.ois had eme4ed who demandcd rhat Qu€te. ti.given spe.ialsbtur and desened specia I teatnenr ' "M,'t? cr€ Ndd" (ma$c6 in .ur oM house), th.v aied rlre silenr RevolDrion btu ughr abou r sisnifi cnt .nanger and relorm s io th€ bala.ce.r power berwccn Q!6b€ orhcrprovinces. !utby thc larc r9 vdted aDebe.ro seccdc lror ca led by rhe bnlliani onror and former riberal cabinet nininor Rend Levcrque In 1976, L\€rcvcsqrc led "PanisQu6becoir"becanerhe provincial Bovemnem in Qucbc.. A darker developnent in ihr ct ol a rcrrcn$ sroup, r' Fronl rr libi nM ar Qrlb* \rhe Qvbe. Liberario. Front, or FLa). A terorn ell numbsing about r00memben, tr FLQ uscd violcnce ro Dmnote rheir nesage olndep.ndcnce Bonbins an amoury tnd mailboxes $cy injured a snall nunber ol people tnodober 1970, rhcFLO kid.appcd a Bnrish diplonat dd a Quebec Gbinei minincr lwhom $e y subscqu endy nurd€red) P ne Ministei tud€au inplehdrcd de war M.asures Ad to neet the threa.. Previously, th€ Ad had bcc. urd dun.3 .he liEt 3nd second world wab ro g've the coverment enersen.r powe6 hdeaut inplen.nration was the only iime lhc Ad nas hvokcd duing Dea.erime. In the Fos&ar era, rheprovin.es denandcd norc power a.d govemmenu ar nll l.vek played an ever adive rol. i. .hc daily lives pay for thesc ptugra'ns and derense eendingras dashed as govemnent pdornies dtlrcd kom guns to buter rlreeonony, dcspitea rew bunps,.onlinucd ns upward trcnd andavertrse household jncom€t nore than doublcd. rh. narion's p.pulalion exploded sirh 4 5 mi bnbnrhs lth.bat booncis) and I 5 nillionnew itmigtan$ (mainly Europern), ' l- I'o' "'0"'d'c o21 li by 1930. ft was 3 good rime' lor mon' canadiant. But, despite' high emptoynenr lcveh. disadnntase persined in manyaras ol rhe .ountry and rhc Firsi Nations (ind'Scnous) sere DeoDres rdMtosAh.'igini|pdPlsin narsiDalizcd and sesresared on Rlervarons. rhen .hildren rvde oBda omp'i* dE FdN2i@ or rorcdrorncnd church run residennal schook ro be .onvened into Peodq iidudinsd'.inndd chrinians clcansed orrheir aboiginal hedlage Forihe lirn F6r ntlt. rhe leN'1ndiatr'fld -t*ini: tine in ir hnrory,.qtr.li1y'nd lor allcanadians was abour io be.one a arcdte&y51€$ft?4uo yKd

Tfie <.n.di.n ryst€m ol Bdcnment

ol tbe monai.h ('heBntRh nonarch)are adninsrered bv an

he eoknned rhe ied{ar o o- G.nnal govemnenn is locared in o synem olsovendc., ! Frliamenrary demoaa.r lolo nsrhe uprene lar'n:kins Poweu in the narion. The provincas a.d a$ehblies rhar alro lolow a parliamenrarynodeL'.t Prlianent n bi.ansal, heanins i non pore uln rh.Bour ol con byporula.on rhe poliricl par.y d wins the noa seat in rhe souse ol comonr beomcs rhe r h $e canadian synem. rhe d€otive n nade up olrhc pdme ed nenbes ol the honse and dnedly r€sponsible ro rhc tsourc o

rhe conndenc. oI rhehouse o r, dF ob..so.,d in 1979 when the phm.'v ninnrer rsisned arts hk budSd w* dclca!.d on a vot€ ol no conlidence tum, seleds c'birer niniiets wb en6 and sovernnem lon' rne elecrorare. rherclorc. donor v ninisrer or rhe cabind. bur will know belorehtrnd who will be y wins enough !e4s ro rom

es "a sob.sccond look" ar legirlarion pased by rhe Ho!.e I Jd n ?rbA :'rdrl'd 'hd' hovin.iil lc8hlarulps arc unicdneral lone hour) compnsed olr .lea.d a$enblv based o. rhe sane parliahenrary pnnoprcJ ol r.iponibk rovemmenr a5 rhe lederar governrent ol1367, ni!ulacs rh. divtsion ol rnd rrovin.ial gov€mm€n6 as.onrained i. secrions erllederal) and e2lprovin.jal) poper. The sulirenc couir oi canad: ruks on jurisdidional di.Du'es b.tveen wrs added in t932 ro poled and delend ind,vidurland o F4re i! i\ r nl.\' r\e. mav hold orln. ror a maxinum ot live yean belore .alling d I rcasors, clc.ions ar. usually clled mor hequenrly. h Jome Qser 1as we will see in rhis '.r.un. .n cl.a..Lr najori'y'hcp ' in the Eour or commonr rhn $ (lcred r.

rnnem has tu3n dclcatd shonly airer ckins olli.e and has .alkd an eledion ro (.ure a m:jori'-vgov.ln cn' ,ohn c. Diefenbaker, 1957-65 John Dielenbaler be@me tbe lis 22 yea6 aiter a surpnsing vidory in t 1957eledions, deleamg sr. riurmfs Libei} and lomins a ninorny Soeemnent. Elen with a finorfty sovelmed, Diefenbaker seencd Io be dymnic and de.nrve, tukingchangesrhaiensuredhistoruh ywlbcanadians seor pe^o.al inone Ex and hised old age pension payou$ aI a rinr whrr un€bployment w:s low ed govemnentftvenuer wcrc high L$dins i. rhe polb and wi$ rhe ribenls holdiDg a leade^hip .onv.nrion t reFlace the rc nrcd s. ku ftnt, D ielenbaker clled an ele.don wnh dle dosm -Follow JohD" in r 9t3. Diefenbakels conserative Fafl-v won rhe larsen najonry in canadian bn rhe riberalr 3o! ,13 scars, mainly in Qucbec n appeared rhe ch ol Liberal doninda was over Dielenbaker lad a dear mdarc to bnng abou! neaninslul dra.3c aiier deGder oI Libdal govemnenr'

Thc new govmment began wih siglifitrr advankges indudins a huse najori.y and t€m€ndous hlent in .abiner rhar in.lud.d the trr' renale cabn.. ministe. Ellen raidongh, who lva lhe Minincr or Citizenship a.d hmisrarion. Di€Ienbaker adlo.ated a "Nonh.rn dream" ro open up lhe nonh b dselopnent seFronokd Rgional developmenL drar inchfed buildins dans n his narive saskat.hcLvan and Bilroad expdsjon in ihe hinre andr Hc \lanred b aned m 'h.k sedions ol de ounrry the Ljbenls hrd ,gnored or rorsoiten, narSinalird by &c Libc6l rocus on c€ntal canada, noiably Quebc. Ile advo@red "unh'"hcnar.d Can cniznshjp thar was no lo.sd English camdian oi lrcn.h Canadian b sibply canadian. This fcll on dcal ear in auebe. wheE t was Lrord rha. he did nor speak lr.nch r. Dierenbale/s .tdn, he offered voE6 a "nade in canada- vn$. ol llre luiur€ rhi.h lvas a 'li5tud\€ shift in iylc tron the ad ho. nanacc.sl approach oI the Libebls He otlered cdadjans a turur€ based on cqtraliry ro. all one oI lls SEaren a.hi€venent w.s cEntins L\e rrad.hac to rhe Firn Naions rn rhe end, howcvci he was unrbk 10 coNen ideology irto poli.y. r! $atedin.abmcL hc could not build a.onrcnsus Dielenbakei rhe pmine populisr could pieach but was unable .o lead rhe "Northcnl dJean" rvas impra.ri.al, unrenabte and too e&ensive to be realiii.

,ohn ceo€e oiefenbakq o3et-ite) roh 6eoEe Dietenbater wa5 born in onbio and Srew Pady sder on hi5 th d iry and up ii dre canad an p,aiie pmlinc of s6t khe;n, lormed a m aodq so€nmedr where h s fahe, was a bacher He anendd rhe Uil@ity ol s*k t hilai and erned d BA (r 9ls) andMA(lsr6) He joined dre amy aid sefred in hlnory brt $e€afie, rhLn3s reit En8land bero€ iovi ided home ii r9r7h rqrq hew6 h.d y tu Dielenbaker combadve @lled b dre bd add p,adced & edn d3 a repddoo .id {ubbo,n he al'enabd hs pd,'y, as a *Lwan deJen@ atuney oPpos i3 rhe deadr sen o,.iv eradb, rhe e dode and rhe lnired penalry He Bn ir the Ho6e of commons tour times sbr6. By r96J, he had bntrre elediod b L@ beken ls25and Ieao, and was fiialt e e&d in ihd Pea6ont Libeals n 1967 he wd ousled 6 yea. He ,miined a ntrber of rhe House udl hc conseBarive pany leader but sb]€d in dre Houe unrir death in 1979. rn 1955 he beome rhe constua!€ on Mar.h 2e, le5sinhis ftn sFeecha. Pin€ Minisrer to the House ol comonr Diefe.b:ker revealed hs vnio. ol rlre un-hFhenared

" t dn th? lst pd,n. ftitist t oJ thi: tourtry lf flathzr Enslkh ot Ftm.h orig sa I drt ddmiral b bnng abart d Cdnddidn titizmship thdt kn$ n. hJphatrt A .o,sid.ratia, I n rery rapwta b. ablctu sa! ntu n &? Hbutc aJ Conftons todar hf Fdnt we have ddbd oI Itrli.n, Duth, G.fltdh. kdrdltuian, chnt*c |ntl Uktainidt angih anrt the! arc dtl cdnd,liars "

For l])e no! }art, hema'nrain.d unh minor rinlieins. Hb sdv.rnmenr ]v,s ro.ked by scand:l and inlamord! bad de.itrons s.v.!alevent contnbnted signilicandv ro

rn l959,DicJ.nbakercancclledlh.^woAfow?rujed rhcAro' was r canadian designed rnd builr lighler i'rerceFror dosigned roned and d.fcar rhe rhrerolsovicr lronbeB Thelishrerwas .onsidered d,c b.n olns senertrmon bur $as nade obsolek l,y rhe adrenr ollo.g range n!clerr nissilcs. The .an.ellarion .on rhous:nds oi jobs and tre.ipibred an exodus oi tale.ted Feop( !othe unired srarcs rioin Canada! snnll buI hign\ developed a.rospa.e indunry. Th. unired srar€srrt$ured canada bac.epr aDri ato:ft misilcs ro rcfla.erhe Aro* Filry iixnissileswere defloredinnonhcdo.IarioandQDebe.,desisnedro.arrunudear rarhead' rendering thc nisriles vinuall! nsele$ Alterlhe cuban I{niile.nsis olodober l96l Prcsidenr lGnn€dy blaned Can3da lor lailing ro deplo) llnnl.s FJ r tr Iho 1"d"d'udear u, rl'1. disgun. Di.lenbak er app eared n1dcc6'vc on both isa'€s an']hr govemnem looked ruddene$. l the brlince otDavment a.d en.ou63e buism DicLnbakei c;;:dian dold b an rnlrcad ol e2 t us rhe d.valued rhe 'cn6 r-iberals dubbed n $c "Dielenbuc*" andmade n rhe elc'rion Bn'e i. 1962 Diefenb*crcould not 5ren rhe Liberal.ide Thc danase done, his najoriry vani5hed atrd h. iumbledback into orlke Fih ob.osirion, Dierenba*cr:nd his.abinct were suspnious orlre sen'r '.,1 en.n h.d.ovr', .^_o I rr'!l Pn r J | "lo or R" \c' r.cr " n 'l ib! dl eda'nr .fd ' 'c ' ' lovalg Diedbaker tri.d'nen !o golenr bv avoidirg consulbrion ltnh his burea'-ts. u. advd.ati'rs rh( RrjtEh *;i.; "na.hronini. ..nnedion ala dme whcn"pps*d rhe bonds ol enpirc weft slippins Et runl ba.*sround nade bim an ou$ider anonS rhe u ran 6hc\ 'l

Diefenbakerhrd a bad renper and b€ ona Desonallevel, 'onld vi.di;ivea.dta.anoid blaning rhe n.dia for h( hilutus whih \,!o1'ndu\_,ppcd-d J cverJll!' lo'h i! a' I ..o',..,q'"' ie d"b-r ",-'v (onlidcn'c' his ;iiorilv zovcnmenr ws dereared on a vore oI no -a,,r' roo ""i.'o DF ".""h"r' Pib" e, 1 rnd.'a' d o \_ J' dad'k ^ere ' '.' 'l' Libenk wcre retumed to P.*e. a'ldt,lrl Re\€arch and evaludl' Dielenbakpisdoresn( polr('F( n6 n an adirLry to be undenaletr belDE wd ig an e$av on rhe a(ss and iz rd or iohn D erenhler s poli. $. A. : €PteseNtr pdies, D implemenled a 5er es or po b ol c.iadJs efeobake, '?s .sistdre shrnknsaSrcuruE sdorol $.eq'nd'oiiadse nore €more, ionhan a'er w h Se €n ol $e consew.iive5 enjoved fie .rser pr amedarv maloitv n cdn'd ai htsiory, bd n rcftsPed#E hs poL.s efiedvel

ftidy eur@ rm the ddriws of rha Gnad !i Brcadoi ig co'Poor oi ps/i39/ C?pibl tun 5hmert h@//zrchi6d.a/sodeq/.nme!!t 'e/' G "1id!'Boo3s\F?

F6r Naloisvorng, htp//d.lr!?s.b.6/po G/rehs rrcedomt

Nshwar hhp//.rhlesclco/s.en.e ie.bnoosy/tdnspond,oi/

hip/dchles.b.c&en..-ttrhiolo8r/tdspondLon/dips/re00/ co.setoaNp \idDry htp /&rch ver.b.c/poltr S/ptme m n neB/

L bcry :nd Ad €s oi c.iad. hnp //msr.o ed Dn

Lest€r B. Pearson, l96f-54 Pca6on! donlenk Fl3ns lverc rignil,.anrh rnfluenced bI his ea y ca(.ras a ditlomar and soldier l dodcri.loliq as om.sire sides nal( canada a..unvard lookingnarion dra( n.utd Fntan endto Frovnful rnalricsrhar had so delined canida's natjonalpolntal .uhure Ar rlrc .orc ot hi5 d.mesrk co.sideratoN was rhe idea oi enablishnl!. fuo( polrile relar sher€ nu.h olns..ondmic a.d milibll no.k lay. ?ea.on-likc lris comempoDrli rrrsjdcnr JolrNo. inrea€nton ro ,hptuv. rhc liv.s ol :verase citizens. At the roor oI Pea6on! prosrans lear rh(pnD.jple ol"univeBahy" which m:ndared equal..cc$ r. solcmm.nr trograns ior all canadia.s, mon nobbiv edu. ion, lkllrrr did heal!b.are Dtri.3\k tivever in offi.erhe Liber.l Pany ncverenjoyed dno nr' p +cn l paflies hr nnlil.nicnr.d' a series ol policies ,: v.rable 1o canadians and.ont,bured Io hir lc8a.y a5 a srear naresnar

1|.cdiada !.ned states Autondive A8reoncnr, aLso kn.MA ir auro?3c', ofDe.ember ll, 196.1, wasalrecradc aSreement ,ar $rn,ircd dre lreemde ol autonobiles, litus and auro pats ado$ rhr t,ordcr. rh. a8reenrenr had noF hpa.r in canadaIhannr lhe Umed srrc rn tnns oljobs and helr,edredu.e Ihebalan.c oI paymenr inrqun) bdL!.cn dr r n l" d . dDpli.arion: d \c.o.d, tular.d' r .onsuner, tberebv n.Fasnrg .onniDpllon ft worked The Gnadian balance ol palncnb ni rlc alro i.dr{ry ollset a defi.ir balan.e ot paln€nb in o ,(r s( dr.rred. s:les incFased a crndaj auronobilc sedor jn.reased pral or r25,00o i'1 re73 s.urh€m _s,t-iea)

E!#";*.,--..*-" (1e44rs) %,Nd re i,.r fth d5red Hb rarbe, !d a Naiios NA d .oN.!ed\o\oldheht rng ffimnBo sd a cs

,. d.ir, r ( .F lErh. nb..i.i n:i!ecr.,:

ro.13rd. rh.:3rr6:.e or rh,.i rr.r Gi.oi!

Fr €.h oi rie aad.ris 1,.!le loi oLrr GP:rf ,rEpd.r !.u nla r:iJ U o'ainid.i Fo i3

or rh. + (r.hd q, i5 5.r), isaor.i

\

} ,/.;

3 62-t--?.*

lqF ! Dolgr (eidg or h. !Dp) h.:r5it r*a

social welfare protlans oi.. irrs.n.Lr nilirtrr rpendi i i!,.bd.Jri.sDms rlr:r wrrt, rail.$!i ..oni. one orrhese

Inird.d loin! kr {rd.nc relnk anooh The govdNtrr developed i*+ha r! .3rc.m.nr rvirh the Adrir:l ba.ks io *hi.h rhe lederal sovern loanrand sould underidie deraulied loans and i$o.iar.d.o{s The pmsFm .o{ to fie ledeol sovernnenr war .al.olarcd r. prov'de 6o% or rlre a$esed linan.ial need I. anaxinunLolsr65 d.llaE -- 3$e.kLrhnl ine nuden$ thc --tD-r responrbLl(y ol pbvincial loan nhcnes was 3n updare ol IIr. c..ada Pension Phn ii re65 E Anoihe.pbgram Far more conpthcnsile rha. itsF.cd3.cso4 i. imnr.vedthe exnrirs old ag€ pension plan and pernnrd tlrc rr.lntes to eyiblish dei. own pla.s $ith lederal supuln. nc.ognting lhat the djo.o ".F"..npd,.r-\, t" o-ii i b(d.fts nere expandcd and exrended. Tht prognm aho prescribed

The r966 Medicl care Ad pr.vlded univeBal health.are lorall lrrne ftp:a b:i F4 (&biuRI r5 canadians. while all l0 prori..cshad heahhcare pro8rams t, 1961, th€v $eE unequal. In addn,.nro en$ ns ba'cnrndads, ir ako:llowed rhe ledeEl sovernnent ro providc pmportionai€lv tuo qn.dian more rnnding o tlc poorerDrovin.cs. Dtspirc some prorens by de compa'c rhe frcdical .onnunny a dre deledion ol romt do.ron rorhe Unir.d Stares, rhe prolraD, althonsh.only, har provcd exntnely popular a lunher developnent was canada'r ra.nlly oten imm,Srarion policy B-v rbe 1e605. EuoDean ,mlriSiaIio. h:d dowcdand canadanon notably encouraged mni3ration rr.in c.nadian nationalistn Th. need lora dnrnrdtve canadian Ilag hadlc.o srmmerinl rid.c the r390sand, !!der Pear canadians. an increarin8ly vo.al lorce in tho.aroo, w3nted som.thing uniquely canadh. I vnaliryandautonomyasrh.ca.adianljnsignurplrisi?cd c.ronhl iies A l5 nenber conm t.e aDpoi.ied by P€a6or v.rred over 20,000 subm(sions belo.€ de.iding on rhe red naple lcalwirh I I poinis. Bur vete$nslron the se.ond world warobicdcd ro rlrc rerirenenr ol rhe Ensisn, as it ras a synbolol then Fani.ipanon Io r!-\F' Fd.'lr''d r'1^'l ^"id' ^ enthuian(ally' :c.epted by mo similarla Peason3 govemnenr pcFsrcdm tlre:p!rova!oI o canada" rs fio nanonal :nthen and -cod sav. tireQueen" rr the 6yal:nthen Borhhad beer rbede lado anlhems lor de.ades hn' -o rhis ensurd then ph.e as national rymbdls. canada be.amel bilinguaL anlh€n with Engli5h an PoEon led rwo minonry g.vemm€n6 uh rk l and broughr abour signili.anr dd larinB reloms thar su..eed.d rn hs goal ol equalrty Fd r' dbo ' "" L no'.o'e n \_ "." Jao...,i' h.ln Be. ". -pdJ.i' g:ined suppo( in aLebec. Pierre Elliot Trudeau, 1968-79, 1980-84 Fiere Elliot ludeau (rsr+2ooo) P erc E lior rrudeau wa. bon in Moiftal b a Qu6&rcE rarher and a modrer ol sofljsh leade. tr produd !l rl{ le60s, d6.enr His ldrher made a fonune dudn3 the who lound tcncrdous rpDon Depeson 'rrudea! Bnended rhe presiigious youry pcopLc; amons carada's co dge ledn.de.Bdbeur (a pNdre F€n.h lsu't dey ftspond€d ro him ina nhool), !\6e'e he was !tr ared sh rhe ldsr or vL.€al lashion dDr thc prsr auebe. nd on: sm The tumily roured Euope :nd .alled "Trud€au-mania" &housh Gnd& I'equenily i l9a0Ttudeaueilc,edlawihoo d hi5 opponenl d? conservarivc rhe Lrn re6 ry ol Monteal and lo ied rhe Gnad an otrc6 ta n ng co,ps leader Roben sranlield, hadmoR b oopodd o' pro.6idd'o o' d"n'lL1di \" 'B "o'o Llo'd r.. " o_ pe"d o vi o' Hd€d rr.tr- rt i1 ro!6 u,d-,e. rudhe, dudies d ibe E@ e dee 5c enc Po ir qdes in Pa'is and rhe olatoD: ran' wit, wll grin a.d london 9.hool or E.onomLG aod lae, baderken adGs Eurcp€ and rsia Po riclLy ad ve ea't asq he suppodeJ u n ont opposed drnanic peBoD ol Trnd€au. lbn ai rhe Unlof Natioiale and lhe epa,arGr ndemed, sbned a loumil 6ar suppoded new po @l idea! and d [c zed P@6on s go€mmed Ne dlnngJoe Clarrt thon lived rDined dre & ta.ulq d $e Un ve6v of Montea in rs6r and wd conseparire reTe SovemmenI 1 ededtotheHouseolcomfronsln 1965, dsum d3 die pon ot M n ier 301Trudeau rvas lnme nrinis.er ol.rut ce n 1957 and beme p'memiierreplaon3Pea6on,in Ior rberexr 16 yeas 11e63 34) a for r 6 yBE (erept for si\ Always a .onkv.ieal fi3uie, lre ,o. t o-9. {i' iea4 FFft' vosaq rldea ' 3 ' Ms eider lov.d or hd.dby had rh@ lont bur divo,.ed aid becme a' s 'n.drci8re paed in t977 canadians M.ny ol his policies b o"brP.d. n P poJl L dol. po' Lo' r"p.c"o. sovemnen6 wae mrlenented Il€ ontinned uninotun oI the amed lorces a.d lunher deaeased trooF levek. He er"mded social rvelJare prosrams and be.efits, addins b ensins prosans. He nade sovenmem and rjeded auebe. ene$] loliqr rsiled i. Quebe. t ror hk opposnio. r. rhe separalhrs and rr.gre$ive s.ci:l Dolicjes on rahng ofii.e, ludea('r Iiin najor domenn iniiarjve was !o a.hieve Perrlon! objedive oI mki4 canada ollidallybningual d birulrunl by ensunns $at all crnadians had a..es b bilngual

ing to the fore, inrartiftlarl.on ns ol canada Ar lirn Trudear re5isred rhe5e !re$ures :nd d..r a.d 3 !rengrhe.ed Indi:n A.r rhar re.o8.i7ed thei' historical risha as Fjrn NarionsSsi.cd momenn'm Using rhc c.uns to rhen advaDutc, rhcy won nran! land.lanns s.nlenr.na tlrar deiailed Trudcaut dcsirc ro srop vanous grorps fiom a(ainjng spcoal natr brforc lh. law Thcsr Ads lrovidcd a lrcc.dcnl and subscqu.nrly bla.k, ron€n and honrolexuals be.lbr x,crcasnrgly voGl. Tlr canadD!.ivil ishb movehem.ane olage and overdre n.xr rwo deGdes nino v group ight Iound supFon in th€ .umuiion as cana.la be.ame a nore in.llsive and toleram narion. ftdn ralre.hrn ro cclsir lror srlerilye3,5 b.dr n]$surenrnL rvere used); klonerer (!h..d rillonJbe.in,e lire6; a.d !2rds we't 'nnct is ld,d F(1.tr1:rh froi. .lde' cr.rdir.srvholoundrlrdrc iondirrnrllaidve,era.rs'oups d3imed tr a?s not rhit lhc bad lonlhr lor.lrhough rh. rLtlchdrse .eer lvas jm!lemented sradurlly \ev.nhclcs, L,y rlI. intrl le3u5

v minded rnd r dLhgunhed cimda ltu.r rh. Unircd sct' on..r the lclv.ounrns in ibe mnd n) have rdJi"rd rlrc okkrs1ncDl ot dnn.,.aentolent ln hrlnn r. ,, tod.rd rh. ri. rhe.onfrriOd ind h. held 3 m rhe ren prdvni.ial pr.n,ic^ ro 13 rhe pllkr ollederilrnd Dtuvin.nl Sovcnn.ns Jidbe rened to haveconsenru! bnr Qurb..'s p.cni.rBotrrir$^r iven conrol over 5o.ial pdl'.,v 1*clrar.. trnemplowrenl.etc.i withlederrLlundinslrdres( rl,r'raftri rhr i,c.1idg.nd.d wi @ded ii Dr4 srv6 rhe p,ime miii.kr relormlDdlo wair uor lrhe rer0s aid 6biid ne4en.y pm6 du 4

wrl rhc v oLt nr rm rhar Or':bE ii abse ol mimiv.iv n:91b. addnior ro rl,t nui,ds.ra 0:r 'h€ Quiba.or! PQ )-rrrc iFrrlisr a !fr'.1rh( au.b.. r.rbc.ahod Frodr..' FLi)lr1 rt6r Ahb.ughrhe FLa la.k.d,lre n,m.n ornon Q odidmore han thrnlood r! rlt Cilidia6I6dyrqz''ordig

collmhi, p'ine miiiftr Mads.e d dl carada"lL d ,h. r.d.ralgov.rnm Quiba.ois. d.pLorcd rlr vi.lcD.. ibo tao doron FLO d,(inb.n ihofmf:msm.ii|yin$!d'em 'r.n' '.FiL lnodober le70, rhc FLO.hinged r!..icr, rosibly h resr.nr tofic ,i ure olrh. PaniOraLJi.ois to w rsa bgkiL exprnrion .f th.tr owd QdpJir. o. odob.r 5. rhe! auebe.cit!rnddemindedss00.000nbullionandrh.rcl!iscor rrl:iled rla member rr i rrnson rb. sov.'nn.n1 r!1L6.LL a Ihe w (epla.€d by rhe h€'xsq nesoftre butdid rllowthe FLQ!n,arLt{io ro lrc rcidovcrpulrLL. uu.r Upsd tiy d,. gOvcllncnr's .erusrl ro .eeorile, (he FLQ knlnippcd Pictr. Lrpoir.. OreLrc. (maiiq au.b&ok) wfth sbpded r'o-0 i . ,0,d1 ordering rhe arn,v ro pfudlrln rF.6rnl *ov.mncor li n 'jldr.qs oftNa r.d nvoked the w.t Measures Ad (rer4l. rvhi.h nlspended ovilhbcn,cs.id ilkN.d !h.p.li.c (. j.ii.h iid.etre rdhour iri(anL rnllirtc! nrr..6 { rhnori r1fr.rl,dlrrri.r' Ie wirh.lr beir! .haEed wirh an ol{.nce or bei.s bloushr ro riat) Thereadei.rrhexeNDen.rtr,.rany 1ND!),ro,nmyrousu! vrc jr tras ljke.ra.kni! I Fernur rvirli a nrdschamnrerbrr ores-.hermjnSr! canidnns end.{.d rtrc pinr ni.ni./s i.oonr i,e tld MPdures Ad l!nrr ed rhousandsolriNlrontherubti. }ldrtuandnoura$aa8rc.iihar drvlvourd.o.rnn'e b retuse ro DcSoriarc wnh the FLo Le$rhan43l,outularerrheroli.ere..ivedananonv,nousuplhal redlheni rortrr tjLte$ body ot pier. LrFone yuff.d D rlrL kunk of r ttr1i rhc FLa adeir.tea' rbrr rlre nwi%l ot rhc ortrcr honase 12\ rnrircrl it rtre lovenn.enr . hd.a! ard Bouc$a sreadian and rubLi. olnon 'e'nained Folls show.d e0e; oI can3dians nipponcd the rrim. niiarL/spositio. For rhc ncrr rlnee monrbs rhe lidnipper av.idrd dft,.rion but in J.lsc.verd and ruturnded rhe es cr.s ativ. in rdun n,: planc r. cubtr.Torhis reque! rh. lovemme.r agrccd and live FLa mc'rl,€^rveft fl.lvn ro cLLa Thev evcntrDll-v rerurned to canrda Li5 d'eylveren.r madc r. leel $eL.onr b1 ridel canr. in clbi)and Jo(d rine in Fjr rh. unis {2s ,r h ghrfter nark oI rtr. rLQl complerel\ dncredil.dlNmonotr'ib!.o$, nnolonser bada rolorying rhe pani Quibi.on a,:5 rlic tor.r roberecroncd wrhin rham.nine n,pN. lor seFr:rnm

-lhe October C sit t97o

ne m.s.zne Mond3, odober 26 reTo

,non di,ri.ulr de.nion or his crrt-

a!.bf. Liberaro. Fr.nr rFrar, Ri o hish{anki.F oJftdlr and rhrdenhg b deok uends or roops royandsu in najor I rbc aDcbe.'n{:d sepan.n nrovenenr Fould Lc

noi. iorcc,urLr. Ar lr.r1cod. hc

rhe [a evidenif.rvTNdeaus m tnlylrgt}]reollttson"L$slhannv.day.Jlq

€ ,nn du adbec (F!Q js70

I^t Fti a, h udran.1/ ouib4 n aor a mesiah, nor a modem day Robjn Hood rr is a sroup oI Ouebec worken who hav peopl-a or au.be.Gke.onrorof fieir de*iny. fte rrom d. tibara on du ouabe. adrrdE unncd in a rrce 5ociety, puqed loreed! of

hav. nad. oufbec rheahunrins p

wor!{s oi oucbec shn bday ro bre b..k whar is youE hke roryou6ervswhat

L.cs o{ work. And ir you donr do n yous€tvet on will repla.e hrndlut ot.igr n.k.6 we nowk.ow,and cve.nhbs win b.lbe sadeasain. 'heonly you are abh robuild a lree

Lons riee lhe auebec fvoluhonl Lns \iye t. tuMl d? hb&qtian tl Qutb{

Etador:tehe,tomRobefrBouEse,PremiarorQuebecroftmeMininerrtudea!,odobsr16reTo

oI atrtbc. havc becn srtarly sho.k.d by rhe MonteaL and d. soi ol hn,gralion ol auebec as we]l a uli isued by rhe Fronr d. Libicrion du auibe.or on rs behan, ad finaly by all rhe cironnances runoundins rh$e ev.n6 diredly rtspondblc lor rhc adnininra onorn$i.e d aueb... de auebe. covemne.

Iorfiecovemme ol areb... I requen rhar

ho tho Aromey cenrtar ot alcb( owrh€ govern'ncm rh(ush violence and t.sr neans. a@ldins to rhe irlormarion we hav. aid which is available rc you {e are ta.ins a onaned efion b inrinida& and oventuow rhe sovrtnn.d rnd de

onpr.lcry rcjed pnnciple oI r 'he o e

I rhe nn,. ol a prodamaiion by n(i Maj.nr or und{ the rulhoily of Govemor '1,i m conn.il sh,rl [. .ondudv€ eviden.erEL lrodanrion n iJ d.dar(d LId the Ht

2 (r)rh! corsnDr m coln.il niv

srtat€r.en'int' bd.oI sorrc re

I sutjldr l,danaftr enum{ated, rhd n bsri 1a) .ensorhiD d,J an 'hccontol

rid dnoosinon ol pro!flry and or rhe u( dtcor

caie RFi. adiroi a

ILa Eowevei he {jll.o, su(r.d

or ,h. ross or rib{ry sufiered by anehe.

rpdnrudurt ol doninrio.. nrr rsin{r rr,( FLa -€ we d.Dlore thar recodKe o do so sas ihc *"P' d ,pd;n""s. ii t,. .-€d' *,nui"a ; d.p'o- rbd th. M M--'' A' t'- lt.av uca t '" '"tn " 'P'"''

mosc !udg. severe\ 3nd put dom 'o

1o dre iarion Odober 16' 1970' Fine M n ie. Itude.u! addre$

i#:f::: :i:i"i:*#'-* m';r *H{:*il$,:xh'; ;r j,:;q :.: u*':: l": i ;li :l :'Tij,:r :: ::.1'1, T : ::":' [*g*u*lt"*:*****q;ru' ;':J I;i:3;;;::r"";,". "' :::"':."-'1.:;:: ;:l::::11':i" ",.'" - "''"-- l{:iil ::rr1.r :;}-11 .."*';',: i 1 fi :; fi : ; i?' : :!l'":''-* i:'nr". ,u;'li::": "i,; ;:;; j"il:;":,i :".;; ::"':: r5#*i:xr:*i iili;.i: r--li:llr"x;;; I l

;:'#.i.; ; ;; ;;:,.;;;; ;. .'4.-". . r o D"'j"w-d ";l: :c'" ili.i:::#.:r' ;:J i,r ;;;"i""i i"i,,"- ''' ." .r-' ":a ::T;".'l;:: .;;: ; ;;i" ;i;;:; *'':tr::-:l"".- "''"t' " :::: i-*-:l_::.'ilgil"l hrgt/idlty tumnopols edu/'be aise/ eu@: bms of llre odob€' oisisr oue&' r6b'v ouebs-|lisry/doG/o@bsldderhh

ou.nion! Wrn rcie.en.e b dis eurc .s6 se( oi31( A!6ilis b A sliv dd die Itu@tr r . 4ft Dlle .nd m. ror : hitu€n bvrns b 6la dsi€ :nd unptrdenN :oor ourN. 'mid p€mme ,"i.sma t o,;' o rm "na+a" "o."u" c n{ d,e d@mci6 .nd /olr Bn rrbrds' b b $hd is drs mg98e ot $urc 3? do Yo! zs@ Mh dre Gnad and aPpft.hs 1o 'n and .onbn rne adde ffmmen&^haftd adio6 b dd rvt' 1l1e dts or [rbe, rsTo in rhe Pdn.e ol clebdr Trudeau s second tem h 1e72. rrDdeJn.all.d an cle.rion and tlrc r-,benls nanowly d.fearedtheconscrarives winnins l0es.ataeain{thenl07 To rcmain in po{e.}rdcau h3d to lorn a coalirion wnh drt NDP The .ledion resulG .onveyed the nesagc rlDt the sovcrnm.nl h:d ne3lededEnsEhcanadaand,iltheywantedr.navinpowcia norc balan.ed and evtn'haDded appoa.ir Io Sovemmenr w:r advanbge znd did.dage5 needed nw3s d€arronoe politicisnsthal il ctunses were nor nade, rhe next electi!. wolld non likely rcsuli in a coniedarve P asFed ro suppon Trudeau3 nc* lesnlaUle progran, wbi.l included inaeased spendins on so.ial prolrans and : prosresiv. p.ro.al in.one lax The new rax plan alsoinclldedco{ ol livxrg.rcm i.n5ioprote(low'n.ome bxpayeE kon rising inlkuo.. rhe eledion wasa ruminsponl lorTrudeau h.n$trcd hkcondol ol the ].jb€al Pairy shich gare h Sovemnenr poliq Anorher rum lor the better lorTiudcau was rhar Ouebe.was dena.ding Ie$ ol the lunelighu his adions i. nre o.robei cist seerid r. havebrouShl abortihe declineandd.mne oI rhe FLQ. Th€ pi.c oI oil was also a siSnili.anr Droblem h rh. eady re70s, de s'pply ol oil de.reared and .on se'ruen try thc pncc rapid\' indeascd. Thr governnrenr odered Ihe pn.es at lhe 8as punps robe kept below wond Dn.eFa polny thar made lhe riberali lnFoFular in lh(.il rroducing renern provincesbur ra. lben rhe n,ppon ol onraio. Ouebe. and de Adan.ic provin.€s Usinsrhispopulanryrohnadvanragein l974,Trudcau8:ve IarliamenrabudgerheknewthqwouLdrtject DelealedonaYote ol no .onlden.e $e riberals rerigncd and an ekdron nascalled hdeau 3lan won a najodry wnh lbc riheDls beins eleded i.

ening hnation a rcrnS unenrloyned udernined cllons ro efiedively plan and nanagc $r .conon, improve exisling prosrams or implderi new ones Canada was sullering ltum \agn economY was naS.anr and yer innadon kept ing in defiance oI the Itr{s oI Npply and denand. ro tru and uear rh€ problcn tudeau announ.ed wage and pft( .ontrols in ooobei t975 bli made n dearltur $is was a renporary lallialive 1o redlce 5one ol lhe cuft.r econ.m!.paDs Byle76.$econsewarivesbeld:subnandalleadov'rtheLiberih in de polh, and in Novenberol thar vear th. Parti Qn/h"on won lhe Tb. PQ3 etedLon sewed notie ro rhar Quebe.clecrion 'an:da relaratisn {as a cEdible alremarive lorQuebe. Arlhe sant!ne' arud.aui reDurarion ror being anosanr and disnnnve ro rh€ oprnio$ ard iss!.s o{ ErsLish c aradia ns could no! be iempe( d r he

when lhe Lib.G\' lile rear r. thelollr loo*ing ror a cbansc. conscrarive leaderJoe Clark did nor aprear at lisl 8lan.€ ro be nucb ddeared Ior rlr. fir$ tine in hveclcdiont His dme as Ieader oI rhe