End of Spanish Rule Why It Matters Europeans had ruled the New World for centuries. In the late 1700s people in the Americas began to throw off European rule. The thirteen English colonies were first. The French colony of Haiti was next. Texas was one part of the grand story of the independence of the Spanish colonies. For the people living in Texas, though, the transition from Spanish province to a territory in the independent nation of Mexico was tremendously important. The Impact Today • Texas was the region of North America in which Spanish, French, English, and Native Americans met. • Contact among people encourages new ways of thinking. Later the number of groups in Texas increased as African and Asian people, as well as others from all over the world, brought their cultures. 1773 1760 ★ Spanish 1779 ★ Atascosito Road used for abandon East • Nacogdoches military purposes Texas missions founded 1760 1770 1780 1790 1763 1773 1789 • Treaty of Paris ended • Captain James Cook crossed • George Washington Seven Years’ War the Antarctic Circle became first president 1783 1793 • Great Britain and United • Eli Whitney States signed peace treaty invented the cotton gin 136 CHAPTER 6 End of Spanish Rule Summarizing Study Foldable Make this foldable and use it as a journal to help you record key facts about the time when Spain ruled Texas. Step 1 Stack four sheets of paper, one on top of the other. On the top sheet of paper, trace a large circle. Step 2 With the papers still stacked, cut out all four circles at the same time. Step 3 Staple the paper circles together at one point around the edge. This makes Staple a circular here. booklet. Step 4 Label the front cover as shown and take notes on the pages that open to the right. Texa s under Spanish Rule Although painted in 1849 after Texas became part of the United States, this image of San Antonio’s Main Plaza shows the influence Reading and Writing As you read about Spanish rule in Texas, write down main ideas of Spain and Mexico. in your foldable. 1819 1821 ★ Adams–Onís Treaty ★ Mexico gained TEXAS signed independence from Spain HISTORY 1800 1810 1820 Chapter Overview Visit the texans.glencoe.com Web site and click on Chapter 6—Chapter 1803 Overviews to preview chapter • United States bought information. Louisiana from France 1804 • Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France CHAPTER 6 End of Spanish Rule 137 Spanish Texas 1763–1819 Guide to Reading Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn Alliances among several countries Identifying Cause and Effect Write • how the balance of power changed changed the boundary and settlement an “effect” for each “cause.” between Spain and France. of Texas. •why Spain closed missions. Cause Effect •about the Louisiana Purchase. Key Terms Spain entered alliance Revolutionary War Section Theme filibuster Treaty of Paris Geography and History Changes in Purchase of Louisiana boundaries and land possession Territory changed Texas history. Preview of Events ✦1773 ✦1779 ✦1783 ✦1819 Three missions Town of American Revolution Adams–Onís close in East Nacogdoches ends in British defeat Treaty is signed Texas is founded Seventeen-year-old Peter Ellis Bean illegally entered Texas in 1800 to catch mustangs. Captured by Spanish soldiers, he became a prisoner, a Mexican soldier, and an Indian agent. He wrote of his capture: “In about six day’s journey we came to the Trinity River . In the vast prairie there was no wood, or any other fuel than buffalo-dung, which lay dry in great quantities . and we were forced to eat the flesh of wild horses.” Catching mustangs —Memoir of Peter Ellis Bean, 1816 Spain Acquires Louisiana Great Britain’s victory over France in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) suddenly changed the balance of power in the Americas. Under the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Great Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. Spain received New Orleans 138 CHAPTER 6 End of Spanish Rule and all French land west of the Mississippi. With In 1773, the new Spanish governor of Texas, Spain controlling Louisiana, the boundary the Barón de Ripperdá (reep•pehr•DAH), closed between Spanish and foreign territory became the three remaining missions in East Texas and the Mississippi River. France was no longer a ordered the 500 settlers in the area to move to San colonial power in North America. Spanish offi- Antonio. The East Texans did so, but reluctantly. cials questioned whether the East Texas missions San Antonio was hotter and drier than East Texas and presidios were still needed. and required irrigation for farming. The best land had already been taken by earlier settlers, leaving Spain Closes East Texas Missions the newcomers only rocky soil to farm. The Spanish government sent the Marqués de Rubí, a Spanish officer, to investigate the need for Nacogdoches Founded missions. After a more than 7,000-mile (11,263 The leader of the East Texans, Gil Ybarbo km) tour of New Spain, Rubí realized that there (HEEL ee•BAHR•boh), pleaded for permission was a great difference between what Spain for the families to return to their former homes. claimed and what it controlled. Spain had neither Governor de Ripperdá refused, but he did allow the wealth nor the power to defend its missions. some of them to settle along the Trinity River. In Rubí suggested that Spain abandon all its 1774 these East Texans settled near present-day missions in Texas except those at San Antonio Madisonville. They named their town Bucareli and Goliad (La Bahía). Then Spain could con- (boo•kah•RAY•lee) after a Spanish lieutenant centrate on forming alliances, or working agree- general and viceroy. ments, with the Comanches. Both would fight During the next four years, the colony did well. the Apaches. He also recommended that Then crop failure, a smallpox epidemic, and con- Spanish settlers in East Texas should move flict with the Comanches forced the colonists to closer to San Antonio for protection. Rubí also move. In early 1779, Ybarbo, without government called for a line of 15 forts stretching across approval, led the settlers back into the East Texas northern Mexico from near Laredo to the Gulf of timberlands. They built the town of Nacogdoches California. His plan was adopted in 1772. near the abandoned Mission Guadalupe. History Through Art Military Plaza of San Antonio by James D. Suilley, 1857 In 1773 Spain closed all the East Texas missions and ordered settlers to move to San Antonio. Compare this view of the San Antonio plaza to the one on page 137. What San Antonio ★ can you infer about the accuracy and reliability of the two images? 139 Nacogdoches was deep in the Piney Woods. In the 1790s, Spain stopped funding the Texas Some of its early settlers had once lived in missions. The Spanish government insisted that French Louisiana. Because they were isolated, the churches support themselves. In the govern- the French colonists in Texas developed a more ment’s view, the missions had already succeeded independent way of life. Spain had little control in transforming the mission-based Native Ameri- over what the settlers did. cans into “good citizens.” Explaining Why did the Spanish Spain Helps the American Colonists decide to abandon most of their missions in Texas? While the Spanish were wrestling with prob- lems in Texas, Americans east of the Mississippi Settlers Face Many Dangers River were fighting for independence from Spain tried to colonize Texas throughout the Great Britain. During the American Revolution, late 1700s, but conflict with Apaches and both France and Spain supported the colonists. Comanches interfered. Governor de Ripperdá Bernardo de Gálvez, the governor of Spanish- was anxious to make the province safe for held Louisiana, opened the port of New Orleans settlers but did not have the troops to do this. to American ships and supplied weapons, cloth- Spain was losing its hold on Texas, and by 1778, ing, money, and medical supplies to American many people agreed with Governor Domingo troops. Cabello when he said: When Spain entered the war against Great Britain in 1779, Gálvez raised an army of soldiers “There is not an instant by day or night from Spain, Mexico, and Cuba. He also recruited when reports do not arrive from all these African and Native American volunteers. The Spanish efforts kept New Orleans and the lower ranches of barbarities and disorders falling on Mississippi Valley out of British hands. us. Totally unprotected as we are, they will result After the American Revolution, British and in the absolute destruction and loss of this American leaders signed a peace treaty in 1783. province.” Great Britain recognized the United States as an Comparing Settlements in Texas at this time had small pop- ulations. Compare the population of each settlement in the chart below to your school population. Populations in Texas, 1783 Enslaved Settlement Men Women Boys Girls Males Females San Antonio 538 460 444 339 8 13 Goliad 268 213 101 85 1 – Nacogdoches 129 104 52 50 8 6 140 CHAPTER 6 End of Spanish Rule Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 120°W 110°W 100°W90°W80°W70°W 50°N CANADA Br. OREGON COUNTRY (Claimed by the British until 1846) M i Bo ss und i ary ss Set i by T MISSOURI p reaty p °N of 18 TERRITORY i 40 19 R . UPPER CALIFORNIA A rka nsas R. UNITED STATES 0 mi. 500 0 km 500 ARKANSAS Albers Equal-Area projection NEW Re ATLANTIC MEXICO d R.TERRITORY R OCEAN L io O G W °N SONORA r 30 a E n TEXAS LA.