REPUBLIK ISLAM IRAN Studi Atas Theo-Demokrasi Pascarevolusi 1979-2005

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REPUBLIK ISLAM IRAN Studi Atas Theo-Demokrasi Pascarevolusi 1979-2005 REPUBLIK ISLAM IRAN Studi atas Theo-Demokrasi Pascarevolusi 1979-2005 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos.) Disusun Oleh: IRNANINGSIH NIM: 103033227788 PROGRAM STUDI PEMIKIRAN POLITIK ISLAM FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN FILSAFAT UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1429 H./2008 M. REPUBLIK ISLAM IRAN Studi atas Theo-Demokrasi Pascarevolusi 1979-2005 Skripsi Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos.) Oleh: Irnaningsih NIM: 103033227788 Di Bawah Bimbingan Drs. Agus Nugraha, MA NIP. 150 299478 PROGRAM STUDI PEMIKIRAN POLITIK ISLAM FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN FILSAFAT UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1429 H./2008 M. PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN Skripsi berjudul ”Republik Islam Iran, Studi atas Theo-Demokrasi Pascarevolusi 1979-2005” telah diujikan dalam sidang munaqasyah Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada hari kamis, tanggal 27 Maret 2008. Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos.) pada Program Studi Pemikiran Politik Islam. Jakarta, 27 Maret 2008 Sidang Munaqasyah Ketua Merangkap Anggota, Sekretaris Merangkap Anggota, Drs. Agus Darmaji, M.Fils. Dra. Wiwi Siti Sajaroh, MA. NIP. 150 262447 NIP. 150 270808 Anggota Penguji I Penguji II Nawiruddin, MA. Dr. Sirajuddin Aly, MA. NIP. 150 317965 NIP. 150 318684 Pembimbing Drs. Agus Nugraha, MA. NIP. 150 299478 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur yang tidak terhingga penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah swt, yang telah melimpahkan segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Salawat dan salam semoga senantiasa tercurah kepada Nabi Muhammad saw, segenap keluarganya dan para sahabatnya yang telah membawa umat kepada Islam. Selama proses penyusunan skripsi ini, tidak sedikit kesulitan dan hambatan yang dilalui penulis. Namun berkat doa dan motivasi serta kesungguhan, maka semua kesulitan dan hambatan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan baik. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya atas dukungan dan bimbingan berbagai pihak, baik secara moril maupun materil. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. M Amin Nurdin, MA. sebagai dekan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Bapak Drs. Agus Darmaji M.Fils. dan Ibu Dra. Wiwi Siti Sajaroh, M.Ag. selaku ketua dan sekretaris Program Studi Pemikiran Politik Islam Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Bapak Drs. Agus Nugraha, MA selaku Pembimbing Akademik yang telah memberikan nutrisi intelektual dan motivasi untuk segera menyelesaikan skripsi. 4. Bapak dan Ibu dosen di Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, yang telah banyak memberikan ilmu pengetahuan bagi penulis. 5. Kepala pimpinan dan staf perpustakaan utama UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, perpustakaan Ushuluddin dan Filafat, perpustakaan Iranian Corner, perpustakaan Syariah, perpustakaan utama dan Fakultas Ilmu Ekonomi dan Sosial Universitas Indonesia, perpustakaan CSIS, dan perpustakaan Islamic Culture Center (khususnya ka Fatimah) yang telah memberikan kemudahan bagi penulis dalam meminjam dan mengakses referensi. 6. Penghargaan yang tulus dan ikhlas kepada orang tua tercinta (I love u), dengan kesabarannya memberikan dukungan moril dan materil yang sangat berharga. Serta kakakku Wandy yang memotivasi agar cepat selesai dan adikku Isna (pemanis keluarga) yang membantu menerjemahkan artikel. 7. Teman-teman PPI A dan PPI B angkatan 2003; khususnya Lynda (akhirnya selesai juga); Khilda, Rizki, mba Muti (yang lulus terlebih dahulu); Baiti (semangat terus ya!) dan semuanya yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu per satu, telah membuat hidup jadi penuh warna dalam pemikiran politik Islam. 8. Terakhir tetapi yang utama, Adi Gunawan yang telah membelikan komputer untuk memudahkan penulis dalam membuat skripsi. Sekali lagi, thank’s your support and trust me. Penulis berdoa, semoga bantuan dari berbagai pihak tersebut diterima Allah swt sebagai amal saleh dan mendapat balasan dari-Nya, Amin. Bogor, 29 Februari 2008 Penulis DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR……………………………………………………..... i DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………….... iii TRANSLITERASI.......................................................................................... v BAB I PENDAHULUAN......................................................................... 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ………………………………........... 1 B. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah ...…………………......... 7 C. Tujuan dan Kegunaan Penelitian .………………………........... 7 D. Metode Penelitian ………………………………………......... 8 E. Studi Kepustakaan……………………………………............ 8 F. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................ 9 BAB II PENDEKATAN KONSEPTUAL TENTANG DEMOKRASI... 11 A. Makna dan Batasan Demokrasi …............................................. 11 B. Demokrasi dalam Perspektif Barat .…....................................... 15 C. Demokrasi dalam Perspektif Islam ..……………….................. 19 BAB III LEMBAGA-LEMBAGA NEGARA MENURUT KONSTITUSI REPUBLIK ISLAM IRAN........................................................... 28 A. Wil âyah al-Faqih ………………………………...................... 28 B. Leg islatif………………………………………….................... 35 C. Eks ekutif………………………………………….................... 37 D. Yu dikatif………………………………………………............ 40 BAB IV IMPLEMENTASI DEMOKRASI DI IRAN.............................. 43 A. Partisipasi Masyarakat …………………………………........... 44 B. Pemilihan Umum …………………………....………................ 49 C. Hak Wanita dan Minoritas ……………………………............. 56 D. Kebebasan pers………………………………………............. 61 BAB V PENUTUP...................................................................................... 65 Kesimpulan…………………………………….........…………..... 65 DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………..........………......... 67 LAMPIRAN PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI Arab Latin Arab Latin Arab Latin d = ض = ا al = ال t = ط b = ب z َ = a = ظ t = ت i = ِ ‘ = ع ts = ث gh ُ = u = غ j = ج f = ف h = ح q Vokal Panjang = ق kh = خ â = ــــﺎ k = ك d = د î = ـــﻲْ l = ل dz = ذ û = ــــﻮْ m = م r = ر n Diftong = ن z = ز aw = ــــَﻮ w = و s = س ay = ــــَﻲ h = هـ sy = ش ’ = ء y = ي s = ص BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Sebelum terjadinya revolusi Islam di Iran, ada empat dinasti besar yang berkuasa, yaitu Dinasti Safawi (1501-1750), Dinasti Zand (1750-1779), Dinasti Qajar (1785-1925), dan Dinasti Pahlevi (1925-1979). Dinasti Safawi merupakan peletak dasar bagi suatu negara Persia modern dengan salah satu rajanya yang termasyur yaitu Raja Ismail Safawi. Pada masa ini pula untuk pertama kalinya mazhab Syi’ah Itsna ‘Asyariyah (Syi’ah Duabelas Imam) menjadi dasar resmi negara. Kekuasaan dinasti ini berakhir pada 1722 dan digantikan dengan Dinasti Zand yang berakhir 1779. Kemudian digantikan lagi oleh Dinasti Qajar, dan terjadi revolusi konstitusional oleh aliansi para pedagang, ulama, dan intelektual yang menuntut dibentuknya suatu parlemen (majelis) untuk menghubungkan rakyat dengan raja. Dinasti Qajar ini pun runtuh pada 1925 yang disebabkan beberapa faktor seperti lemahnya pemerintahan pusat, terjadinya pemberontakan lokal, terjadinya Perang Dunia I dan menguatnya pengaruh Inggris di Iran. Setelah Dinasti Qajar runtuh berdirilah Dinasti Pahlevi, yang disinyalir merupakan rekayasa Amerika serikat dan Inggris. Reza Syah sebagai rajanya merebut kekuasaan dari perdana menteri pada waktu itu yaitu Zia ed-Din Tatabai. Pada 17 Desember 1941, Mohammad Reza Pahlevi (anak Reza Syah) naik tahta dan 1 menjadi shah Iran terakhir. 1 Riza M Sihbudi, Biografi Politik Imam Khomeini (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama dan ISMES, 1996), h. 4-8. 1 Hilangnya kekuasaan Reza Pahlevi karena kebijakan-kebijakan yang diambil olehnya seringkali mendapat kecaman dari masyarakat dan tokoh ulama Iran termasuk Khomeini (seorang ulama yang sangat populer dan berkharisma di Iran). Pada 1963-1964 Ayatullah Khomeini dan beberapa tokoh agama lainnya memimpin demonstrasi menentang kebijakan Revolusi Putih yang digulirkan oleh Reza Pahlevi. Awal kejatuhan Syah Pahlevi adalah ketika ayatullah Khomeini difitnah oleh Menteri Penerangan Darius Hamayan melalui surat kabar Ettla'at pada Januari 1978 yang menyatakan bahwa Khomeini dibayar oleh dinas rahasia Inggris untuk melawan Rezim Syah. Pernyataan tersebut menyulut demonstrasi besar-besaran di Teheran selama dua hari. Kemudian tanggal 8 September Syah memaklumatkan Undang-Undang Darurat perang selama 6 bulan yang ditentang oleh pihak oposisi dengan menewaskan 4000 orang. Keadaan Iran yang semakin memburuk memaksa Syah Pahlevi untuk meninggalkan Iran pada Januari 1979. Pada 1 Februari 1979 Khomeini kembali ke Iran dari tempat pembuangannya, Perancis.2 Kenyataan itu membuat ulama-ulama Iran dan generasi-generasi mudanya ingin merubah kearah masyarakat yang lebih baik, maka dibentuklah Republik Islam Iran berdasarkan referendum. Dari para pemilih, 98,2 % memilih Republik Islam.3 Menurut Michael Adams, pascarevolusi 1979, Iran secara bertahap mampu mengembangkan demokrasi, perubahan politik secara radikal yang terjadi pada tahun tersebut menandai berakhirnya sebuah rezim otoriter sekuler. Sedangkan menurut John L Esposito, demokrasi yang berkembang di Iran bukanlah berdasar 2 Imam Khomeini,” dalam John L Esposito, ed., Ensiklopedi Oxford, Vol.I (Bandung: Mizan, 2001), h. 340. 3 Humas Kedutaan Besar Republik Islam Iran di Jakarta, Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Islam Iran, h. 15. pada kedaulatan rakyat secara penuh, melainkan kedaulatan rakyat yang tunduk pada hukum Tuhan melalui fuqahâ
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