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A Heterozygous Deficiency in Protein Phosphatase Ppm1b Results in an Altered Ovulation Number in Mice

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A Heterozygous Deficiency in Protein Phosphatase Ppm1b Results in an Altered Ovulation Number in Mice MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 19: 5353-5360, 2019 A heterozygous deficiency in protein phosphatase Ppm1b results in an altered ovulation number in mice NAOKI ISHII1, TAKUJIRO HOMMA1, REN WATANABE2, NAOKO KIMURA2, MOTOKO OHNISHI3, TAKAYASU KOBAYASHI4 and JUNICHI FUJII1 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-9585; 2Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555; 3Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 87-8501; 4Center for Gene Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan Received October 5, 2018; Accepted April 16, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10194 Abstract. Ppm1b, a metal-dependent serine/threonine protein this leads to a partial depletion of matured follicles and a phosphatase, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of a variety of corresponding decrease in the number of ovulated oocytes. phosphorylated proteins. Ppm1b-/- mouse embryos die at the fertilized oocyte stage, whereas Ppm1b+/- mice with a C57BL/6 Introduction background exhibit no phenotypic abnormalities. Because the C57BL/6 strain produces a limited number of pups, in an Metal-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM), formerly attempt to produce Ppm1b-/- mice, congenic Ppm1b+/- mice referred to as a member of the protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) with an ICR background were established, which are more family, is one of two major serine/threonine protein phospha- fertile and gave birth to more pups. As a result, however, no tase families in eukaryotes (1). Ppm1a and Ppm1b, closely Ppm1b-/- offspring were obtained when pairs of Ppm1b+/- ICR related members of the PPM family with an amino acid mice were bred again. Ppm1b+/- male and female ICR mice identity of 75%, catalyze the dephosphorylation of a variety were analyzed from the viewpoint of fecundity. The Ppm1b of phosphorylated proteins that are involved in intracellular haploinsufficiency had no effect on testicular weight or the signaling and cellular responses but show distinct cellular number of sperm in male mice. Despite the fact that the levels localization (2-4). of Ppm1b protein in the ovaries of sexually mature Ppm1b+/- Ppm1a catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the p38 mice were decreased compared with those of Ppm1b+/+ mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK kinase mice, there appeared to be no significant difference in the (MKK) 4, MKK6 in the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) histological appearance of the ovaries, litter sizes or plasma cascade and Smad2/3 in the bone morhogenic protein (BMP) progesterone levels at the estrous stage. When superovulation signaling pathway (5-7), whereas Ppm1b dephosphorylates was induced by stimulation using a hormone treatment, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-activated kinase 1 number of ovulated oocytes were the same for Ppm1b+/- and (TAK1), a member of the stress-activated protein kinase Ppm1b+/+ mice at 4 weeks of age when the estrous cycle did (SAPK) cascade (8,9). Ppm1a and Ppm1b also dephosphory- not proceed, however, the number of ovulated oocytes was late IκB kinase, a protein kinase that is involved in the nuclear lower in sexually mature Ppm1b+/- mice at 11 weeks of age factor kappa κB (NFκB) pathway in cellular systems, and compared with Ppm1b+/+ mice in the first and the second appears to down-regulate or terminate cytokine-induced superovulation cycles. These collective results suggest that NFκB activation (10,11). A proteomic analysis has also shown follicle development is excessive in Ppm1b+/- mice, and that that TNFα enhances the interaction of 14-3-3ε with TAK1 and Ppm1b, suggesting that it is involved in cross talk with the MAPK signaling pathway (12). It therefore appears that Ppm1a and Ppm1b have both unique and redundant functions. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in Correspondence to: Professor Junichi Fujii, Department response to increased AMP concentrations and induces the of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, activation of metabolic pathways that generate ATP, while also Yamagata 990-9585, Japan repressing ATP consumption, and hence can be regarded as a E‑mail: [email protected] sensor for cellular energy status (13,14). Chida et al (15) reported that Ppm1a and Ppm1b dephosphorylate the alpha-subunit of Key words: female fertility, ovary, Ppm1b, protein phosphatase, AMPK in their N‑myristoylated forms. In addition, Ppm1b superovulation activates the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) via the dephosphorylation of Ser112 (16). Because PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor of 5354 ISHII et al: ROLES OF Ppm1b IN FEMALE REPRODUCTION the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates genes that are Assessing reproductive ability of female mice. The fertil- involved in differentiation, metabolism, and immunity (17), it izing ability of the Ppm1b+/+ and Ppm1b+/- female mice was is possible that Ppm1b might also be involved in the regulation examined under conventional breeding conditions. Individual of these metabolic processes. The association of Ppm1b with Ppm1b+/+ and Ppm1b+/- female mouse at 11 weeks old were glioma amplified sequence 41 (GAS41), a member of a protein cohabitated with a sexually mature Ppm1b+/+ male mouse and family that is characterized by the presence of an N‑terminal kept until childbirth. YEATS domain, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of Ser366 of p53, leading to a decrease in p53 levels (18). Because the Counting sperm numbers. The number of sperm cells in the hyperactivation of p53 causes accelerated senescence, the cauda epididymis was determined as described in a previous depletion of Ppm1b causes premature senescence, caused by study (26). The cauda epididymis was dissected from the mice, the sustained activation of p53 (19). Among the five distinct transferred to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and minced Ppm1b isoforms that are produced by the mouse (20-23), three into small pieces. After incubation for 15 min, the released are predominantly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes sperm were suspended in the incubation solution to obtain a and in more highly differentiated germ cells, suggesting that homogeneous mixture. Sperm numbers were counted under a they play a role in the spermatogenic process. The levels of light microscope. Ppm1b are increased during the course of the first wave of spermatogenesis in the neonatal male mouse (24). Immunoblot analyses. The mice were anesthetized by diethyl Ppm1b‑deficient mice with the C57BL/6 background have ether and then sacrificed by thoracotomy and exsanguination. been established by a gene-knockout technique (4). Fertilized Blood was mostly collected from the heart in the presence of Ppm1b-/- oocytes die without cleavage, but Ppm1b+/- mice ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Animals without reflex but develop normally and show no vast phenotypic abnormalities with beating heart were regarded as anaesthetized, and those in the first observation. Since these observations, a Ppm1b without heart beat were regarded as dead. Then, testes and gene-trap mouse line (Ppm1b+/d), which contains a retroviral ovary were dissected from the dead mice. After dissection, gene trap in the second intron of the Ppm1b locus, was devel- one testis and one ovary from an individual male and female oped and employed in studies concerning the Rip3-mediated mouse, respectively, were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored regulation of necroptosis (25). Homozygous gene-trap mice at -80˚C until used. After thawing on ice, the ovaries and testes (Ppm1bd/d) are viable and are born with a normal Mendelian were homogenized with a glass‑teflon homogenizer in lysis distribution. However, these mice express lower levels of the buffer, which contained 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM wild-type Ppm1b, which appears to support the viability of the NaCl, 1% (w/v) Nonidet P-40, 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycho- mice. late, and 0.1% (w/v) SDS, supplemented with a protease Because the expression of Ppm1b in germ cells implies inhibitor cocktail (P8340, Sigma‑Aldrich). After centrifuga- that the gene might play a role in reproduction, we attempted tion at 17,400 x g for 15 min at 4˚C, the protein content in to clarify this issue. We changed the genetic background of the supernatant was determined using a BCA protein assay Ppm1b+/- mice from the C57BL/6 strain to the ICR strain reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The proteins (20 µg/lane) because the latter strain is more fertile and produces more were separated on 12 or 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and pups. However, no Ppm1b-/- mice were born again, an obser- blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes vation that prompted us to examine the fertilizing ability of (GE Healthcare). The blots were blocked with 5% skim milk Ppm1b+/- mice from the viewpoints of histology and protein in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST), and levels. The findings indicate that the Ppm1b+/- ICR female mice were then incubated overnight with the primary antibodies showed impaired ovulation in response to hormonal stimuli, diluted in TBST containing 1% skim milk. The primary which is consistent with lower levels of the Ppm1b protein in antibodies (diluted 1:1,000) used were; Ppm1b (AF4396, the ovaries of these mice. R&D Systems), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
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