Page 1 October 1994 Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 69 No. 5

Home , Carl Peter Thunberg, Johannes Burman, Massonia, Pollia (plant), Willem Hendrik de Vriese

October October 1994 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 347

Thunberg Thunberg and the Netherlands ， Background and Influence Influence of His Travels

D. D. O. WUNANDS

Botanic Botanic Gardens ，Agricultural University P.O. P.O. Box 8010 ， 6700 ED W: ageningen ， the Netherlands

The Swedish scholar Carl Peter Thunberg (1 743- tions of George Clifford he was employed at the 2 1828) 1828) was a pupil of Carl Linnaeus ，who was well 国 Hartekamp in Heemstede. Back in S weden Linnaeus known in the Netherlands. 1n the service ofthe VOC keptupco 汀 espondence with his Dutch friends such as (Verenigde (Verenigde Oost-1ndische Compagnie ，Dutch East Adriaan van Royen in Leiden and Johannes Burman

1ndia 1ndia Company) Thunberg spent seven ye 訂 s in the in Amsterdam. Burman' s son Nicolaas Laurens stud- Orien t. 1n 1778 he retumed to the Netherlands. Scien- ied with Linnaeus in Uppsala in 1760. Linnaeus was tific tific societies prospered in those 1n days.l 1752 ， the a member of the Zeeuwsch Genootschap van Hollandsche Hollandsche Maatschappij (Holland Society) was Weetenschappen (Zealand Society of Sciences). founded founded as the first learned society in the Low Coun- tries ， followed by many others in the last quarter ofthe Thunberg Eighteenth Eighteenth Century. They were usually amateur soci- After Thunberg had finished his studies in 1770 3 eties eties while the number of working societies of profes- with Linnaeus ，he 汀avelled to Paris. 1n Paris Thunberg sional sional scientists remained limited. 1n the second half worked mainly as a physician ，and there he made of of the Nineteenth Century most of the societies were contacts with the botanists in the Jardin du Roi ， such dissolved dissolved again. Only a few learned societies. have as Antoine de Jussieu and Andre Thouin. Mainly with survived survived until the present day. Thunberg became a the latter he was to maintain a co 汀 espondence. member of five Dutch societies. 1n this presentation On his way to France in October 1770 ， he visited the the connections between Thunberg and the Nether- Dutch botanists who received him cordially as a pupil lands lands are described with an analysis how far his of their friend Linnaeus. 1n Burman's collection he membership of these societies was influential for both identified many minerals ，insects and plants ， mainly par tI es. grasses and mosses. While ordering larger genera such such as Ix ia ， Erica and Aspalathus ，B urman told him

Linnaeus that he would do his utmost to a打 ange a voyage to Linnaeus ， (l 707-1778)three-yearstayin theNeth- Surinam or to the Cape of Good Hope. After his half erlands erlands (1735-1738) was the start of his impressive ye 紅白 Paris ，Thunberg retumed to Amsterdam to- scientific scientific career. He took his doctor's degree in wards the end of 177 1. Burman had made 訂 range- Harderwijk Harderwijk and worked in the leading botanical centers ments for Thunberg to travel to South Africa and the of of those days ， the Botanical Gardens of Amsterdam Orient in the service of the Company as a surgeon. 1t and Leiden. As physician and curator of the collec- is true that the possibility of a voyage to J apan was 348 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月 discussed ， but “an vero Japonensem Insulam 1774 in Madagascar. pervestigare pervestigare poteris ， nobis aeque incognitum est" Thunberg arrived in Java on the 18th of May and (whether (whether you will really be able to investigate the he left Java again on the 20th of June 1775. 9 In Java Island Island of Japan ，we too do not know). The Directors the voyage to Japan was prepared. The Councillor- of of the Company had to approve of such a joumey.4 Extraordinary oflndia ， J.C.M. Radermacher (1 741- The Hortus Botanicus of Amsterdam ，represented by 1783) ，was instrumental in this ， and certainly the

Egbert Egbert de Vr 祉Temminck ， and the private g訂 den physician I. P. Hoffmann ，who looked after Th unberg' s owners owners Jean Deutz ， Jan van de Poll Pietersz. and financial interests in Batavia during his visit to Japan. David ten Hoven were to receive plant material from He sold J apanese goods such as a dinner -set that Th unberg and they were to pay for it. Also some Thunberg had shipped ， but ‘'This ye 紅， all J apanese Swedes such as Linnaeus ，Baeck ，Bergius and Montin wares are being sold in such abundance in public sales received received duplicates. In effect ，large sums of money that they have sunk to ridiculously low prices". were were sent regularly to Th unberg on behalf of the Hoffmann sent commercial articles for Thunberg to sponsors sponsors and the Hortus. 5 Back in the Netherlands Japan ，namely ‘unicom' ， that is grated hom of the Thunberg Thunberg received from Ten Hoven 128 golden duc- narwhal which was sold in Japan at great profit as an ats ats as- a bonus. The Burmans received a share in the aphrodisiac. collections collections as we 1l 6， but no payments by them are Thunberg arrived in Japan on the 13th of August known; possibly received they it in gratitude for good 1775. Initially he was confined to Dejima and could

offices. offices. Their share was emphatically sep 訂 ate from only study plants in the sma l1 garden of the Company that that of the Hortus. All material was sent to the Hortus on that artificial island. He also purchased plants from 7 to to circumvent problems in clearing ; there each parcel Japanese interpreters who visited Dejima. Only on 30

was opened and its contents divided in the presence of Janu 訂 y 1776 did he obtain permission from the the the sponsors. Japanese govemorto botanize in the vicinity ofNaga- saki. 10 A second opportunity to collect around Naga- Thunberg's voyage saki occurred in late July 1776 ，when he obtained a

Th unberg departed from Texel in December 1771 permit for three days 11. Thunberg had to pay exces- on the yessel ‘Schoonzicht'. He stayed in South sively for these permits: “By special favour of the Africa Africa from 16 Apri11772 unti12 March 1775. During Japanese Govemor ，1 was permitted to make several his his s吋oum he undertook three extended collecting excursions around N agasaki; when 1 say that for a trips. trips. His stay had a wearisome start. His visit had single day ， to collect plants with a big crowd of been been prepared from the N etherlands in consultation Japanese ，1 had to pay 16 or 18 “imperiales" with with Baron van Reede van Oudtshoom ， the intended [rijksdaalders ，rix-dollars] ，you certainly do not be- successor successor to Govemor Rijk Tulbagh ，who died on 11 lieve me ，when 1 say that during my stay of 15 months August 177 1. But Oudtshoom died already before in Japan ，1 had to pay 1000 imperiales ，you wi l1 Thunberg's Thunberg's arriva l. His successor Van Plettenberg 8 believe me even less".12 The main occasion for still still had to be convinced of the importance of Thunberg to collect plants was of course the joumey Thunberg's Thunberg's mission. Van Plettenberg proposed of the Dutch delegation to the court at Edo (Tokyo) ，4 Thunberg to make a voyage to Madagascar ， but March-29 June 1776 .B In the meantime the retum Thunberg Thunberg preferred to travel farther Eas t. In his place ships had sailed already for Batavia in October 1775 ， the the Swede Frantz Pehr 01denburg went ，who died in Thunberg sent mounted herbarium specimens with October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo 1. 69 No. 5 349 these these sh 恥 to N. L. Burman in Amsterdam as well as Thunberg stayed in Ceylon from 21 August 1777 some seeds for the Hortus Medicus and his “pa- until 5 February 1778. Thunberg collected in several trons".14 trons".14 In the spring of 1776 ，when Thunberg was areas of Ceylon. He had a special interest in the off off to Iedo ，a few Chinese junks left N agasaki for cultivation of cinnamon and in the minerals of the

Batavia. Batavia. U sually the Chinese skippers would ca 町 y island ，on which he published. 18 His F lorula ceilanica letters letters and parcels addressed to the Dutch govemment was printed in 1825. at at Batavia. Probably Radermacher received his con- The second visit to South Africa was from 27 April signment signment of J apanese plants this way ，and through until 15 May 1778. Thunberg only had time to visit Radermacher ， Houttuyn. Thunberg used the next oc- some friends and made no further collection. casion casion to retum with Dutch ships to Batavia ，where he On 1 October 1778 ，Thunberg arrived in the Texe l. arrived arrived on 4 January 1777. 15 If a Chinese junk would Nicolaas Burman quickly sent him a wellcoming have have taken the Japanese herbarium of Houttuyn to letter and invited him to stay at his home “where we Batavia ，it could have been shipped with the retum w il1 live as brothers and spend the winter as pleasant fleet fleet of October-November 1776 that arrived in Hol- as possible". He visited his friends and sponsors ， and land land in May-June 1777. 16 In the other possibility ，that saw to his delight that several of his introductions Thunberg brought the herbarium with him to Batavia ， flourished in their gardens. he was just in time to send them with the last ships of In December and January ，Thunberg visited Eng- this this fleet that departed on 27 J anuary and aロived in land with letters of introduction to Banks from N. L. September September -October 1777. With these ships Thunberg Burman. In Banks' library ，he studied Kaempfer's sent sent his Japanese material to N. L. Burman in Amster- drawings of Japanese plants. Forster presented him dam. He announced the shipment in a letter dated 25 with duplicates from his voyage with Cook. January January 1777 ，two days before the ships sailed. The Thunberg arrived home in March 1779. His urge to consignment consignment consisted of: one box with mounted travel was exhausted and he would never leave Swe- herbarium herbarium specimens for Burman ， four small boxes den again. He accepted the professorship in Uppsala with with seeds for the Hortus and his patrons ， one box with that had much earlier been offered him with an oration living living trees ， shrubs and perennials for the Hortus and on the Japanese money system. The Swedish King the the patrons. On the 3rd of December 1776 ， he sailed donated to him part of the Royal Park ， the present away. away. There had been some that talk Thunberg was to Botanic Garden of Uppsala. stay stay longer in Japan. Hoffmann wrote on 16 June 1776: “My friend Mister Duurkoop ，who is soon to Thunberg's observations and collections depart depart as Chief ， has asked me to advise you to stay Thunberg did what may be expected from an another another year in J apan: would this not be profitable for Eighteenth Century biologist: he collected plants and you and useful for the Historia Naturalis?" Thunberg animals. His most important collections are preserved had other ideas and decided to retum despite pressure in Uppsala and in Stockholm. Outside Sweden ， from Duurkoop.17 Thunberg material is found as well ， his herbarium The second stay in J ava lasted from 4 J anuary until material in particul 紅白 amply distributed (H ，LINN ， 7 July ，when Th unberg had a better opportunity to BM ，G ，M ，L).19 Thunberg's diaries show his interest make a reconnaissance of the flora of Java. He col- in many other ， not strictly biological matters. His lected lected there with Radermacher and with Von Wurmb. treatise on J apanese money aroused much interest and His His Florulajavanica was published in 1825. it was soon translated into Dutch. 20 In J apan he also 350 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月 made meteorological observations ，which were pub- the Hortus. 22 The letter contains a proposal to estab- lished lished in the Proceedings of the Holland Society and lish a herbarium in the Hortus. The nucleus was to be later later in the French edition of his jouma l. 21 Thunberg formed by two herbaria discovered by De Vriese in used used a thermometer with a calibrated scale of 112 the Hortus ，stored in wooden boxes from Amboina. degrees degrees Fahrenheit ，made by the Amsterdam instru- Th ey contained a ‘Burman' herbarium from Ceylon ment maker Prins. The most important aspect was the and a Thunberg herbarium from the Cape and J apan. collecting collecting of living plants and seeds. For this he was De Vriese's request was received favourably in a paid paid by his sponsors. reply dated 21 May 1835. De Vriese received money Burman wrote Thunberg that he would oblige the to curate this herbarium ， the beginning of the institu- Hortus Hortus with living plants which are difficult to grow tional Herbarium of Amsterdam (AMD).23 In his from seed such as Geranium spinosum ， G. fla νum ， letter De Vriese mentioned that the Thunberg her- Mesembryanthemum ， Cactus andAloe. He also asked barium consisted of plants described in Thunberg' s for for bulbs and tuberous Pelargonium. The Commis- Flora's of Japan and the Cape ，and that Thunberg had sioners sioners of the Amsterdam Hortus emphatically de- annotated the specimens himself. De Vriese claimed

sired “ only plants ， bulbs and seeds that 紅 e very r紅 e that the herbarium in Uppsala contained only ‘frag- and and nothing else ぺasEgbert de Vrij Temminck worte ments' [the Uppsalaherbariumnowcontainsca28 ，000 on 20 August 1773 to Thunberg at the Cape. Other specimens] of Thunberg' s collections ， thus implying matters matters the Hortus did not wish to receive: “ the sent the importance of the Amsterdam set 戸 dry dry birds ，beetles etc. we willleave to the gentlemen Not all shipments from Th unberg arrived intac t. In Van de Poll ， ten Hoven ， Deutz and to both Professors 1776 during transhipment in Batavia part went over- Burman". This admonition did not have any effect board and the crates arrived in Amsterdam nearly because because on 23 November 1775 Temminck wrote empty. Wh en his home voyage was nearly completed again: “ Please do not send for the Hortus Medicus to Thunberg lost many of his living plants in a storm in the the Gentlemen Commissioners anything else but the English Channe l. plants ， bulbs and seeds ，we make a collection of Of only few plants it is certain that they arrived as nothing nothing else ， so also not of a dry herbarium". How- Thunberg' s introductions in the Hortus. Th ere are no ever ，Thunberg continued sending herbarium speci- lists of species sent so that we are entirely dependent mens which the Hortus did not want; his J apanese upon haphazard references. For instance ，a note on a herbarium herbarium was even retumed to him by the Hortus. herbarium sheet in Uppsala of Eucomis comosa reads N. L. Burman wrote him on 22 February 1780: “The “cul t. in H. Amstelodamensi e bulbo e Cap. allato per packet packet with Japanese plants has been taken in the Th." (grown in the Garden of Amsterdam from a bulb autumn from the Hortus to deliver i1 to you ，if there is sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Th unberg). among these or the Ceylonese anything in duplo ，1 Houttuyn described the same species on the basis of a remain ， as agreed ， highly recommended ， because 1 living plant in his own collection as Asphodelus can can get nothing from the Hortus what grieves me comosus 25 ， but he knew the plant from the Hortus as deeply". deeply". This seems to be in contradiction with the well. Th e flowers from the Amsterdam Hortus ，on the statement statement by Professor Willem Hendrik de Vriese basis of which Houttuyn described the genus (1806-1862) (1806-1862) who wrote on the first of April1835 to M assonia 26 ，originated from a plant sent by Thunberg. the the Commissioners that an important dry collection of With certainty Thunberg introduced Hydrangea Japanese Japanese and Cape plants ofThunberg was present in macrophylla as it is recorded in an annotated her- October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 351 barium barium sheet “e Japonia allatum coluit in H. Upsa l. Gorter (L) ，a few of them possibly represent Thunberg Th." Th." (brought from Japan ，Thunberg grew it in the introductions. 32

Garden of Uppsala) ， whether the Dutch received this Egbert Vη T Temminck (22 Dec. 170 6-- 27 June plant plant is not known. 27 The Jardin du Roi in Paris 1785) ，many times burgomaster of Amsterdam ，direc- received received living plants from Thunberg through his tor of the East and West lndia Companies ，was a connection connection withAndre Thouin. But these all 合ozeto commissioner of the Hortus Medicus from 1766 until death death in the winter of 1789-1790. 28 1784. He owned the country seat of 'Hout en Baan' in David ten Hoven (8 March 172 4-- 27 June 1787) ， Haarlem. was a merchant who held several offices in the gov- Thunberg honoured his patrons in several genera: emment of Amsterdam ，and a brother-in-law of Deutzia ，Hovenia and Pollia; Burmania L. 1753 al- Temminck. He desired from Thunberg mainly “ex- ready existed ，Temminckia was published by W.H. de otic otic trees to grow here for timber and ca 中 entry Vriese in 1851 for another Temminck. Burman re- wood". wood". In the dunes of Heemstede-Vogelenzang he ported in October 1784 “theAucuba and Cyc αswhich mainly mainly planted “Pinus ，Abies ，Cupressus ， Cedrus and we received from you in the Hortus are growing Juniperus" Juniperus" at his country-seat of ‘Woestduin'. On 6 perfectly though not flowering ， these remind me Nov. 1775 Ten Hoven wrote to Thunberg that from frequently of you ，it is a pity that the others did not the the bag with seeds that had been opened in the Hortus ， grow better".

118 118 species ， of which three species of “ Pinus" had Japanese and Cape introductions of Thunberg ar 目 already already germinated. rived in a commercial nursery too. The German bota- J an van de Poll Pietersz. (9 Sep t. 172 6-- 16 Aug. nist J aco b Friedrich Ehrhart visited the N ethe r1 ands in 1781) 1781) was another wealthy merchant in Amsterdam ， 1782 and saw them in the nursery of ‘Tulpenburg' of at at one time burgomaster of this city. He owned the the Utrecht nurseryman Zacharias Brake 1. 33 How- coun 仕y-seat of ‘Velseroog' at Velsen and desired ever ， the effective horticultural exploration of the hardy hardy flowering shrubs for ‘Velseroog' .29 flora of Japan was left to Franz Philipp von Siebold Jean Jean Deutz (9 Dec. 1743-29 Jan. 1784) was a (1 796-1866). Before Von Siebold sailed to Japan in solicitor solicitor who held many offices in the govemment of Dutch service he wrote to the grand old man Thunberg Amsterdam. He was a director of the Society of in 1822 ，who answered with a letter of good advice. Surinam. Surinam. He owned the country-seat of ‘Roos-en- The last active Dutch correspondent of Thunberg Beek' Beek' at Velsen. His wishes were “ dry plants and as was N. L. Burman (1782-1826) ， son of Thunberg's many seeds as possible". He required information on sponsor Professor Burman (1733-1793). Burman Jr.

“l' usage economique" and on In grasses. November opened the co 打 espondence on 22 Dec. 1820 with an 1773 ， seeds had arrived of Cycas c<< 伊αandRoyena of explanation the misery that had struck the Father- polyandra. 3o Eriocephalus and other species had al- land and the Burman family during French Rule ， ready ready started growing. Gardenia [=Thunbergia] had under which the family had been forced to sell their germinated germinated massively. splendid library and herbaria. 34 N ow that the situation In In March 1780 seeds from Japan arrived. In Octo- was improving ，Burman wished to resume study of ber ber of that year a Camellia shrub from Ceylon had botany. He was mainly interested in the genus Prote α flowered ， of which the Commissioner Six 31 thought and asked Thunberg for literature; the Dutch book- that that it was a new species. Some herbarium specimens sellers did not sell botanical works any more. Botani- from ‘Roos-en- Beek' 町 e found in the herbarium De cal research in the Netherlands was at a low; only of 352 植物研究雑誌第 69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月

Reinwardt Reinwardt there were high expectations for the future. Maarten Houttuyn In In zoology Temminck was active in Leiden ，Thunberg Houttuyn (172 0- 1798) was a physician in Amster- was in contact with him. Burman obviously had good dam. He was a very productive author. His main work ， 36 contacts contacts with Reinwardt ， because in 1820 he sent theNatuurlijke Historie ，is often erroneously at 紅ib- Thunberg seeds that Reinwardt had collected in Java. uted to Linnaeus ， although Linnaeus' work 37 forms Burman had a countη-seat at Nieuwersluis on the no more than the framework for Houttuyn' s encyclo- RiverVecht 戸Burman had good contacts in the Cape paedia. He described over 100 new species plant in his as as wel l. Through his nephew Neethling 加 d ‘anatural- book ， mainly from South Africa ，Java ， Japan and ist' ist' at the Cape ，he offered Thunberg: a quagga at 50 Ceylon. Those are precisely the 訂 easwhere 官mnberg rix-dollars ，a brown hyaena (‘ strandwolf') for 50 rd collected. All his new species from Japan ， and most and and a giraffe for 400 rd. The quagga was never fromJava a， ndCeylonhave been basedon 官mnberg's delivered. delivered. The animal possibly had already become collections 38 ， but not those from South Africa. too too rare ， or the ‘untrustworthy naturalis t' sold it to Houttuyn did not mention his source for Cape plants; someone else at a better price. The female last speci- he stated only that he bought them occasionally. As a men died on 12 August 1883 in the Artis Zoo and is possible source one could think of Jan Andries Auge preserved preserved in the Zoological Museum Amsterdam. (1711 -c a.1805) グa German who had been trained in Finally Finally Burman would have liked to have pub- botany in the Leiden Hortus under Boerhaave. Auge lished lished Thunberg's unpublished South African and became gardener of the Company's Garden of Japanese Japanese plant drawings ，where his father had failed. Capetown. He often accompanied botanical expedi- J.A. J.A. Schultes mentioned Thunberg's Icones ineditae tions of visiting botanists ，also the frrst one of Th unberg. in in his preface to his edition of the Flor α capensis Houttuyn received material from Java ， Japan and (1823: (1823: 26). In a letter of3 Oc t. 1825 ，Burman offered Ceylon through J. C. M. Radermacher in Java.

25 ducats and two handcoloured copies of the pub 回 From Radermacher himself ，_ Houttuyn received lished lished book for Thunberg' s unpublished Cape collections too. Among these was a box with tin-ores drawings. drawings. Thunberg must have agreed as Burman from Malacca ， which he described repeatedly.4o At acknowledged acknowledged their receipt and wrote that he would the auction of Houttuyn' s cabinets in 1789 41， Van dedicate dedicate the publication to the Uppsala Academy of Marum bought this box for Teylers Museum ，42 and it Sciences. Sciences. No such publication is known ， nor the is st i1l present in that collection. present present location of these drawings. Moreover ，he Th unberg publishedH outtuynia: “Nomen imposui offered offered to pay 100 Dutch guilders for 203 plates of huic generi in honorem Botanic. meri t. et Med. Doc-

Japanese Japanese plants ， in order to publish them. 官le letter tor Domini Houttuyn ，Hollandi".43 containing containing this offer of 17 June 1826 was the last one ， as as Burman died on 5 December of that year ， probably De Hollandsche Maatschappij of of chest complaints ，due to a neglected cough of der Weetenschappen which he had suffered for well over a year. These (The Holland Society of Sciences) Cape and Japanese collections have never been pub- Many of Thunberg' s Dutch connections were lished. lished. The collection of 305 unpublished Japanese members of this Society. Father and son Burman plant plant drawings in St Petersburg might include them. since 1773 ，Baron von Wurmb since 1779 ， Houttuyn and Andreas Bonn since 1780. The directors were

Deutz Deutz since 1778 加 d Radermacher since 1777; also October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 353 the the govemor of Ceylon ，Iman Willem Falck ，was Society]" and that he intended to nominate him as a director. 44 Jean Deutz proposed Thunberg as a mem- member of the Society for Advancement of Agricul- ber ， appointment following in 1781. 45 Meanwhile the ture in Amsterdam [founded in 1776] ，“ whichhasno first first contribution by Th unberg on his meteorological more than 23 honorable members" [later this number observations observations in J apan had been printed in the Proceed- would be fixed at 30]. In effect 46 46 ings. Initially it was the intention of J.P. Hoffmann Th umbe 町rg ， Lector Botanices in Uppsala" on 25 April in in Batavia to publish the article there ， but he refrained 1781 became an honorary member ， as well as the from doing so and permitted Thunberg to publish i t. 47 Harderw りk (l ater Utrecht) Professor Matthias van Deutz asked Thunberg for an article on palms ，which Geuns. Other members of this Society were Jean in in 1782 appeared in a Dutch translation by Houttuyn. Deutz ， Jan van de Poll Pietersz. ，Eduard Sandifort It It contains the valid publication of Cyc αs revoluta 勾 (Leiden ， the only Dutch member of the Academy of From 1794 ， Martinus van Marum (175 0- 1837) Sciences in Uppsala ，which was founded by Th unberg) was the secret 訂 y of this Society ， with whom Thunberg and David de Gorter (Zutphen). 9 conducted conducted a scientific co 町 espondence . There was the the usual exchange of publication. 5o Van Marum Het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der asked asked for them for the Holland Society and for Teylers Weetenschaapen Museum. Besides these ， the main exchange was of (The Zealand Society of Sciences) stuffed stuffed animals; Van Marum received the skin of a Houttuyn asked Thunberg ifhe cared for member- Rhea. Rhea. The private interests of Van Marum were ship of the Zealand Society. This was obviously the served served as well. He received seeds for his private case as Houttuyn 51 sent him the certificate. Earlier ， botanic botanic garden at ‘Plantlus t'. He was mainly inter- Thunberg' s teacher Carl Linnaeus had been a member ested ested in ‘Nordic' plants and received seeds from the of the Zealand Society from its foundation in 1769 ， as collections collections made by Erik Laxmann (1737-1796) in well as his Stockholm colleague and pupil Peter Jonas Mongolia and by Peter Simon Pallas (1747-1811) in Bergius (1730-1790). Thunberg did not publish in the Siberia. Siberia. Van Marum offered to send seeds from the Proceedings ， but Houttuyn edited a few annotated 53 53 Hortus Hortus of Harderwijk ，where Reinwardt was the Di- translations. 52 The letters from Secretary Van DOOi !1 rector. rector. Later on ， Reinwardt would become Director of to Thunberg contain nothing of importance. Van the the Natural History Cabinet of the King of Holland ， Doom wrote him that the Society expected not more

Louis Louis N apoleon ，at ‘ Welgelegen' in Haarlem. Van 合om its members than a contribution to the Proceed- Marum and Reinwardt were in close contact in mgs once every seven years. Haarlem. Haarlem. Both were involved in the foundation of the Royal Institute ， of which Thunberg would become a Het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten corresponding corresponding member. en Weetenschappen (The Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences) De Maatschappij ter Bevordering van This Society was founded in 1778 ，when Thunberg de Landbouw was no longer in Java. As President Radermacher was (The Society for Advancement of Agriculture) the leading figure ， but Frederik Baron von Wurmb

Deutz wrote in a letter of 9 October 1780 to played 如 important part as Secretary. The govemors Th unberg “ in the next general meeting 1 will have the of the Cape of Good Hope ，Van Plettenberg ，and of honour to propose you as a member [of the Holland Ceylon ，Falck ，were Directors. The physician J.P. 354 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月

Hoffmann reported to Thunberg by letter of 27 June On 17 November ，Radermacher sailed to. Holland 1778 1778 that the ‘Academic Society' in Batavia was with the vessel ‘Java' ， but he was murdered in a founded founded [24 April]. This was ，“ so to speak ，a daughter mutiny by the sailors in the Gulf of Bengal on 24 of of the Holland Society of Sciences".54 Thunberg December 1783. In a postdated letter ‘ー 1784 Gabo of became a corresponding member of the Society around Good Hope' ， he reported Thunberg to have conveyed 1790. 1790. On 25 July 1780 Radermacher sent him the first the presidency of the Society to Director-General two volumes of the Proceedings. Adriaan Moens ，who had promised to take care of Radermacher was highly interested in Natural Homsted t. In Batavia Homstedt lived in the house of History. History. He published aNaamlijst der planten. 55 For the Society on the Grote Rivier (donated by this this he solicited the help of Houttuyn in the insertion Radermacher) ，and by then he earned 30 rix-dollars a of of the new genera described since Linnaeus' most month. In March 1784 ，this was raised to 40 rix- recent recent wor k. Houttuyn himself found this problematic dollars ， and because of his merits to the Society ，he and consulted Thunberg. 56 Frederik von Wurmb was appointed a membe r. Notwithstanding this ，ap- mainly mainly specialized on palms. 57 Radermacher saw the parently it was not sufficient to withhold Homstedt Society Society as a means to achieve his programme. As from his departure in August 1785. He retumed via early early as 1778 the Society offered a prize ‘ For the France and Greifswald to Sweden. In Greifswald he description description of most medicinal plants ，fruits and roots ， defended a thesis on the edible plants of Java ，a su 吋ect in in use here by the natives ， confirmed with good proof; similar to that of the prize offered by the Society.58 in in order to prevent all uncertainties and harmful Also he published a few zoological contributions on effects'. effects'. In 1782 this prize was offered again ， but it the East Indies. His joumal was published posthu- was never explicitly contested for. On 1 September mously.59 1781 ，Radermacher asked Thunberg to send a botanist H.J. Lebeck (?-1800) ，anotherpupil ofThunberg ， to to serve the Society. This request was repeated on 10 worked for a short time in Java. He arrived in the December ，after Von Wurmb had died on 5 Decem- autumn of 1798 as a tradesman ， essayor and mint- ber. ber. The botanist for the Society would be appointed master. In his free time ， he was willing to do biologi- as as an under-master ， with good prospects for promo- cal research ， but he considered himself a novice and tion. tion. He would earn 200 golden ducats a ye 訂 and was afraid to describe already known species. He sent receive receive 100 golden ducats as travel allowance. On the shells ，hides ，insects and plants from the surroundings same day Radermacher instructed his solicitor Frans ofBatavia to Thunberg. About the Society ，he wrote de de Wilde ， bookkeeper of the Company in Amsterdam ， “Wiegerman left behind 800 ，000 rix::.dollars. This is to to assist and to pay the intended botanis t. On 1 his only merit ， because as President of a learned December 1782 ， he repeated his offer “ If Mister society he made himself no fame and it is during his Homsted comes to India ，I willlook after him ifhe will presidency that the Society here fell in complete commit himself to the Society." Claes Frederik decay. It seems unlikely that a second Radermacher Homstedt (1 758-1809) must have been on his way will emerge. ，， 60 Lεbeck died on 12 June 1800 in then ， because on 10 Jan. 1783 Homstedt wrote to Batavia. 61 Th unberg of his experiences at the Cape of Good The only biologist who has worked for some Hope. Hope. On the 2nd of August of that year ，Radermacher longer time for the Society was the American Thomas wrote wrote to Th unberg that Homstedt had been appointed Horsfield (1773-1859). In 1800 he visited J avafor the as as an assistant with a salary of 20 rix -dollars a month. first time ，he retumed in 1802 and from 1804 he was October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 355 assisted assisted by the Society that put a draughtsman at his the organisation of Thunberg' s voyage to the Orient ， disposa l. 62 In 1819 he left J ava for London ， where but the position of the Burmans and their connection from 1820 he was Keeper of the Museum of the East with the Dutch East India Company was decisive in India India Company. His manuscript (Checklist of trees this matte r. Thunberg contributed but little to the and and plants ，that grow in the surroundings of Batavia ， Proceedings and the collections of the Societies. The in in Latin after the Linnaean system and most of them main purpose of membership was mutual augmenta- with with their Malayan names ，6 March 1802) remained tion of status. Only the Batavia Society received unpublished unpublished because of the difficult situation during assistance from two of his pupils ，Homstedt and the the war with England. Lebeck. Thunberg's collections were of great impor- The botany ofI ndonesia only acquired a firm basis tance to the cabinet and the Natuurlijke Historie of again again with the arrival of Reinwardt in 1817. He Maarten Houttuyn. Several private gardens around founded founded the Botanic Garden of Buitenzorg (Bogor) Haarlem owed plant material to him ， such as ‘Plantlust' and and restored the Batavia Society. Franz Philipp von ofVanMarum. Thunberg'sco 町 espondence with Van Siebold Siebold became a member of the Society in 1822; he Marum probably originated through the Holland So- was to continue the work of Thunberg in Japan and ciety. Van Marum possibly arranged Thunberg' s develop develop it further. 63 From Reinwardt ， Thunberg re- membership of the Royal Institute. ceived ceived Java material through N. L. Burman Jr. Li nnaeus' scientific career owed much to his Dutch connections. connections. Thunberg' s career was set off by his Het Koninklijk Instituut van Weetenschappen opportunity to travel to the Orient in Dutch servICe. (The Royal Dutch Institute of Sciences) However ，after the French Rule ， the Netherlands had On 19 October 1809 64 ，Th unberg was appointed lost its leading position. In Thunberg' s later career co 町 esponding member of the Royal Institute ，that had they played only a minor part. been been founded on 4 May 1808 (the present Royal l. M 討nh 紅 dtW. W.1970. TotHeil van ‘tMenschdom. Culturele Dutch Academy of Sciences). 1t seems probable that genootschappen in Nederland ，175 0- 1815. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1988; 1988; R. W.P. Visser ， De Nederlandse geleerde genootschappen Reinwardt Reinwardt and particularly Van Marum ， both closely in in de achttiende eeuw ，Documentatieblad werkgroep 18e-eeuw involved involved in the Royal Institute ， have been instrumen- 7: 7-18. 2. 2. Wijnands O. D. and Heniger J. 1991. The origins of Clifford' s tal tal in this appointmen t. On 29 July 1813 ， Thunberg herbarium. herbarium. Bo t. J. Linn. Soc. 106: 129-146. was promoted to First Class associate member ， so that 3. In Paris ，Thunberg lived “chez monss Personnes ，maitre couteillier ， Rue St Jacques vis a vis l' Eglise de St Yves a Paris" he he could justly call himself a member of the Amster- (letter (letter to N. L. Burman ， 24 March 177 1). dam Academy on the title-page of Plantarum 4. N. L. Burman to Thunberg ， 30 May 177 1. Unless stated otherwise ，the cited coηespondence is from the University japonicarum japonicarum species novae (Uppsala ， 1824). How- Library Library Uppsala ，Manuscript Dep 紅 tment ，官 ref till Thunberg' . ever “From this man' s literary production ， the Class Part of the co 汀 espondence is published: D. O. Wijnands ， The did did not receive any special contributions' ザ5 coηespondence of Maarten Houttuyn to Carl Petter Thunberg. Proc. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch. 39: 77-95 ，1990. Among the Directors of the Chamber of Amsterdam were Conclusions Conclusions Thunberg's sponsors Temminck and Van de Pol l. An appointment ment of Thunberg not has been found in the VOC-archives. In Thunberg Thunberg kept contacts with many Dutch scien- autumn 1771 ，as many surgeons as possible were engaged in tists. tists. Most of them were members of one or more view of the many sick on the outgoing f1 ee t. Ill ustrative is the voyage voyage of Thunberg on the vessel ‘Schoonzicht'. Upon arrival learned learned societies. The contacts of Thunberg ，how- in Capetown on 16 April 1772 ，there were 105 dead and 35 sick ever ，originated mainly from personal connections. (ARA ，VOC 4269 ， Joumal of the Cape of Good Hope ，1 January-31 January-31 December 1772). ， Members of the Holland Society were instrumental in 5. Municipal archives Amsterdam ，Archiefvan de Commissie 356 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月 van Toezicht over de Hortus Botanicus PA 626 ，inv. no. 2. The and 18th Centuries. 2 vols. The Hague. 11: 50 0- 503. payments are: 17. Th unberg ，Voyages 2: 359. -Nov.I771: "Aandetweedemeesterop ‘t schip Schoonsigt 18. Thunberg C. P. 1784. Om on Ceilons Mineralier ock aodla na de Caap ， C.P. Thunberg volgens quitancie medegegeven om stenar. Kong l. Ve t. Acad. Nya H 佃 dl. 5: 70-81. voor de Hortus enige gewassen en saden te zenden ，f 100-0 ・0; 19. Stafleu F. A.叩 d Cowan R. S. 1986. Taxonomic literature. - Aug. 1773: "Aan Capitein Popta ，gaande na de Caap ， Reg. Veg.115: 30 6- 312. voorde voorde chirurg Tunberg sestig ducaten a f5 ふ 0，f315 ーか 0"; 20. Thunberg C. P. 1ntraodes-tal ，omde mynt-sorter … uti - Oc t. 1774: "Aan den chirurgijn en botanicus Tunberg aan kejsaredomet Japan. Stockholm: Johan Georg Lange ，25 Aug. de de Caap om een en andere rare saden aan de Hortus toe te 1779. zenden ，f 199-10-0"; Carl Pieter Thunberg ， Verhandelingen over de Japansche - 1776: "Aan de botanicus Thunberg na Batavia gesonden natie ， haare zeeden ， gebruiken munten.enhaare Uit het Sweedsch per per H. Elders met de Bovekerker Polder 50 ducaat a f 5-5-0 om vertaald. Amsterdam: J.H. Schneider ， 1780. (1V) + 32 + (1 tab ふ bollen bollen en saden voor de Hortus te besorgen ，f 262-10-0"; Schneider ，a bookseller in Amsterdam ，coηespond in 1779 with - 1776: "Aan de botanicus Thunberg na Batavia gesonden Th unberg on the publishing of this pape r. per per Swan en Swart om saden en planten voor de Hortus te 21. Thunberg ，Voyages 2: 105-118.

besorgen besorgen 50 ducaten af 5-5-0 ，f 262-10 四 0". 22. Letter of W.H. de Vriese to Commissioners ，1 April 1835. 6. 6. Wijnands D. O. 1987. The herbarium ofM. Houttuyn and its Ar chives of the Hortus Medicus ， Central Li brary of the Faculty relations relations to C.P. Thunberg and N. L. Burman. Abstracts X1V ofBiology ，Anna's Hoeve ，Amsterdam. 1ntern. 1ntern. Bo t. Cong. ， p. 444. 23. Th e Burman herbarium was identified as Burman' s Thesau- Thunberg' Thunberg' s herbarium specimens from the Cape of Good rus Zeylanicus herbarium by De Vriese ，by means ofthe names Hope were seen on 16 December 1772 at the house of the and illustrations in Burman's work. Th is herbarium was col- Burmans by the Swedish traveler Jacob Jonas Bjornstahl (J.J. lected by Paul Hermann on Ceylon (1 672-1680). At present ， Bjornstahls Bjornstahls reize door Europa en het oosten (5 vols; Utrechtf sets of Hermann' s collections are kept in the Rijksherbarium in Amsterdam 1778-1784) 5: 435 -4 36). Leiden ，Gotha ， the 1nstitut de France in Paris ，and the Natural 7. 7. As often as were brought to them “some seeds ，plants ，crops ， History Museum in London. insects ， or some other goods subject to decay and destined for 24. Wh at happened with the Burman and Thunberg herbaria the the pu blic gardens and cabinets ， of this city as of other cities and after 1835 ， remains obscure. No such herbaria are preserved in towns" ， the Chambers ofthe Company were authorised to give Amsterdam at presen t. De Vriese left Amsterdam in 1848 for clearance clearance instantly after due visitation. This procedure did only Leiden.1n 1849 he complained on the fate of important Dutch apply apply to public g紅 dens and cabinets and not to private goods of herbaria (Fl ora 34: 470. 185 1):“ das Herbarium de beiden this this nature (ARA ，VOC 181 ，Resolutions ofLords XVII ， April Burmann sei nach Paris gekommen; das von Thunberg sei 1772-April 1772-April 1773 ，d.d. 23 April 1772). spurlos verschwunden ，eben so das von Hermann ， das Li nne 8. 8. Joachim Baron van Plettenberg was Governor of the Cape zufallig bei einem Kaufman zu Kopenhagen fand; ebenso ging from 1774 until 1785. From the foundation onwards ，he was a es mit dem Herbarium von Boerhaave". is 1t su 中risingly that De Director Director of the Batavia Society. 1n the period 1771-1774 ，he V riese ，who curated Thunberg' s herbarium in 1835 ，had no idea was acting governor. 1n 1771 ， Rijk Tulbagh had died ，who had where it was in 1849. been Governor from 175 1. Tulbagh was highly interested in 25. Eucomis comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh. ， based on ASphodelus N atural History. He commissionedmany collections and shipped comosusHout t.， Na t. his t. II.12: 336 t. 83. 1780 (=Ornithogalum them to Europe. Linnaeus (Mantissa altera ，148 ， 223. 177 1) punctatum Th unb. ，Prod. 日. cap. 62. 1794; Eucomis punctata honoured him in the genus Tulbaghia (Liliaceae). Earlier ， L'Heri t.， Sert. ang l. 11 t.1 8. 1788). Heister Heister (Beschreibung eines neues Geschlechts 15. 1755) had 26. Massonia depressa Thunb. ex Hout t.， Na t. his t. II.12: 424 published published a genus Tulbaghia ，now a synonym of Agapanthus. t. 85 王l. 1780. This is the generitype of Massonia and not 9. 9. 1n November 1773 ，Deutz transferred to him the advice of Massonia latifolia L ムSupp l. 27 ， 183 (1 782) ， as listed inlndex Banks and Solander ，who had called there in 1770 ， to climb the Nominum Genericorum. “ Alps" of Java. 27. Li terature usually has it that Hydrangea macrophylla was 10. 10. ARA ， Archives Dutch Factory Japan ，inv. no. 186a ，Journal introduced in 1788 in England; this must be corrected to 1776 28.10.1775-22.1 1.1 776 ， fo l. 24. in Sweden. 11. 11. ARA ， Archives DutchFactory Japan ，inv. no. 186a ，Journal 28. Letter of Th ouin to Th unberg. Uppsala. 28.10.1775-22.1 1.1 776 ， fo l. 96. 29. This country-seat has given way to the construction of the 12. 12. Van Hall H. C. 1830. Epistolae ineditae Caroli Li nnae i. p. Noordzeekanaal (1 865-1875). 263. 263. Groningen. A map ofthe surroundings ofHaarlem with private gardens 13. 13. Van Hall ， pp. 35-5 1. For his itinerary see W.T. Stearn ，The is reproduced in D.O. Wijnands ， Clematis florida en C.P. name Li liumjaponicum as used by Houttuyn and Thunberg. The Thunberg. Dendroflora 24: 3-7. Lily Lily yearbook nr. 11: 101-108 (1 947). 30. Royena polyandra was published by the younger Linnaeus ， 14. 14. Van Hall ， pp. 259-262 ，letter of 15 October 1775. Supp l. 240. 1782. Thunberg used the name already in 1773. The

15. 15. Thunberg C. P. 1794. Voyages en Afrique et en Asie ， cu 汀 ent name is Eucl ω polyandr α(L .f.) E. Mey. principalement principalement au Japon ， pendant les annees 177 0- 1779.4 vols. 31. J. Six vanHillegom was aCommissioneroftheAmsterdam 11: 11: 158. Paris. Hortus. He had a plant collection. Erroneously ，he believed 16. 16. Bru 討n J. R. & a l. 1979. Dutch-Asiatic shipping in the 17th himself to be the first to flower a Camellia in Europe. A painting October October 1994 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 69 No. 5 357

of of Six with his Camellia is in the collection Six ，Amsterdam. Bataviaasch Genootschap 2: 84- 87. The French editor Langles 32. 32. Van Ooststroom S. J. 194 1. Th e herbarium of David de of Thunberg' s journal included the observations of 1779 after Gorter. Gorter. Nederlandsch Kru idkundig Ar chief 51: 252-274. those of Th unberg (Voyages 2: 119-123). 33. 33. J. Valckenier Suringar. Het bezoek van den botanicus Ehrhart 48. Thunberg C. P. 1782. Beschryving van twee nieuwe soorten aan aan ons land in 1782. Nederlandsch Kru idkundig Ar chief 36: van palmboomachtige gewassen. Verh. Hol l. Maatsch. 117-154.1927; 117-154.1927; Jaarboek van de Nederlandse Dendrologische Weetensch. Haarlem 20(2): 419 -4 34. Vereniging Vereniging 5: 91-104. 1927. See for Brakel: Kuylen ，J. ， 49. Th e correspondence of Thunberg with Secretary Van der Oldenburger-Ebbers Oldenburger-Ebbers C. S. and Wijnands D. O. 1983. Paradisus Aa ，Van Marum's predecessor ，was not on scientific subjects. Batavus. Batavus. 189-190. Wageningen. 50. The Li brary of Teylers Museum at Haarlem ，which now 34. 34. Bibliotheca burmanniana ， Leiden 1800. includes that of the Holland Society ，owns a few works by 35. 35. Nearbythecoun 佐y-seat ‘Rupelmonde' ofG.J. Beeldsnijder ， Thunberg: who owned an importantcollection ofCape plants. SeeP aradisus Flora japonica ， Leipzig 1784; Batavus Batavus 154-155. /cones plantarum japonicarum ，5 vols ， Uppsala 1794 ，1800 ， 36. 36. M. Houttuyn ，Natuurlijke Historie. 3 vols ，37 parts. Amster- 1801 ，1802 ， 1805; dam 1761-1785. On the basis of Th unberg's Japanese collec- Voyages en Afrique et en Asie ，principalement au Japon ，pel ト tions tions he published: M. Houttuyn ， Beschryving van eenige dant les annees 1770-/779.2 vols. Paris 1794; Japanse Japanse visschen ，and andere zeeschepzelen. Verh. Hol 1. A collection of dissertations defended in Uppsala ， under the Maatsch. Maatsch. Weetensch. Haarlem 20.2: 311-350. 1782. Houttuyn's professors Thunberg and Li nnaeus jr. letters letters to Th unberg were published by Wijnands ，The letters of None ofthese have annotations to prove that Thunberg sent Maarten Maarten Houttuyn to Carl Petter Thunberg (1 780 ー1790). Proc. them. Only volume 5 of the /cones ， has on the title-page ‘Dr Kon. Ned. Ak ad. Wetensch. 93: 77-95.1990. Marum' ，possibly in Thunberg's hand. Thunberg wrote in 1793 37. 37. C. Li nnaeus ， Systema vege ω bilium ed. 12 (1 764) ， ed. 13 that the /cones would be published in fascicles with 25 plates (1 774). Stockholm. each ， in reality there are 10 plates per installmen 1. 38. 38. Wijnands D. O. 1990. Correct author citation for the species Thunberg made use of Van Marum for distributing his described described on material collected by Th unberg in Japan. Th unbergia publications: “ In the same box 1 send you 6 copies of my 12: 12: 1-4 8. Prodromus Florae Capensis ， and 6 copies of my Ic ones plantarum W りnands D. O. and Heniger J. In prep. Houttuyn's herbarium japonicarum ，which 1 beg you to sell to Botanists at two guilders in in Geneva. Candollea. each" (20 Oc 1. 1795). The mentioned Prodromus is lacking in 39. 39. Karsten M. C. 195 1. The old Company's garden atthe Cape Teylers Library. Teylers' collection of dissertations includes and its Superintendents. Capetown. Auge arrived at the Cape in the ones mentioned in the coηespondence: Moraea ，Restio ，

1766 1766 as a solider on the vessel ‘Gouverneur 司 Generaal' (ARA ， Ficus ，Arbor toxicaria. VOC 11685 ， Generale Monsterroll777 ， vo 1. 2， fo 1. 16v-17). Letters ofThunberg to Van Marum are preserved in the Van Wijnands D. O. 1992. Burman's Prodromus Florae Capensis. Marum archives of the Holland Society ，d.d. 1793 ，20 Oct. 1795 ， Bot. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109: 485-502. 12 Feb; 1796 ，6 Dec. 1800 ， 13 July 1803 (this one and the 40. 40. Houttuyn M. 1785. Beschryving van de Malakse tin-erts en following in French) ，4 Sep 1. 1804 ，and 9 March 1805. derzelver derzelver mijnen. Verhandelingen Zeeuwsch Genootschap 11: The Manuscript Department of the University Li brary 383-389; 383-389; also 1785 Natuurlijke Historie III ，5: 13 ，.1. 42 fo 1. 2. Uppsala ，includes among the letters to Thunberg the following 1. 4 1. Houttuyn M. 1789. Catalogus van eene uitmuntende from Van Marum: 14 May 1792 ， 15 June 1795 ， 13 June [1796 ]， verzameling verzameling van plantgewassen. Amsterdam. n.d. ，25 お1ay 1798 ，1 June 1800 ，6 June 1803 ， June 1804 ， 15 Jan. 42. 42. Wiechman A. and Palm L. C. (Eds.) 1987. Martinus van 1805 ， July 1805 ， July 1806. See also Lefebvre E. and de Bruijn M 紅 um 175 0- 1837. p. 247. Haarlem. J. G. (Eds.) ， Martinus van Marum life and work (Leiden 1976) 43. 43. This name is conserved against H outtuynia Hout t.， Na t. his t. VI: 347-349. 11 ， 12: 448. 1780 (Ir idaceae). 5 1. See note 29.* 44. 44. Falck was Governor of Ceylon and Director of the Batavia 52. Aanmerkingen over de kaneel ，op Ceylon gemaakt ， door Society Society from its foundation. Deutz wrote a letter of introduction Cas. Petr. Thunberg; vertaald en met eenige aanteekeningen forThunberg forThunberg to Falck (23 Nov. 1773). Thunberg (Nova Genera vermeerderd. Verhandelingen Zeeuwsch Genootschap 12.1: Plantarum Plantarum 1: 17. 178 1) honoured Johan Peter Falck ，Professor 29 6- 312. 1786. After: Thunberg C. P. 1780. Anmarkingar vid in in St Petersburg ，with the African genus Falcki α Canelen; 副orde pao Ceylon. Kong l. Vetensk. Acad. N ya Hand l. (Convolvulaceae) ， see Wijnands and Meeuse 1990. The correct 1: 55-66 1. 5. Thunberg received some data for this article from orthography orthography and author citation of Falckia. Bothalia 20: 208. Governor Falck through Deutz. Falck grew cinnamon trees in 45. 45. The certificates of the Holland Society and of the Zealand his botanic garden and had published on this in Verhandelingen

Society Society are found in the collection ‘Di plomata' ofThunberg in V 加 de Hollandsche Maatschappij 15: 278-286 (1 774). the the University Li brary of Uppsala. 53. Van Doom to Thunberg ，Vlissingen ##. 46. 46. Th unberg C. P. 1780. Thermometrische waarneemingen ，in 54.H.A

J apan gedaan ， in the jaren 1775 en 1776. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. e叩n We引te 叩ns 民chap 仰pe 叩n i泊n the pe 町riod 白e 1η77 冗8 tωot 1816.

Weetensch. Weetensch. Haarlem 19(3): 123-137. Do ∞cu 削1mI江町汀me 捌n凶此It旬刷刷矧at “tieb 耐b削la “dw悶 er.比 kgro 侃ep 18e 司 e閃eu 附I即w4引1-4 止2:62- 一9卯O(υ19 仰7汚9町). 47. 47. Hoffmann to Th unberg ，from Batavia. Maybe Hoffmann 5臼5. J.C.M. Radermacher ， Naamlijst van planten ， die gevonden planned planned to publish them with the observations made in 1779 in worden op het eiland Java. Batavia 178 0- 1782. Japan ，and published these in the Verhandelingen van het Radermacher gave the following survey of plant genera: 358 植物研究雑誌第69 巻第5 号平成 6 年 10 月

Linnaeus Linnaeus 1350 See for Hornstedt: van Steenis- Kru semanM. J. 1950. Cyclopedia Houttuyn 19 of Collectors. Fl ora Malesiana 1: 242-243. Bunnan 7 59. 百le next visiting botanist who worked for the Society was Batavia Batavia Society 4 Francisco Norona (?-1787). Johan Hooyman (?-1789 ， since expected expected from Forskal 52 1764 Lutheran minister in reported Batavia) to Th unberg on 5 from Thunberg from the Cape 20 May 1786 from Batavia that Franciscus aN oronha 企omManila from Japan 75 had arrived ，“ unusually ski l1 ed in history natural ，above al1 in From Rumphius 80 more genera could be extracted and botany. He supervised the Museum of the Society. Collected from the Javanese plants another 74. On p. 73-88 Radennacher rarities fromJapan". Noronacollectedin 1786 and 1787 inJava. gave gave an interpretation of Rumphius' plants. He published in the Proceedings of the Society ， but his most See for Radennacher: der Kinderen T. H. ，Levensschets van important work ，a series of plant drawings ， remained unpub- Mr. Mr. J. C. M. Radennacher ，町 lage X. 1878. in: Het Bataviaasch lished (see C.G.G.J. van Steenis & M.J. van Steenis- Kru seman ， Genootschap Genootschap der Kunsten en Weetenschappen ，Gedenkboek 百le plates ofJ avanese plants ofFrancisco Norona with arevised 1778-1878 ，Batavia. evaluation of his new generic names. Essays in biohisto l)ん 56. 56. Houttuyn published his own version of the Li nnaean system Regnum Vegetabile71: 353-380. 1970.) AfteradisputeNorona

as as Systematische bladwijzer der planten in Natuurlijke historie left Java in 1787 加 d he died in Mauritius. III.5 III.5 [not paginated ， 164 pages from leaf Cc3] 1785. It followed 60. Letter of 15 April 1800 ，from Batavia. Jan Hendrik Murray's Murray's 13th edition ofSystema vegetabilium ，“ with addition Wiegerman was since 1789 Director and since 1794 President of of the newly described genera by Thunberg and others ，some- of the Society. times times amended and improved". This work has been generally 61. A pupil of Thunberg as is recorded in a letter d.d. 18-12- overlooked. overlooked. 1794 from Stockholm (in Gennan) ，undated ，congratulations 57. 57. Frederik von Wunnb ，#. with appointment as Professor in Uppsala. Other letters from 58. 58. Hornstedt ， Claes Frederik (1 758 Li nkoping - 1809 Hel- Lebeck to Thunberg show his itinerary:

sinki) sinki) 22 ・ 1-1795 ，Stockholm Pupil Pupil ofC.P. Thunberg ，dissertationNova genera plantarum 23-3-1796 ，Cape of Good Hope volume 1，24 Nov. 1781 ，where 制 nong others the genera 24-2-1797 ，Colombo Deutzia ，Hovenia ，Pollia ，Wurmbea and Radermachi αhave 10 ・1-1798 ，Calcutta been been published. 30 ふ 1798 ， Tranquebar Herbarium collection in UPS-THUNB and SBT. Collection in UPS-THUNB ， such as: Epinym: H ornstedtia A. J. Retzius ， Observ. Bot. 6: 18. 1791. Pteris nummularis Java ，Adianthum pedatum ，Polypodium Zingiberaceae. Zingiberaceae. lycopodioides ，Pleiopeltis thunbergiana. Publications: Publications: Lebeck was honoured in the genus Lebeckia Thunberg ，Nova Beskrifning Beskrifning pa en odla ， funnen och insaand Java. fran [led af Gen. 139. 1800. Papilionceae. Ve t. Socie t. i Batavia]. Kong l. Ve t. Acad. Nya Hand l. 6: 13 0- 62. Van Steenis-Kruseman M. J. 1950. Cyclopedia of Collec- 133.1785. 133.1785. tors. Fl ora Malesiana 1: 243-244. Fructus Fructus Javae esculenti eorumque usus. Greifswald 1786. 63. K. Vos ，Assignment Japan. Den Haag 1989. Beskrifning Beskrifning pa en ny orm fran Java. Kong l. Ve t. Acad. Nya 64. Card index of members of the K. N. A. W. ， kind communica- Hand l. 8: 30 6- 308 (1 787). tion from mrs. 1. van Klaveren. Trigla Trigla rubicunda ， en oken fisk fran Amboina. Kong l. Vet. 65. N ecrologies of Thunberg published by J. Teyssedre l' An ge Acad. Acad. Nya Hand l. 9: 49-51 (1 788). in Verslag van de openbare Vergadering der eerste klasse van Anteckninger Anteckninger under en resa till Ostindien ， aren 1782-1786. het Kon. Ned. Ins t. v. Wet. 1829: 18-19 and by H. C. Boon van Helsinki Helsinki 1888. der Mesch in Klasse 1 Verslag 1829: 10.