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October October 1994 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 347 Thunberg Thunberg and the Netherlands ， Background and Influence Influence of His Travels D. D. O. WUNANDS Botanic Botanic Gardens ，Agricultural University P.O. P.O. Box 8010 ， 6700 ED W: ageningen ， the Netherlands The Swedish scholar Carl Peter Thunberg (1 743- tions of George Clifford he was employed at the 2 1828) 1828) was a pupil of Carl Linnaeus ，who was well 国 Hartekamp in Heemstede. Back in S weden Linnaeus known in the Netherlands. 1n the service ofthe VOC keptupco 汀 espondence with his Dutch friends such as (Verenigde (Verenigde Oost-1ndische Compagnie ，Dutch East Adriaan van Royen in Leiden and Johannes Burman 1ndia 1ndia Company) Thunberg spent seven ye 訂 s in the in Amsterdam. Burman' s son Nicolaas Laurens stud- Orien t. 1n 1778 he retumed to the Netherlands. Scien- ied with Linnaeus in Uppsala in 1760. Linnaeus was tific tific societies prospered in those 1n days.l 1752 ， the a member of the Zeeuwsch Genootschap van Hollandsche Hollandsche Maatschappij (Holland Society) was Weetenschappen (Zealand Society of Sciences). founded founded as the first learned society in the Low Coun- tries ， followed by many others in the last quarter ofthe Thunberg Eighteenth Eighteenth Century. They were usually amateur soci- After Thunberg had finished his studies in 1770 3 eties eties while the number of working societies of profes- with Linnaeus ，he 汀avelled to Paris. 1n Paris Thunberg sional sional scientists remained limited. 1n the second half worked mainly as a physician ，and there he made of of the Nineteenth Century most of the societies were contacts with the botanists in the Jardin du Roi ， such dissolved dissolved again. Only a few learned societies. have as Antoine de Jussieu and Andre Thouin. Mainly with survived survived until the present day. Thunberg became a the latter he was to maintain a co 汀 espondence. member of five Dutch societies. 1n this presentation On his way to France in October 1770 ， he visited the the connections between Thunberg and the Nether- Dutch botanists who received him cordially as a pupil lands lands are described with an analysis how far his of their friend Linnaeus. 1n Burman's collection he membership of these societies was influential for both identified many minerals ，insects and plants ， mainly par tI es. grasses and mosses. While ordering larger genera such such as Ix ia ， Erica and Aspalathus ，B urman told him Linnaeus that he would do his utmost to a打 ange a voyage to Linnaeus ， (l 707-1778)three-yearstayin theNeth- Surinam or to the Cape of Good Hope. After his half erlands erlands (1735-1738) was the start of his impressive ye 紅白 Paris ，Thunberg retumed to Amsterdam to- scientific scientific career. He took his doctor's degree in wards the end of 177 1. Burman had made 訂 range- Harderwijk Harderwijk and worked in the leading botanical centers ments for Thunberg to travel to South Africa and the of of those days ， the Botanical Gardens of Amsterdam Orient in the service of the Company as a surgeon. 1t and Leiden. As physician and curator of the collec- is true that the possibility of a voyage to J apan was 348 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号 平成 6 年 10 月 discussed ， but “an vero Japonensem Insulam 1774 in Madagascar. pervestigare pervestigare poteris ， nobis aeque incognitum est" Thunberg arrived in Java on the 18th of May and (whether (whether you will really be able to investigate the he left Java again on the 20th of June 1775. 9 In Java Island Island of Japan ，we too do not know). The Directors the voyage to Japan was prepared. The Councillor- of of the Company had to approve of such a joumey.4 Extraordinary oflndia ， J.C.M. Radermacher (1 741- The Hortus Botanicus of Amsterdam ，represented by 1783) ，was instrumental in this ， and certainly the Egbert Egbert de Vr 祉Temminck ， and the private g訂 den physician I. P. Hoffmann ，who looked after Th unberg' s owners owners Jean Deutz ， Jan van de Poll Pietersz. and financial interests in Batavia during his visit to Japan. David ten Hoven were to receive plant material from He sold J apanese goods such as a dinner -set that Th unberg and they were to pay for it. Also some Thunberg had shipped ， but ‘'This ye 紅， all J apanese Swedes such as Linnaeus ，Baeck ，Bergius and Montin wares are being sold in such abundance in public sales received received duplicates. In effect ，large sums of money that they have sunk to ridiculously low prices". were were sent regularly to Th unberg on behalf of the Hoffmann sent commercial articles for Thunberg to sponsors sponsors and the Hortus. 5 Back in the Netherlands Japan ，namely ‘unicom' ， that is grated hom of the Thunberg Thunberg received from Ten Hoven 128 golden duc- narwhal which was sold in Japan at great profit as an ats ats as- a bonus. The Burmans received a share in the aphrodisiac. collections collections as we 1l 6， but no payments by them are Thunberg arrived in Japan on the 13th of August known; possibly received they it in gratitude for good 1775. Initially he was confined to Dejima and could offices. offices. Their share was emphatically sep 訂 ate from only study plants in the sma l1 garden of the Company that that of the Hortus. All material was sent to the Hortus on that artificial island. He also purchased plants from 7 to to circumvent problems in clearing ; there each parcel Japanese interpreters who visited Dejima. Only on 30 was opened and its contents divided in the presence of Janu 訂 y 1776 did he obtain permission from the the the sponsors. Japanese govemorto botanize in the vicinity ofNaga- saki. 10 A second opportunity to collect around Naga- Thunberg's voyage saki occurred in late July 1776 ，when he obtained a Th unberg departed from Texel in December 1771 permit for three days 11. Thunberg had to pay exces- on the yessel ‘Schoonzicht'. He stayed in South sively for these permits: “By special favour of the Africa Africa from 16 Apri11772 unti12 March 1775. During Japanese Govemor ，1 was permitted to make several his his s吋oum he undertook three extended collecting excursions around N agasaki; when 1 say that for a trips. trips. His stay had a wearisome start. His visit had single day ， to collect plants with a big crowd of been been prepared from the N etherlands in consultation Japanese ，1 had to pay 16 or 18 “imperiales" with with Baron van Reede van Oudtshoom ， the intended [rijksdaalders ，rix-dollars] ，you certainly do not be- successor successor to Govemor Rijk Tulbagh ，who died on 11 lieve me ，when 1 say that during my stay of 15 months August 177 1. But Oudtshoom died already before in Japan ，1 had to pay 1000 imperiales ，you wi l1 Thunberg's Thunberg's arriva l. His successor Van Plettenberg 8 believe me even less".12 The main occasion for still still had to be convinced of the importance of Thunberg to collect plants was of course the joumey Thunberg's Thunberg's mission. Van Plettenberg proposed of the Dutch delegation to the court at Edo (Tokyo) ，4 Thunberg to make a voyage to Madagascar ， but March-29 June 1776 .B In the meantime the retum Thunberg Thunberg preferred to travel farther Eas t. In his place ships had sailed already for Batavia in October 1775 ， the the Swede Frantz Pehr 01denburg went ，who died in Thunberg sent mounted herbarium specimens with October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo 1. 69 No. 5 349 these these sh 恥 to N. L. Burman in Amsterdam as well as Thunberg stayed in Ceylon from 21 August 1777 some seeds for the Hortus Medicus and his “pa- until 5 February 1778. Thunberg collected in several trons".14 trons".14 In the spring of 1776 ，when Thunberg was areas of Ceylon. He had a special interest in the off off to Iedo ，a few Chinese junks left N agasaki for cultivation of cinnamon and in the minerals of the Batavia. Batavia. U sually the Chinese skippers would ca 町 y island ，on which he published. 18 His F lorula ceilanica letters letters and parcels addressed to the Dutch govemment was printed in 1825. at at Batavia. Probably Radermacher received his con- The second visit to South Africa was from 27 April signment signment of J apanese plants this way ，and through until 15 May 1778. Thunberg only had time to visit Radermacher ， Houttuyn. Thunberg used the next oc- some friends and made no further collection. casion casion to retum with Dutch ships to Batavia ，where he On 1 October 1778 ，Thunberg arrived in the Texe l. arrived arrived on 4 January 1777. 15 If a Chinese junk would Nicolaas Burman quickly sent him a wellcoming have have taken the Japanese herbarium of Houttuyn to letter and invited him to stay at his home “where we Batavia ，it could have been shipped with the retum w il1 live as brothers and spend the winter as pleasant fleet fleet of October-November 1776 that arrived in Hol- as possible". He visited his friends and sponsors ， and land land in May-June 1777. 16 In the other possibility ，that saw to his delight that several of his introductions Thunberg brought the herbarium with him to Batavia ， flourished in their gardens. he was just in time to send them with the last ships of In December and January ，Thunberg visited Eng- this this fleet that departed on 27 J anuary and aロived in land with letters of introduction to Banks from N.
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  • © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

    © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

    © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PLANTING A NEW WORLD: LETTERS AND LANGUAGES OF TRANSATLANTIC BOTANICAL EXCHANGE, 1733-1777 By STEPHANIE VOLMER A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Literatures in English written under the direction of Myra Jehlen and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planting a New World: Letters and Languages of Transatlantic Botanical Exchange, 1733-1777 by STEPHANIE VOLMER Dissertation Director: Myra Jehlen My dissertation describes an important change in the accepted understanding and imagination of nature. This change took place over the course of the eighteenth century, when nature, from being conceived of as a settled state subject to cyclical change, came to be seen as mobile and mutable. The sense of a mobile, mutable nature--the dissertation's central trope--arose from the experience of travel and discovery, which was accompanied from the first by a vigorous process of transplantation. Plants and seeds were carried across oceans, having been dug up on one continent to be replanted often in another. From being static and predictable, plant life therefore became, for scholars and poets alike, dynamic, mutable, and adaptable. I focus on the writings of a small group of men in the Anglo-American world, including John and William Bartram, Peter Collinson, Alexander Garden, John Ellis, and Carl Linnaeus, who were engaged in the work of transporting, planting, writing about, and classifying botanical objects.