OCTOBER 2011 TOOWOOMBA REGIONAL COUNCIL street tree masterplan

FINAL - ISSUE 07 The Toowoomba Regional Council (TRC) Street Tree Masterplan project is part of the TRC’s ‘Liveable Streetscapes and Neighbourhoods in Future Climates project funded by the Australian Government through the Water for the Future initiative.

This report has been funded by the Australian Government through the Water for the Future Initiative. It was prepared by RPS Australia East Pty Ltd on behalf of TRC who owns the copyright for this document.

The information contained in this document and produced by RPS Australia East Pty Ltd is solely for the purpose for which it has been prepared and RPS Australia East Pty Ltd accepts no duty of care to, nor any responsibility for any loss to any third party who may rely upon the content of this document.

Furthermore, TRC and all persons acting on their behalf in the preparation of this report, accept no liability for the accuracy of or inferences reached from the material contained in this publication, nor for any liability or loss that may result from a person’s or group’s interpretations, deductions or conclusions, having relied on the material contained in this report. TRC accepts no liability for any loss, damage or injury (including consequential loss, damage or injury) from any use of the information contained in this report.

Acknowledgements This Street Tree Masterplan (STMP) was prepared by RPS during 2011 for TRC in consultation with Council’s Steering Committee for the project which included: Nick Hauser, Manager, Parks and Recreation Services Alison Curtis, Senior Planner (Environment) - STMP Project Manager Robyn Pollock, Landscape Architect, Parks and Recreation Services James Duncan, Planner (Environment) Greg Smith, Regional Co-ordinator Traffi c management John Betts, Manager, Water Strategy and Co-ordination

Key Council Contacts Toowoomba Regional Council Parks and Recreation Services PO Box 3021 Toowoomba Q 4350 Australia Ph: 131 872

Document Issue

Version No. & Date Issue Name Purpose List of Revisions & date

19th April 2011 Preliminary Draft Issue 01 Internal review prior to internal stakeholder workshop18th May 2011 -

21st April 2011 Preliminary Draft Issue 02 Amendments to 01 and reissue

25- 30th May 2011 Draft Issue 01, 02,03 For review by TRC photos added; additional information on town masterplans

29th July 2011 Final Draft For review by TRC Issue 04 – amendments as per Steering Committee Steering Committee collated comments on Issue 03

23rd August 2011 Final Draft For public comment Issue 05- amendments as per Steering Committee comments on Issue 04

30th August 2011 Final Draft For public comment Issue 06 - amendments as per Steering Committee comments on Issue 05

26th October 2011 Final For Council use Issue 07 - fi nal amendments post public consultation period c o n t e n t s 63

50 Appendix A Project Methodology 52 Methodology 53 Project References A Tarran Appendices Queensland Appendix Jane Appendix B West Selection and Climate Change Tree Street Dr. Appendix C South Engagement Process Community Appendix D Area TRC Soils of the Appendix E TRC, - Considerations and Strategies for for Mapping List of Soils and lands Resource 62 62 Appendix F Glossary 63 Glossary F Appendix elds 25 elds 7.1 Street Tree Selection Process 17 17 Process 17 18 Criteria Masterplans Selection Conditions Selection 18 Tree Occurrence Town Soil Tree 18 7 Conditions Species Street and Selection Process Tree Existing Street Street 7.1 18 Local Recommendations 7.2 Existing 7.2.1 7.2.2 Species 7.2.3 7.2.4 19 19 Bowenville 7.3 21 Masterplan Locations Brookstead 7.4 Town - Area TRC Plan - Key Plains 20 Cabarlah 7.5 20 22 21 Cambooya 7.6 22 Cecil 7.7 Nest Clifton 7.8 Cooyar 18 23 23 7.9 Junction Crows 7.10 Goombungee 24 7.11 24 Gowrie 29 7.12 Greenmount West 7.13 Haden 7.14 25 Hampton 7.15 Meringandan 27 7.16 27 Jondaryan 28 7.17 High fi Kingsthorpe 7.18 and 30 Kulpi 7.19 28 Maclagan Tyson 7.20 Meringandan 29 7.21 30 Millmerran 7.22 31 Mount 32 7.23 Nobby 7.24 Oakey 7.25 Peranga 32 7.26 Pittsworth 34 7.27 34 40 Quinalow 35 7.28 Species Southbrook 7.29 37 Toowoomba 7.30 Westbrook Trial 37 7.31 39 Wyreema 7.32 38 Matrix Yarraman 7.33 tree 7.34 46 Tree 47 Turf Street 8 Paving 41 Weeds Street Species List in Tree Master Street Suggested in Declared Planting Planting 9 Tree and Standards Drawings Technical Tree 39 Service Regional Road Standards Locations as per New Street 60km/hr Clearance Envelopes Tree DTMR Street 42 Street 50km/hr Clearance Envelopes Tree DTMR Street 43 Planting to Medians and Roundabouts Trees Existing Around 44 Works Planting and Tree Street 45 49 48 6.7 and Services Damage to Footpaths Avoid Strategies to 16 re Risk 11 Risk re ts of Street Trees 5 Trees Street of ts 1 Executive Summary 2 Summary 7 5 7 Executive Masterplan? 1 Masterplan Overview 2 this 2.1 Bene fi 7 the 2.2 2.3 Masterplan use Tree Purpose of the Regional Street 2.4 7 Community Use Outcomes and Desired Objectives Key and Risk Management Public Safety will Masterplan 8 3 7 the to 3.1 Trees Masterplan Tree Responsibilities Using the Street Who 3.2 the and Council Planning Process Environment Policy of How 3.3 This Masterplan To and Strategies Related Other Policies Street 3.4 TRC 6 about 3.5 Role 8 10 Principles 3.5.1 and Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders 3.5.2 Provisos 9 Design 7 6 Design Design 3.5.4 Streetscapes 9 7 7 Streetscapes Urban 3.5.3 6 Urban Agencies Roles and Responsibilities Streetscape 4 Other Existing 4.1 New Sensitive 4.1.1 4.1.2 11 11 12 Water Trees Climate 7 4.2 11 Events Soils 4.3 4.1.3 Wider Community to the 11 Area Street 7 Trees of City Value and Removal Design Environmental Through Tree Crime Prevention Climate Local 5 9 TRC and 5.1 Toowoomba 11 11 Infrastructure 12 Green Affecting Factors Biophysical 5.2 Recent 5.2.1 Frost Change climate 5.2.2 Bush fi 13 5.2.3 13 13 Vegetation 13 Climate 5.2.4 13 10 Replacement Future 13 List Avenues 5.3 Guidelines other 5.3.1 Connections Species Tree 13 Connections Iconic 5.4 Replacement to Vegetation 5.4.1 Replacement 5.3.2 Vegetation 5.4.2 Trees Impact of Climate Change Issues on Street Potential Connections 5.4.3 Rural 5.5 12 Parkland 5.5.1 14 Opportunities 14 5.5.2 14 15 14 Responsibilities Alignment Streets 6 15 Trees Streets 6.1 Factors Built Infrastructure and Roles - Hierarchy, Networks Transport Transport Existing Road 14 6.2 15 Powerlines New Existing Networks 15 6.2.1 Streets New versus Existing Streets Services Active 6.2.2 under to 15 Services6.3 Service 6.4 Overhead 6.4.1 Trees Close 6.4.2 6.4.3 Works 6.5 6.6 – Pruning Envelopes Clearance Requirements Vehicle 14 15 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The key objectives of the Regional Street Tree Masterplan Project are to: The value of trees in the urban environment is widely recognised, not only for their aesthetic value but also for the contribution they provide for our • Provide a consistent and living Street Tree Masterplan that is easily pleasure, comfort and well being. Trees in urban environments provide a variety accessed and understood by a range of users with a planning horizon of benefi ts and play an important role in providing shade, reducing the urban of 40-50 years (to approximately 2060) that reinforces and enhances heat island effect, wind speeds, solar radiation, greenhouse gas emissions and the landscape character of TRC towns energy use, assist in air purifi cation, provide and improve habitat and human • Provide information that can assist in implementation, including the health, and encourage residents to be active outdoors. Also, through shading regulation of local laws of paved surfaces i.e. roads they can reduce heat fl uctuations and the resulting • Encourage and facilitate active transport in road reserves through maintenance requirements. Trees also increase property values, act as landmark increased shade and improved aesthetic amenity by implementing high features and give character and identity to the landscape. However trees also quality canopy plantings need space to grow and without this, can cause ongoing costs to Council from • Provide guidance to TRC, community, developers and linear their impacts on built infrastructure. infrastructure providers for urban tree management requirements as part of the Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme The TRC area is known for its iconic climate and its leafy tree lined streets • Advance TRC’s reputation as custodians and managers of street tree which provide amenity, attract tourism, and contribute towards local events. To assets for the TRC area into the future. maintain the current ‘Garden City’ image into the future, the multiple benefi ts and value of street trees needs to be recognised and prioritised. At minimum, the same value in streetscape decision making should be given to street trees as their built infrastructure counterparts. Successful street tree plantings or ‘Green Infrastructure’, (from both a community and council perspective) rely heavily on making the right conditions available. This will ensure long term street tree health and success amongst the competing pressures of both above and below-ground built infrastructure requirements. If designed for and maintained properly, these ‘competing’ elements can be successfully combined to provide both improved amenity and minimise maintenance for the communities they serve.

Street tree selection, planting and streetscape design must now also account for future climate change and the associated tree health impacts. Especially in a climate predicted to be hotter and drier in the TRC area, to achieve the maximum benefi t from street trees, they need to be viewed and funded as a key Council asset. To improve future street trees’ ability to cope with changed climatic conditions and deliver the benefi ts of street trees to the community over the long term, their design, implementation, maintenance and monitoring needs to be prioritised.

This Street Tree Masterplan provides guidance for the selection of street trees in a wide range of towns throughout the Toowoomba Regional Council area. The recommendations provided are based on knowledge of street trees and urban design principles, taking into account particular aspects of the Toowoomba Region. These aspects include biophysical factors that affect trees, both currently and in the future, as well as built infrastructure factors that affect trees, such as road and service networks. The street tree selection process is outlined, including descriptions of the criteria used during this process, and species recommendations are given for each town. A Master Street Tree Species List and Street Tree Matrix are provided, as are relevant technical drawings and standards related to street trees.

4 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan By building on the historic foundation of its iconic tree lined streets, the Toowoomba Regional Council aims to maintain and enhance a healthy and climate resilient street tree population across the TRC area for the next fi fty years and beyond......

2. OVERVIEW 2.1 Benefi ts of Street Trees

For the purpose of this Street Tree Masterplan, street trees have been defi ned The value of trees in the urban environment is widely recognised, not only as deliberate plantings in a road reserve within an urban environment. Street for their aesthetic value, but also for the contribution they provide for our trees do not include plantings within a park, garden or vegetation along rural pleasure, comfort and well being. roads outside town boundaries. Trees in urban environments provide a variety of benefi ts and play an This document aims to provide a single point of reference to guide street tree important role in: masterplanning until approximately 2060 across the eight former shire council • Providing shade areas now making up the amalgamated TRC area. • Reducing the urban heat island effect • Helping to reduce wind speeds The Toowoomba Regional Council Street Tree Masterplan project is part of the • Helping to reduce solar radiation Toowoomba Regional Council’s ‘Liveable Streetscapes and Neighbourhoods in • Helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Future Climates’ project funded by the Commonwealth Government under • Helping to reduce energy use its Water for the Future Program. The program provides assistance to local • Assist in air purifi cation governments in the Murray Darling Basin to systematically assess the risks, • Provide and improve habitat and human health opportunities and implications associated with climate change, with a particular • Encourage residents to be active outdoors Treeless residential street, Wyreema - Lack of trees increases urban heat island focus on water availability. The intent is that the information developed through • Potentially reducing maintenance of road infrastructure effect and affects public amenity (RPS 2011) funded projects is then used in the review of existing plans or the development of new plans to take account of these risks and implications. Trees also increase property values, act as landmark features and give character and identity to the landscape. However, trees also need space to grow and This masterplan forms the third and fi nal stage of the ‘Liveable Streetscapes without this, can cause ongoing costs to Council from their impacts on built and Neighbourhoods in Future Climates’ project and is preceded by the Stage infrastructure. One climate modelling for the Toowoomba region undertaken by University of Southern Queensland (2010) Future Climate Profi le of the Toowoomba Region and The contribution that avenues of street trees make on the overall visual the Stage Two climate change risk analysis project undertaken by RPS (2011) presentation of a city or town can be seen throughout the world. Impressions Key Climate Change Risks and Opportunities for Street Tree Masterplanning. remembered by visitors to cities are more often than not, images from the street.

From an economic perspective, avenues of street trees promote Toowoomba’s ‘Garden City’ image and improve the liveability of the city for its residents. Other towns in the TRC area also recognise economic benefi t from established street tree plantings. Goombungee for example, hosts the Jacaranda Festival based on its street tree plantings. A number of studies (refer Reference list) also show property values are generally higher in streets with established street tree plantings.

Well landscaped commercial districts attract visitors and encourage people to stay longer. One study alone (in Davis, California) showed that “the city’s 24,000 public street trees provided US $1.2 million annually in net environmental and property value benefi ts” and that “the benefi t: cost ratio was $3.81 for every Street tress can provide interest and streetscape character through seasonal $1.00 spent on tree planting and management” (Maco and Macpherson in Ely, change and interest: Toowoomba (TRC 2011) 2010). toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 5 2. OVERVIEW (continued) (to approximately 2060) that reinforces and enhances the landscape character of TRC towns. When considering climate change, urban trees are gaining recognition for their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, their role in carbon sequestration and storage and “buffering” the effects of climate change by shading, 2.4 Public Safety and Risk Management evapotranspiration, reducing wind speeds and reducing the urban heat island effect in cities and towns. Also both exotic and native tree plantings can provide When designing for street tree plantings, potential risks to public safety need habitat and food for wildlife, although a lack of biodiversity within urban street to taken into account such as: tree environments can be an issue if not taken into consideration. • Maintaining sight lines at road intersections and driveways Trees provide a cooling and humidifying effect through evapotranspiration. They • Leaf, fruit and fl ower litter resulting in slippery surfaces and increased help to improve air quality by removing atmospheric pollutants by trapping maintenance requirements airborne particles on their surfaces, they oxygenate the air and reduce carbon • Trip hazards due to impacts of street trees on built infrastructure dioxide through photosynthesis. • Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) • Risk of limb drop Various research (refer References) has also indicated that street trees if given • On State controlled roads taking into account Clear Zone Shady streets improve amenity and encourage outdoor activity - Toowoomba suffi cient space, can lengthen the lifespan of road surfaces such as bitumen. This requirements (TRC 2011) is achieved by shading the paved surface and thereby reducing temperature variations. As a result the need for replacement of paved surfaces is reduced These risks may be mitigated through both species selection and design criteria, along with the associated costs to council. although not all potential risks can be completely avoided when dealing with biological assets (or Green Infrastructure), such as trees. Green infrastructure In urban design, trees provide character and seasonal interest, structure to the is different from Built Infrastructure as care is needed in applying traditional streetscape, help to visually soften the urban environment and can be used for risk analysis that was developed for Built Infrastructure. Solutions for a balance wayfi nding and to celebrate town entries and key locations within towns. between risk management and other factors such as cultural heritage will be dealt with on a case by case basis by Council. For more information on street trees in Australia visit www.treenet.org

Stage Two of this project (A First Pass Assessment of Climate Change Risks and 2.2 Purpose of the Street Tree Masterplan Opportunities in the Toowoomba Regional Council Area, RPS 2011) identifi ed various risks for street trees in the future associated with changing climatic The purpose of the STMP is to provide a practical street tree masterplanning conditions. There are potential risks associated with increased storm events, guideline for TRC to guide the future street tree planting strategy with a limb and litter drop. However the largest potential risk is loss of tree vigour planning horizon of 40-50 years. This guideline is a ‘living document’ and is and declining health in the long term due to increased heat and reduced water subject to amendment as required by TRC. These amendments are indicated availability. The Stage 2 Report recommended that street trees are monitored on the inside front cover. to identify potential climate change risks for the health of certain species, as a preventative measure prior to these trees becoming a public safety issue in the future.

2.3 Key Objectives and Desired Outcomes Further information on climate change, species selection and risks is provided in the report provided in Section 11.2 ‘Street Tree Selection and Climate The key objectives of the Street Tree Masterplan Project are to: Change - Considerations and Strategies for TRC’ by Dr. Jane Tarran. Ensure street tree planting undertaken after new residential developments are complete to avoid hot streetscapes with limited amenity - Wyreema (RPS • Provide information that can assist in implementation, including the 2011) regulation of local laws. • Encourage and facilitate active transport in road reserves through increased shade and improved aesthetic amenity by implementing high quality canopy plantings. • Provide guidance to TRC, community, developers and linear infrastructure providers for urban tree management requirements as part of the Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme. • Advance TRC’s reputation as custodians and managers of street tree assets for the TRC area into the future. • Provide a strategy to provide for optimal street tree growing conditions in the TRC area. • Provide a consistent and living STMP that is easily accessed and understood by a range of users with a planning horizon of 40-50 years 6 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 3. USING THE STREET TREE • Developers and their consultants when undertaking factors to be of street trees. TRC encourages the community to participate in street tree considered, selection and planting of street trees planting programs. By maintaining street trees outside their residences the MASTERPLAN • The broader TRC community (i.e. government agencies and community can take great pride in fostering a community asset that all can communities) to increase their understanding of the processes used to enjoy now and for generations to come. 3.1 Policy Environment and Council Planning Process plan and manage street tree assets in the TRC area. The community can help to achieve the vision for the STMP by:

The STMP responds directly to Council’s 2010 document Strategic Directions: 3.4 How to use this Masterplan • Maintaining roadside verges including caring for and watering Planning for our region’s long-term future. Planning for street tree planting can street trees planted outside individual properties (Note: this is not encouraged on State controlled roads or TRC roads where community be seen as a direct response to an important tangible outcome of Council’s The STMP document is divided into a number of sections. Corporate plan, in particular the goals of: safety may be at risk due to exposure to high speed, high volume roads). • Built Environment Section 4: Urban Design Principles deal with higher level principles and issues • Understanding the legal obligations regarding street trees i.e. it is illegal • Natural Environment including matters to consider in overall streetscape design that directly affect to interfere with, prune, damage or remove street trees without prior • Community decision making about street trees. Street tree masterplanning is integrally linked to all of the Themes, which are TRC approval. • Care needs to be taken not to damage street trees by mowers and outlined under the Goals. Street tree plantings and streetscape design are Sections 5 and 6: The Biophysical Factors Affecting Green Infrastructure and whipper-snippers, the long-term use of residual herbicides or by the directly linked to the Themes of Settlement Pattern, Transport and Mobility, Built Infrastructure Factors deal with issues affecting outcomes at the site scale, use of mulch placed up against the trunk of the tree. Protect the Integrated Infrastructure and Utilities, Natural Environment, Natural Resources with a focus on either the living or built urban environment. and Landscape, Community Identity, Strong Communities, Economy and mulched area with stakes. • Trial not mowing close to mature trees, leaving an area of longer grass Governance. Section 7: The Street Tree Selection Process and Town Masterplans section around the base of each tree. This area may be slashed twice a year to outlines the process to be undertaken when choosing street trees within the prevent excessive grass growth. The STMP has also been informed by the Toowoomba Regional Councils’ towns outlined in this STMP. It provides information on what species to plant • Refer to Council publications and website on the proper care of trees. Policy Framework. This Framework is overviewed by Strategic Directions the where on which street and strategies for selection in cases where species are Community Plan, the Corporate Plan and the Operational Plan. The Street not specifi cally identifi ed to be planted on your street. Tree Masterplan sits outside the Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme but is 3.5.3 Other Agencies Roles and Responsibilities referred to via the Scheme’s Street Tree Policy and also via TRC development Section 8: This section features the Master Street Tree Species List or “Street Other Agencies involved in consultation as part of the street tree application requirements and processes. Tree Matrix” which gives information on individual species and how they are masterplanning process include: categorised to fi t within the TRC street types to help with species selection. 3.2 Other Policies and Strategies Related To This • Energy and telecommunications providers who need to inform TRC of Section 9: This section provides a series of standard technical drawings to be Masterplan any impact to street trees as part of their maintenance and installation used when planting and doing work around street trees. These will be updated works from time to time as required. Other documents which need to be considered when reviewing and working • Department of Transport and Main Roads who need to liaise with TRC with this STMP include: regarding upgrading and installation of transport networks under their 3.5 Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders control within the TRC area • Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme • Toowoomba City Centre Masterplan (Urbis, 2010) 3.5.1 TRC Responsibilities • Toowoomba Active Transport Strategy 3.5.4 Provisos about the Masterplan • Former Toowoomba City Council Planning Scheme Policy No 3 TRC’s responsibilities in relation to implementation of the STMP include: • Toowoomba Transport Strategy Proposals to 2031 (report). It is acknowledged that not every settlement in the TRC area is included and • Department of Transport and Main Roads (DTMR) Road Landscape • Liaising with other agencies, developers and community to ensure these will be subject to future recommendations by Council as the need arises. Policy the aims of the plan are taken into account with any new streetscape • DTMR Road Landscape Manual works Likewise not every street has specifi c species allocated to it. In these instances • Austroads Guide to Road Design • For State controlled roads, liaising with DTMR as a key stakeholder it is assumed that any species on the Street Tree Matrix in Section 8 that can - Part 6 Roadside Design Safety and Barriers • Ensuring compliance with the STMP be shown to be suitable for planting on that street when local conditions - Part 6B Roadside Environment • Monitoring of street tree strategies and tree health are taken into account is suitable. This is to encourage diversity of street • Identifying and undertaking street tree maintenance as required tree species on streets that are not of higher order street hierarchy within • Responding to public enquiries regarding street trees settlements. 3.3 Who will use this Masterplan ? • Reviewing Property Clearance Requests which impact on adjacent street tree plantings This document is a “living” document, it will be updated as required and the It is anticipated that the Masterplan will be used by: • Undertaking street tree planting programs as required date and nature of these amendments are recorded on the inside front cover. It • Mow land that adjoin Council property such as parks and sporting is recommended this document be reviewed every fi ve years. • TRC staff for ongoing planning and management of trees in road fi elds and roadsides that are not kerbed and channelled reserve land; • TRC staff for establishing future capital works and planting/removal 3.5.2 Role of the Community program budgets The community plays an important role in the ongoing health and wellbeing toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7 4. URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES • Providing visual cues for wayfi nding and circulation patterns • Celebrating town entries and key focal areas through feature tree Urban Design “seeks to ensure that the design of buildings, places, spaces planting and networks that make up our towns and cities, work for all of us, both • Adding character to streetscapes through species selection, planting now and in the future”. (Ministry for the Environment, 2005). Urban design spacing and formal or informal planting layouts also “establishes the balance between natural ecosystems and the built • Emphasising the seasons with changing of leaf colour and fl owers environment” (Major Cities Unit, 2011). Therefore streetscapes and street • Reducing the urban heat island effect through shading hot pavements trees have a fundamental role to play in how we move around and experience • Helping to reduce wind speeds our towns and cities. • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and assisting in air purifi cation through capture of particles on their leaves The Australian Government - Major Cities Unit’s Urban Design Protocol: Places • Providing and improving habitat and human health for People identifi es the following urban design goals and principles: • Potentially reducing road infrastructure maintenance through shading of road surfaces thus lowering temperature fl uctuations Goals: • Giving a sense of safety to pedestrians when planted between road and footpath. • Prosperity – enhances economic prosperity and living affordability • Sustainability – fosters environmental responsibility 4.1 Streetscape Design and Street Trees • Liveability – cultivates healthy and cohesive communities • Leadership – demonstrates visionary leadership and strong governance The over-arching factor affecting street tree health and vitality is lack of space Street trees make a signifi cant contribution to a town’s streetscape character • Design – Integrates design processes and embraces design excellence. provided for adequate tree growth within road reserves. The fundamental and amenity - Millmerran horticultural requirements for tree health are the same as those for trees in a Leadership and Governance Principles: forest environment. It is imperative they have suffi cient room for root growth, access to aerated soils, water and healthy soil conditions to optimise their life • Works within the strategic planning and physical context span and provide the most long term benefi ts to our communities. • Considers the whole life cycle of a place and improves over time • Fosters a culture of excellence, innovation and leadership in design and To provide for best practice outcomes and to achieve the urban design management principles, designing for street trees needs to be considered at the planning • Engages with relevant stakeholders. stages of new streets. As living biological assets, tree space requirements increase over time and can be underestimated if not taken into consideration Design Principles for People: at the time of designing for urban growth. In long lived species, some trees may in fact outlast the design life of adjacent built infrastructure. However, it is • Makes people feel comfortable and welcome in that place generally accepted that the advantages of having trees in urban areas outweighs • Creates places that are vibrant and where there are people around the disadvantages. • Makes people feel safe in that place • Creates places that are enjoyable and easy to walk and cycle around. Strategies to maximise tree health and minimise disturbance to built infrastructure need to be considered for both existing and new streetscape Design Principles about Place: environments.

• Creates places that are connected • Offers a diversity of experiences to choose from • Makes places that endure and are of quality • Enhances the local economy, environment and community.

Street Tree Design, Planning and Management Addresses the Street trees can provide a visual and physical separation and sense of safety for Above Principles by: active transport network users - Peregian Springs, QLD

• Encouraging residents to be active outdoors by providing shade to improve amenity to pedestrians and other road users • Visually and physically providing another structural element to the streetscape • Softening the built form and giving a sense of scale

8 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 4.1.1 Existing Streetscapes 4.1.2 New Streetscapes Prior to removal, the wider value of trees to the community needs to be calculated and not be limited to a simple cost for removal and replacement Existing streetscapes in the TRC area are an amalgamation of the eight previous The Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme aims to help achieve the urban (often with smaller size). Studies have shown (Ely 2010) that the monetary shire council area’s management regimes, with their differing standard road, design principles by providing wider road reserves and space allocation for value of street trees in terms of increased revenue due to tourism and amenity tree design and service layouts. Dimensions of existing road reserves and their street tree plantings than previously allowed. For more information refer to benefi ts are often underestimated. layouts provide a great challenge for management of existing street tree health the: due to: • Schedule 4 - Planning Scheme Policy 2 Table 4.2.11 ‘Design Criteria Characteristics For Urban, Rural Residential and Industrial Street Tree • Increased pressure on existing street corridors to provide a higher Planting level of amenity due to implementation of new planning strategies such • Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme - Typical Cross Sections for as Urban and Rural Roads - these indicate clear zones and planting widths - The Active Transport Strategy (e.g. requirement for wider for trees in different types of streets footpaths in limited road corridors) • Standard TRC drawings supplied in Section 9 Technical Drawings and - Increased urban densities resulting in reduced lot frontages and Standards, of this Masterplan therefore reduced ability to retain and/or plant replacement street trees To help improve tree viability and to implement a consistent streetscape • Pressure from development to remove large established trees which strategy, the Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme and TRC STMP aims to: provide street and town amenity and character • Wherever possible ensure a minimum of 2m x 2m ground space • Changes to pruning envelope requirements on DTMR controlled roads available for the sole purpose of tree planting and root growth., but do • Requirements outside Council’s control to accommodate more not set this as the default tree pit size; wherever possible, increase the services and install additional built infrastructure in a fi xed road amount of ground space available in either direction (eg 2m x 4m out corridor width to or along the kerb) to provide a larger mulched area for optimum • Requirements to undertake tree work to maintain clear distances from root growth and root expansion over time. services above and below ground • Provide mechanisms to ensure trees in new residential streets are • Lack of budgets for maintenance planted after development completion . • Historic poor pruning practices resulting in reduced long term tree • Encourage more robust engineering solutions (in consultation with health in existing trees Council engineers), around street tree plantings to minimise potential future damage infrastructure e.g. no cold joints (refer glossary) near street tree pits that act as future potential weak points . Informal tree planting layouts allows for provision of trees that can compensate Due to the variable conditions on existing streetscapes, solutions to • On State controlled roads, comply with DTMR clear zone, sight accommodate existing trees and streetscapes need to be explored on a case by distance, setback and clearance requirements. for inability to plant trees elsewhere in the street due to increased densities case basis. When designing for and working around existing trees the following • Tree species appropriate for the streetscape conditions (e.g. under and other factors - Pittsworth (RPS 2011) requirements apply: powerlines, those that will grow to a height no greater than 4m). • Ensure protection for existing trees to be retained by applying the • All construction works around existing trees are to be carried out in current version of Australian Standard AS4970 - Protection Of Trees accordance with the standard drawings herein Section 9 and should On Development Sites and AS 4373 Pruning of Amenity Trees when consider the current version Australian Standard AS4970 - Protection undertaking new works around existing trees. Of Trees On Development Sites. • Ensure all Council construction works and works by other service providers are carried out in accordance with the standard drawings • Where built infrastructure is being replaced near street trees, consider herein. tree sensitive and more robust engineering solutions to accommodate the continued growth and health needs of the existing adjacent trees. • Consult with TRC Landscape Architects to explore alternative 4.1.3 Tree Removal and Value of Trees to the Wider solutions such as deviations from standard alignments e.g. of paths or Community services to accommodate existing trees, including potentially moving pathways across the street if practical to maintain existing signifi cant Incremental tree removal over time without replacement can lead to a long street tree vegetation. term loss of streetscape character and amenity and compromise urban design • Identify opportunities to underground power lines on key avenues to principles for the wider community. Where a development is likely to impact prevent ongoing pruning and potential loss of large ‘structural’ trees, existing trees within the streetscape, it is recommended a qualifi ed arborist be engaged to assess the health of the tree/s in question. The arborist’s report will using pipe boring techniques (tunelling), rather than trenching to avoid then inform any decisions for design and/ or potential removal of street trees. damage to existing tree roots. Trenching close to tree roots can lead to faster tree death. When assessing trees for removal, consideration needs to be given to the: • Refer to the tree avenue species selection required in the masterplans to supplement existing plantings with a long term view of eventual • Age of the tree replacement of existing trees. • Health of the tree Large trees of signifi cant cultural and natural value to the community can be • Replacement value preserved and accommodated - Adelaide (TRC 2011) • Time it will take to grow a replacement tree to a semi-mature size/ same size of that being removed toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 9 4.2 Water Sensitive Urban Design

Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is an approach to the planning and 4.3 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design design of urban environments that supports healthy ecosystems, lifestyles and livelihoods through smart management of all our waters. (www.waterbydesign. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles need com.au, 2011) to be applied when designing in the public realm to ensure public personal safety is taken into account. This has particular relevance to species selection The National Water Commission defi nes water sensitive urban design as as vegetation can potentially impact sight lines. Consideration to maintaining a ensuring “…that urban water management is sensitive to natural hydrological clear bole height (refer glossary) for trees and avoiding overuse of tall shrubby and ecological cycles. It integrates urban planning with the management, species will minimise vehicle/ pedestrian confl icts and opportunities for protection and conservation of the urban water cycle”. potential criminal activity.

The provision of guidelines for streetscape design and hence Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) solutions are outside the scope of this document. However streetscape design and street tree masterplanning are unavoidably linked at all levels by design outcomes in the street both above and below ground.

This section aims only to ensure WSUD principles in street tree masterplanning are considered as part of the overall design solution and are investigated wherever possible. It is ideal to consider WSUD at the early Street tree planting pit incorporating WSUD solutions in high density area (RPS planning stages of a project as space requirements and other factors can mean 2011) that it can be diffi cult to retrofi t later. Refer Council’s Standard Road sections in Section 9 and consider stormwater requirements and opportunities.

With the likelihood of the TRC area being hotter and drier in future (USQ, 2010), by 2100 approximately half the rainfall than 2011 levels will be available to sustain street trees. It is therefore imperative that WSUD solutions be considered to help supplement other watering regimes when developing new streetscapes.

TRC also has requirements under the Queensland State Government’s Department Of Environment And Resource Management State Planning Policy for Healthy Waterways (2009) to comply with water quality management requirements for storm water runoff prior to discharge into waterways.

More information on these requirements and WSUD design solutions can be found on the Healthy Waterways website at http://www.healthywaterways.org/ HealthyWaterways/Resources/Reports.aspx Street tree planting integrated with WSUD solutions to median (RPS 2011)

WSUD solutions not only improve water quality, but can also be an effective way to provide “self watering” solutions for street trees in our urban centres. This can be achieved through the use of specialised tree pit details in town centres or for example small biopods along the stormwater catchment in residential areas. Water sensitive urban design solutions can be very cost effective compared to piping. WSUD solutions can help reduce costs to Council by naturally helping to supplement street tree watering requirements.

Street tree planting integrated into WSUD solutions on residential street verge (RPS 2011) 10 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 5. BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING 5.2 TRC Area Climate 5.2.2 Recent Climate Events GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Climatic conditions vary widely across the TRC area. To illustrate this, the 30 year average (1971-2000) climate statistics from the Bureau of Meteorology The TRC area has experienced severe drought conditions for a number (2011) for Oakey (located in the west of the TRC area) and Toowoomba of years. As at 18 May 2010, the TRC area was the only area still formally As living assets, Green Infrastructure, including street trees, is affected by local (located in the east of the TRC area) are as follows: drought declared in Queensland, having originally been declared in October physical and climatic conditions. These conditions have a fundamental role to 2000 (Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, in play in street tree selection. Local climate and soils vary across the TRC area Oakey Toowoomba AECOM 2010). The lower plainlands to the west of the region are often subject and it is important to confi rm species selections are suitable for the area. Temperature to inundation and fl ooding. TRC’s preferred list of tree species contains information on tree habit and Mean max summer temperature 30.3°C 27.6°C preferences; this information is outlined in the Street Tree Matrix in Section 8. Mean min winter temperature 3.5°C 17.0°C The drought has lead to severe water shortages in Toowoomba. The response to the drought had severe implications for TRC’s street tree planting regimes and Observations of locally growing species in an area are also a good indication of Annual mean max temperature 30.8°C 22.7°C maintenance. Tree planting programs were halted and any tree watering regimes the success of different species. It is advisable to obtain local knowledge where Annual mean min temperature 2.8°C 12.0°C ceased. In many areas, trees were only planted on request for residents who possible on local conditions as detailed mapping and other climatic information were interested in their establishment and maintenance, which is not conducive can be limited or diffi cult to source. Highest max summer temperature 41.8°C (Jan1994) 39.4°C (Jan1994) to achieving an overall consistent outcome across the TRC area. Lowest min winter temperature -7.5°C (Aug1982) -2.3°C (July 1971) 5.1 Local Soils Mean annual total no. of days above 35°C 9.5 2.8 5.2.3 Frost Soil types vary widely across the TRC area and even within townships. This can Mean annual total no. of days below 2°C 43 7.4 make it diffi cult to specify plantings according to a tolerance for certain soil (frost days) As outlined in Section 5.3 climate change predictions indicate there will be fewer types without highly detailed soil maps and local knowledge. Tree selection with frost days in winter in the future (USQ 2010) however, frost tolerance is still a a preference or tolerance for local site conditions is an important factor in Rainfall consideration when selecting street trees in the TRC area. determining the ongoing health and vitality of the trees. Wet season is from November to February Dry season is from April to September Areas closer to the eastern escarpment receive fewer and less severe frosts than The local soil types across the TRC area can be found on various soil maps of more western parts of the TRC area. the area (refer to Appendices ). They range from well drained, red brown loams Mean annual rainfall 636.5mm 963.1mm in Toowoomba to deep cracking black clays to the west and south. The soils Generally speaking, downward air movement on hilltops and ridges discourages found within the TRC area fall into the following groups: frost settlement and plants less tolerant of frost are able to be planted in these The 30-year average (1971-2000 data) is the same baseline period used by the locations. Flat lowland areas and creek margins can receive quite severe frosts of • Ferrosol - mostly neutral to slightly acidic - red Queensland Government in developing regional climate change projections minus 6 to minus 10 degrees Celsius which can occur from as early as mid April • Dermosol - red brown to black, mostly neutral to slightly alkaline for the Eastern Downs region and therefore provides a useful comparison and as late as October. Trees in these areas may need protection when young • Upland Vertosol - neutral to alkaline, heavy black cracking clays (Queensland Government in AECOM, 2010). as part of planting maintenance regimes until they are well enough established • Alluvial Vertosol - neutral to alkaline, heavy black cracking clays which will be location dependent. (Prentice 2006). • Sodosol – acidic topsoil, alkaline subsoil; sandy loam over clay e.g. 5.2.1 Toowoomba City Oakey (Prentice 2006) As illustrated above, due to Toowoomba City’s elevation, local climate data is 5.2.4 Bushfi re Risk not necessarily indicative of climatic conditions across the TRC area. More information about the physical characteristics of the above soil types is In the townships to the north east of the region, there is likely to be an included in the Appendices. With an altitude of 675m above sea level, the climate of Toowoomba is warm increased risk of bushfi res due to the existing vegetation profi le, slope and temperate, characterised by cool dry winters and warm wet summers. Rainfall aspect of the area (RPS 2010). There is no single soil map for the TRC area available in 2011. The soil maps is variable across the city, with the western suburbs receiving markedly lower available vary in scale and information for different regions within the TRC area. rainfall than suburbs along the escarpment. (TCC 2003) Bushfi re does present a potential risk to the settlements in the region. In A list of these maps is in the Appendices. the city of Toowoomba this is largely due to bushland that abuts the eastern Winds are largely from the east except during the months of July and August, escarpment (TRC in AECOM 2010). when strong westerly and south westerly winds dominate. TRC’s Bushfi re Management Plan needs to be taken into account (in terms of siting, design and species selection) when planning street trees in this region.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 11 5.3 Climate Change and Street Trees 5.3.2 Potential Impact of Climate Change Issues on Street Trees 5.3.1 Future climate The following information is derived from the Tarran report 2011, a full version of There are a number of factors affecting street trees which have been identifi ed which can be found in the Appendices. in the climate modelling report undertaken for the TRC area which are listed below (USQ 2010). These predicted changes potentially have a large impact A street tree planted in 2011 will potentially be part of TRC’s street tree on street tree health and vitality, as well as implications for disease and pest population in 2099, with an age of eighty eight. It will be expected to cope control. with a rainfall that is only 673mm (rather than the 1004mm of today), with mean temperatures that are 21°C (rather than 17°C), and with more than 6 Temperature days over 35°C in each of January and February, when there is currently about Substantial increases in mean monthly temperatures, averaged across a season one such day in each of those months. The implications of these changing climatic conditions on species selection need to be considered in order to can be anticipated from 2070 onwards. Most models depict a +0.7°C to +2.0°C  increase depending on the month but with a tendency for highest increases in maintain resilience in the regions’ street trees. The loss of benefi ts (value) from late winter (USQ, 2010). their deaths, combined with removal and replacement costs, plus time lost waiting for the replacements to grow to full value, represents a major, if not catastrophic consequence. Figure 3. Distribution of Brachychiton populneus relation to annual average rainfall Extreme Temperature (mm). Has very widespread inland distribution. Specimen data reproduced from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Council of Heads In addition to higher temperatures on average, it is likely that there will be a Many of the current street tree species selections could survive climate change of Australasian Herbaria Inc. signifi cant increase in the number of days per year above 35°C during summer, projections in the areas where they currently occur, during the expected especially towards the latter part of the century (USQ, 2010). life-spans of these trees, provided the trees are not already at the extremes of their environmental tolerances. However, as replacement and new tree Solar Radiation planting opportunities occur, best practice recommends to use species that Increases in solar radiation will mainly occur during autumn and winter may be better suited to the projected, new climate, on a trial basis. Some with little or decreased solar radiation in summer, possibly associated with Urban Forest Management Plans have suggested that 5% of municipal precipitation changes in those periods (USQ, 2010). plantings be “experimental” species (McPherson 1998, referring to a plan from 1992), to evaluate potential additional tree species for species lists. This Humidity recommendation was made before the challenges of climate change were fully The relative humidity is projected to decrease within the TRC area during most recognised and is even more important now. months with the exception of December and January where a small increase is more likely (USQ, 2010). Trees can be adaptable to conditions beyond their preferred ranges although tree species growing in urban areas may have different physiology and Wind speed morphology from the same tree species in natural forests (McCarthy & Pataki Generally, mean wind speeds are expected to decrease, especially in autumn/ 2010), so a preferred natural environmental range may underestimate an winter however, increase in spring/early summer (possibly associated with acceptable urban environmental range. changes to convective activity) are likely (USQ, 2010).

Particular species that demonstrate resilience to a range of conditions should Figure 4. Distribution of Syzygium luehmannii relation to annual average rainfall Frost and Growing Days be considered for planting in an area that is expected to experience a changed (mm). Has narrow coastal distribution. Specimen data reproduced from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Council of Heads of A slight decrease in the number of growing days is projected during autumn climate in the future. For example the TRC area in expected to become hotter Australasian Herbaria Inc. and spring however, the winter months are expected to have a signifi cant and drier so species that are known to adapt to those conditions should be increase in days above 15°C. As the temperatures increase, the number of selected. Illustrations from Tarran 2011(refer Appendix for full report) frosts is also expected to decrease as the frost season shortens (USQ, 2010). (Tarran 2011)

Rainfall The overall rainfall trend is towards lower annual rainfalls with precipitation predicted to drop from 1004mm to 673mm by 2100. Mixed outcomes are depicted for ‘summer’ rainfall; however three out of fi ve models depict an increase, especially for the period 2040- 2069. For late autumn through winter and mid spring, most models depict a major decrease (10% to 60% decrease depending on month) (USQ, 2010).

12 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 5.4 Tree Replacement During replacement other measures will need to be undertaken to minimise ongoing maintenance to built infrastructure. For example: There are many trees in the TRC towns which are reaching maturity and a • The provision of suffi cient planting space • Reinforcing pavements and kerbs where necessary, replacement strategy for these trees is required over the next 50 years. • Installing tree trenching (such as can be seen in Adelaide St., Brisbane, allowing growth of large tree avenue) 5.4.1 Iconic Avenues • Underground structural solutions allowing healthy tree growth, such as use of structural soil in trenches or pits, modular soil cell systems, Toowoomba’s Camphor Laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) have helped to defi ne water harvesting and WSUD applied to tree pit design and potentially the city’s heritage areas and contribute to the current green leafy character of undergrounding of powerlines. the city. The Camphor laurel size has also contributed to the iconic and much loved ‘tunnels of green’ around the city, despite there being other issues with ongoing maintenance due to size of the maturing trunks and pruning around 5.5 Connections to other Vegetation overhead powerlines. With the declaration of Camphor laurels as weeds, it is 5.5.1 Rural Vegetation Connections recommended an alternative species be used. The rural nature of the TRC area results in the occurrence of large tracts Likewise in the other towns in the TRC area there are some large tree of vegetation at the fringes of the urban footprint and in some cases well specimens which contribute greatly to the character of the towns. Their into town boundaries. These tracts of remnant vegetation form part of the preservation or replacement needs consideration when undertaking future character and experience when journeying through the TRC area and help Forested main street through Hampton (RPS 2011) road works as communities grow and traffi c requirements change. provide a sense of transition from town to country landscapes. They are also refl ective of the different historical settlement patterns across the TRC area. 5.4.2 Replacement Guidelines These vegetated linking elements and transitions into urbanised areas are important to the iconic character of the TRC area and provide both scenic The following criteria need to be applied to the decision making process during amenity and wildlife habitat. tree replacement: The TRC 2050 Placemaking maps were reviewed as part of this project. It • If the trees are actively causing problems (such as lifting road surfaces is clear that if these remnant corridors are to be maintained in future with or becoming an environmental nuisance) replacement becomes a urban expansion, planning provisions will need to be made to allow them to be priority and needs to take place on a block by block or street by street retained, in discussion with DTMR which controls the road corridor. basis • If the trees requiring replacement have a strong heritage or community Preserving locally native (indigenous) trees in bushland and forest remnants value then replacement will need to be made incrementally so that any adds to the sustainability of the urban forest overall. Tree planting using locally native stock (local provenance) and/or from stock in other areas (e.g. hotter negative impacts on the community are minimised and drier areas, as discussed previously), may be undertaken along streets and • If the tree replacement is aimed at consolidating avenues then any gaps other corridors to connect remnants and provide wildlife corridors. should be targeted using trees as specifi ed in the relevant masterplan (refer section 7) Equally signifi cant, however, is the possibility that current non-invasive • Replacement trees need to be of a similar character and form to the ornamental urban tree species could become invasive if the climate changes specimens being replaced to maintain consistency in the streetscape in their favour. In addition urban areas could facilitate non-native tree invasion Parkland design needs to be considered when planting adjacent to parks - (refer to section 5.5.3 for replacement of large trees) beyond that which is currently experienced. Due to projected climate change, Crows Nest (RPS 2011) • Space requirements of the adjacent land uses need to be allowed for it has been suggested that, in some cases, native tree species in urban forests, (eg awnings on shopfronts impeding tree crown space; industrial sites including as street trees, may serve as a seed source and refuge to facilitate requiring larger setbacks from driveways to allow for truck movement latitudinal tree migration (towards the poles) (Woodall et al. 2010 in Tarran 2011). etc) • Road ownership needs to be considered as it will dictate planting For vegetation management requirements near urbanised areas, refer TRC’s setbacks and maintenance regimes Bushfi re Management Plan and the Department of Environment and Resource • Existing site conditions such as current road and parking widths as well Management. as kerbing alignments need to be suffi cient to sustain healthy growth of the trees 5.5.2 Parkland Vegetation Connections

5.4.3 Replacement Species List Site context and conditions need to be considered when the streetscape interfaces with a parkland. Cohesion as well as visual and physical access across the boundary are important considerations for a successful design. In Also refer to Section 7- Street Tree Masterplans for suggested Camphor laurel some cases, formalised street tree planting may not be required along park replacements on specifi c streets. boundaries, depending on the local conditions and existing vegetation in the Generally, appropriate replacements for large spreading shady street trees parkland to be retained. include: • Magnolia grandifl ora – Bull Bay magnolia • Calodendron capense – Cape chestnut • Flindersia collina – Leopard ash Trees as cultural heritage - ‘Avenue of Honour’, Pittsworth (RPS 2011) • Platanus x acerifolia – smaller hybrids – London plane tree • Platanus occidentalis ‘Autumn Glory’ - Sycamore toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 13 6. BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE FACTORS 6.2 Existing Streets versus New Streets

6.1 Road Transport Networks - Hierarchy, Roles and 6.2.1 Existing Streets Responsibilities Throughout the TRC area, the existing streetscape environment provides the greatest challenge in terms of maintenance and management. This is largely due The towns and city within the TRC area have important links with inland to the variety of applications of planning requirements and standard service southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales. Toowoomba city is alignments. When considering built infrastructure impacts with regard to street also the junction of three main Highway systems - the Warrego Highway, New tree planting, proposals need to be reviewed on a case by case basis with the England Highway and Gore Highway. overall masterplan in mind to ensure consistency of application across the TRC area. Roads in Toowoomba and the regional towns are under the jurisdiction of two authorities. The Queensland (DTMR) is responsible for declared roads’ Further information is also provided in the Urban Design Principles section of (National or State Highways), and TRC is responsible for all other roads in the this STMP. local government area. 6.2.2 New Streets The road hierarchy in the TRC area is divided into four broad categories, namely: New streets provide improved opportunities to minimise the potential confl icts between built and green infrastructure. Coordinating across • Arterial Roads: metropolitan or regional roads Road ownership and transport requirements need to be taken into account in engineering, landscape and services can allow for long term tree health and planting design (RPS 2011) • Sub-arterial Roads: Roads / Street to circulate traffi c between therefore leaving room for future growth of trunks and roots with minimum regionally signifi cant activities (airport, base hospital, USQ) impact to built infrastructure. • Distributor / Collector: Collects local traffi c to move through a district using a distributor. The design life of built infrastructure needs to be considered when designing • Local access (Urban, Industrial and Rural) for new streets as many street trees may have a ‘design life’ of 80-100 years or more. This is signifi cant because most infrastructure elements would be Although there is a hierarchy of roads in the TRC area, large vehicles are not expected to have a much shorter design life than the life span of a street tree, restricted to the arterial or sub-arterial roads. All types of roads throughout and therefore upgrades and realignments are likely to take place around the Toowoomba are variable in width, length and confi guration and have tree. street trees planted at different distances from the kerb line and also vary considerably in traffi c use and type. This not only presents issues for transport management but also for street trees. 6.3 Active Transport Alignment Opportunities

DTMR roads also have specifi c requirements for vegetation planting and When shared paths are installed in existing streetscapes, consideration needs management in line with their focus on road safety. These requirements dictate to be taken with the proposed alignment so that existing advanced trees are clear zones dependent on road design speeds, frangible vegetation and large retained in streetscapes to provide amenity for new path users. pruning requirements. These have the potential to negatively affect streetscape character and amenity where the main commercial street is also a designated It is recommended consultation be undertaken with TRC Landscape Architects highway. to discuss options and opportunities to minimise impacts to existing street tree plantings. For requirements for new TRC controlled road works refer the TRC Regional Road Standards Drawings typical cross sections which outline tree Work around existing trees during construction of the active transport planting clear zone requirements and distances from other road and services corridors will need to consider AS 4970-2009 Protection of Trees on infrastructure. Development Sites and the technical drawings in Section 9. New streetscapes should be designed to ensure a minimum of 2m width is provided for street tree planting, particularly where pathways are to be located so as to be able to be shaded by trees. If necessary, offset road pavements should be considered, along with offset shared pathway alignments to allow suffi cient tree planting space between back of kerb and pathway.

14 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 6.4 Services 6.5 Vehicle Clearance Requirements – Pruning Envelopes

6.4.1 Service Networks Large vehicles require trees to be pruned to a height clearance of 4.8m (TCC 2003). DTMR 2011 standards require clearance to traffi c lights of 5.4 metres. Road reserves are the main corridors for service networks. They accommodate Where trees are not pruned to appropriate clearance heights and are struck, electricity, telecommunications, water, sewerage and gas lines. However, damage to the tree can be considerable and place the long-term health of the historically these services have not coordinated, and confl icts between street tree at risk. It is likely to be costly and detrimental to the aesthetic value of trees and services occur. the streetscape to prune all trees to 4.8m. There may be some opportunity to introduce some fl exibility on collector and local roads as required. 6.4.2 Overhead Services On DTMR controlled roads, where the speed limit is 60km/hour it is suggested Overhead power lines are a signifi cant problem in most areas, with compulsory that the pruning height is 4.8m above carriageways and 4.2m above designated undergrounding of electricity only a requirement imposed by TRC since 1991. parking lanes (TCC 2003). Where the speed limit is 50km/hour, a more fl exible Overhead power lines can restrict the development of uniform avenues, arrangement could be implemented by maintaining a minimum 5m wide may require the planting of different species on either side of the street, and pruning envelope of 4.8m depending on individual road circumstances. The increase the need for maintenance pruning where larger trees exist under the pruning of street trees on 50km/hour roads could also be based on a reactive power lines. rather than proactive process; i.e. street trees are pruned to the minimum 6m wide envelope with further pruning initiated by requests or complaints. Species choice without taking local conditions into consideration affects long Aerial bundled cabling has been installed in some areas of Toowoomba City, term tree health and maintenance budgets - Pittsworth aimed at reducing the extent of pruning required. However, pruning practices For walkways, bikeways and nature strips it is suggested that a pruned height of based on the clearance widths plus a signifi cant width for regrowth has still 2.5m is maintained for head clearance, sightlines and safety (TCC 2003). Where resulted in holes in the canopies of street trees of about 4m. If the clearance trees are located close to intersections pruning to maintain visibility/clearance area only was pruned, the hole around the cables only needs to be 600mm needs to be carried out on a case-by-case basis as required. wide, but would require more regular pruning. These issues ares still subject to ongoing discussions between the service providers and TRC. 6.6 Works Close to Existing Trees

6.4.3 Trees under Powerlines In developed areas there may be diffi culty installing new infrastructure and services adjacent to existing established and/or semi-mature street trees. Trees appropriate for planting under powerlines have been listed in the Master Trenching in road verges often contributes to the decline and the instability Street Trees List in Section 9. of existing street trees when roots are severed in the process. Refer technical drawings in Section 9 for required standards for working around existing trees. Trees safe to grow directly under powerlines need to be smaller than 4m tall at maturity. The use of shrubs in lieu of street trees is discouraged for both aesthetic, vehicular sight line and CPTED reasons. The species shown with a “P” in the TRC height Category lists in the Master Street Tree Species lists in Section 8 have been proposed after collaboration with Energex, Ergon Greening Australia and TRC as being suitable for planting within the TRC area. Consideration needs to be given to powerline locations when choosing street tree species - Toowoomba Plants have different frost; drought and soil pH tolerances that need to be taken into account in order to determine that the plant is suitable to the site’s growing conditions prior to installation (refer to the Master Street Trees List in Section 8 for guidance).

Ongoing confl icts in the streetscape can affect streetscape character, amenity and tree health - Toowoomba

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 15 6.7 Strategies to Avoid Damage to Footpaths and Services

The design life of built infrastructure needs to be considered when designing streets as many street trees have a ‘design life’ of 80-100 years or more. Factors which may minimise the confl ict between built and green infrastructure in streetscape includes:

• Design of suffi cient size street tree pits – if 2m x 2m is not possible, then narrow width pits should be lengthened to provide a similar volume of soil for healthy root growth eg. 1.5m x 3m or 1m x 4m bearing in mind the narrower dimension still needs to be accommodate the expected mature trunk size • Specifi cation of the right tree species in the right place including consideration of the different clear zones and space for growth provided in different standard street types • Bunching of services where possible to minimise pruning and maintenance requirements • Ensure new service alignments as per the Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme are installed as per the design requirements so as to ensure suffi cient room for tree growth without confl ict • Avoid species with invasive roots or provide measures to control root growth such as root barriers where required Confl icts between green and built infrastructure can be avoided if tree size is • Increasing engineering requirements for pavements and kerbs near allowed for at the design stage - Toowoomba (RPS 2011) large species where required e.g. avoid concrete cold joints (refer glossary) near tree pits to minimise potential future cracking along “weak points” • Consider realignment of desired active transport paths to take into account the value of existing trees • In new streets, consider offsetting standard alignments of wide active transport paths, and possibly the road, to allow suffi cient room to plant street trees in locations where they can provide the most benefi t e.g. to provide shade on the north side of active transport paths.

16 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7. STREET TREE SELECTION PROCESS AND TOWN MASTERPLANS Street Tree Selection Process

This section outlines I want to plant a new street tree • The process to be undertaken when planting trees on individual streets as part of my development • Which street trees are to be planted on key avenues in the towns within the TRC area

Each town masterplan outlines the broad context contributing to the townscape character and provides information on existing species occurring within the town (in 2011), whether they be in is the road a State (DTMR) controlled road? the street or adjacent areas. The purpose of this is to provide a snapshot of local information on what species are growing in which towns, and the local conditions.

yes no 7.1 Street Tree Selection Process

The diagram at right outlines the private development process to be undertaken when trying to consult DTMR requirements ie Road determine which tree should be planted where within the Toowoomba Regional Council area. Landscape Manual and Austroads Guide to Road Design Parts 6 and 6B

7.2 Street Tree Selection Criteria is the street in one of the towns listed in Tree selection is based on a number of criteria, but of primary importance is a species’ suitability section 7 of the STMP? to individual street conditions. Other considerations include:

• Amenity yes no • Character • Shade does the street have street trees allocated to it determine local conditions ie. frost, soil type, if any • Biodiversity on the masterplan for the town? powerlines overhead, road types and which agency • Maintenance requirements controls the road ie TRC or DTMR • Seasonal interest • Planting constraints imposed by built infrastructure yes • An adaptability to a range of climates to improve likelihood of resilience to climate change no • Species that can withstand periods of drought once established refer to street tree matrix in • Species that can withstand periods of low humidity with hot drying winds Section 8 of STMP and if State controlled road to check local conditions (eg. determine local conditions eg. soil type, frost, • Species that can withstand moderate frosts DTMR requirements • Species with non-invasive root systems to reduce demand on the maintenance budgets. possible powerlines overhead powerlines overhead etc. • If the street/road is controlled by TRC or is State controlled etc.) to ensure they support planting of nominated species; The fabric of the existing established urban forest needs to be taken into account when selecting consult street tree matrix in propose street tree species new street tree plantings. For example, the suggested street tree plantings on the Toowoomba Section 8 of the STMP to confi rm best to TRC for approval masterplan map have generally been selected based on the existing tree species occurring on specify plant species according species for local conditions particular streets as a base. Many of the avenues and streets have a wide variety of established to masterplan species occurring along their length with little consistency or regard to streetscape hierarchy or formal avenue plantings. The species shown on the maps are not intended as a short term plant approved species replacement strategy, but as long term guidance for creating future consistency along these streets propose species to TRC for approval when trees are required to be removed or replaced.

Street trees are living and growing assets that take time to reach maturity and offer increasing value (benefi ts) over time until they decline and die A street tree may take 30-50 years to reach maturity and have a lifespan of 100-150 years, depending on species, environment and other plant approved species factors. In Australia, we are experiencing a decline of some of our early, grand avenue plantings. It is likely that lifespans will reduce with a drier and hotter environment, as projected with climate change. (Tarran 2011)

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 17 7.2.1 Local Conditions Notes: * Field investigations were undertaken in March 2011 after an extremely wet summer Recommendations have been made for tree species for the key streets and avenues within each following approximately 10 years of drought, therefore observations of apparent tree health town. Generally, where two or more species have been recommended for one street or avenue, may not be truly indicative of how well specifi c species are surviving in the long term. this is to provide a lower growing species for planting under wires and a taller species where no wires are present on the opposite side of the street/avenue. In some case two or more species ** It was observed that many towns have a limited number of trees in their “Main Street” and may be recommended to provide alternative choices. Other tree species can be selected from the very few of these trees are of any substantial structure to provide shade and amenity for the Master Tree Species List (Section 8) to plant in the remainder of each town once site conditions towns. With this in mind a concerted effort has been made to provide for larger shade tree have been taken into account. The species which occur on other land uses have been noted as a species along major thoroughfares and main street locations. guide for what grows well in that township. 7.3 Key Plan - Toowoomba Regional Council Area : Town Masterplan Locations 7.2.2 Existing Species Occurrence

The Existing Street Tree Species lists are based on preliminary fi eld investigations undertaken in March 2011 and are not necessarily indicative of all species occurring in the towns. Some towns had very little or no deliberate street tree plantings. Many towns have a dominance of one or two species, particularly Callistemon spp, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Grevillea robusta and a variety of Eucalypts, many of Western Australian origin.

7.2.3 Existing Soil Conditions Soil types are based on broad scale mapping and are intended as a guide only. Local soil conditions may vary within towns. Refer Appendices for a list of the available soil maps for the TRC region.

7.2.4 Species Recommendations

Recommendations for selection of trees in each town were based on a combination of factors including: • Observations of tree species already growing successfully in the town • The prevalence of that species • Which species are growing in other places outside the streetscape and appear to be healthy* • Selecting species that will provide a variety of types of canopy cover and structure, as well as differing landscape character to assist in creating a hierarchy of streets within towns, • Improvement of the town centre amenity and shade** • Cognisance that those species currently occurring are likely to grow well there in short to medium term future and that these species should be used elsewhere in town if appropriate • Review of which species currently have a broad geographical distribution and are therefore most likely to adapt to climate change • Review with TRC offi cers of which species have performed well over time and those that have maintenance issues

The recent outbreak of Myrtle Rust disease has the potential to affect all Myrtaceae plantings in current and future streetscapes including Eucalyptus, Callistemon, Melaleuca, Syzygium, Acmena, Backhousia, Waterhousea and Xanthostemon species. New strategies for disease control may be required in future. It is recommended to plant a diversity of tree families, genera and species to minimise impacts of disease upon a single family or genus. This approach also improves the general biodiversity of the urban forest.

18 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.4 Bowenville 7.5 Brookstead

Bowenville is a small township with a population of approximately 126 located off the Warrego Highway, 56km north- Brookstead is located between Pittsworth and Millmerran on the Gore Highway with a population of approximately 288. west of Toowoomba. The town was based around the rail industry and is framed by the railway system. It is surrounded by good quality agricultural land. The main street, Bowenville Moola Road serves as a heavy vehicle through route Soils and Geology: The soil type within Brookstead is predominately black with a neutral pH level. Very deep grey servicing intensive animal industries in the area. cracking clays can also be found.

Soils and Geology: Vary from shallow stony clays to moderately deep self mulching clays. Alluvium, Minor basalt, Existing Street Tree Species: Mudstone and Siltstone soil types are also present. The pH is slightly acidic. Eucalyptus spp.

Local Issues: Moderate to high frequency frosts. Proposed Street Tree Species:

Existing Street Tree Species: Allocasuarina spp. black sheoak Brachychiton spp. Illawarra fl ame tree 28A wy e H 2 Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Gor Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint 3 St re St a Existing Trees Occurring On Other Land Uses: Madelaine W Acacia pendula weeping acacia

t

Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower S

d d

r

o

Casuarina glauca swamp sheoak L Tipuana tipu pride of Bolivia (racehorse tree) (weed) t Ware S Proposed Street Tree Species:

1

1 Pa yn es 3 Rd Rd la B oo Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues ow M e le nv vil ille en BRACHYCHITON rupestris -B w 1 la o xl an B 2 GEIJERA parrifora d R R a d ilw 3 PLATANUS occidentalis ‘Autumn Glory’ ay Ware St St 2

Warrego All Other Streets: Hwy 18B Backhousia citriodora lemon myrtle

M Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree a lu Bo Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower we nv ille d Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark R Rd in rw Eucalyptus racemosa scribbly gum No ille nv Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle we Bo

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 1 QUERCUS pilustris 'Pin Oak' 2 FLINDERSIA australis ' Crows Ash'

All Other Streets: Backhousia citriodora lemon myrtle Brachychiton acerifolius lllawarra fl ame tree Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 19 7.6 Cabarlah 7.7 Cambooya

Cabarlah is a locality approximately 15 km north of the Toowoomba city centre. It is situated on the Great Divide with Cambooya, a rural town of approximately 850 people, is 20 km south-west of Toowoomba. Grain silos dominate the views to the east of the Lockyer Valley through to Brisbane and to the west across the Darling Downs. Traditionally townscape. the area has been used for farming, however in recent years the expansion of the TRC has led to acreage and other residential development. It has a population of approximately 860. Soils and Geology: Soil types are generally very deep, dark, cracking clays. However, in the south lighter textured alluvial soils can be found. Soils and Geology: The soil types vary from deep red clay to deep red loam soils. As you move off the ridges the soils become more of a stony basalt, grey brown self mulching clays. Existing Street Tree Species: Araucaria cunninghamii Moreton Bay pine (hoop pine) Local Issues: There is no sense of entry and exit to the town. Large remnant bushland on road reserves is Corymbia torelliana cadagi tree characteristic throughout the settlement. Urban structures split by considerable distance along Dodonaea hop bush the highway and there is no sense of town extent. The residential areas hidden off the main Eucalyptus citriodora lemon scented gum highway and don’t form part of a cohesive settlement. There are no formal street tree plantings Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark in the residential areas. However, there are some Callistemon species planted on one side of the Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint New England Highway. Eucalyptus melanophloia silver leaved iron bark Eucalyptus tereticornis forest red gum Existing Street Tree Species: Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Callistemon viminalis weeping bottlebrush Pinus sp. (to edges of Highway) Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Acacia pendula weeping acacia Proposed Street Tree Species: Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Casuarina glauca swamp sheoak Tipuana tipu pride of Bolivia (racehorse tree) Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda Ad ams Rd Proposed Street Tree Species:

Fernb 1 ank Rd

HODGSON CREEK Patterson Rolleston Park Park

Geo rge St

R

a

2 i

l w Eton S

a t

y 1 Sho St stak i Rd t S

n n d R Cos t h tello o n R S d J io A t y y c 2 e c 2 2 n u n

y y o L C w ya H oo d d Cambooya b n Recreation m a a l C g Reserve

n

E Evans Rd w w 3

e N Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 2 1 TOONA ciliata, CALLISTEMON viminalis 2 FLINDERSIA australis, BUCKINGHAMIA celsissima 4 3

d

n R i r Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues All Other Streets: r

e Buckinghamia celsissima ivory curl tree P 1 XANTHOSTEMON chrysanthus, ACER ‘October Glory’, BRACHYCHITON acerfolius d

R 2 GEIJERA parviflora, BRACHYCHITON populneus Magnolia Little Gem little gem s FLINDERSIA collina, CALLITRIS spp, PRYRUS spp. re 3 Tristaniopsis laurina kanooka or water gum o m 4 PLATANUS occidentalis ‘Autumn Glory’, JACARANDA mimosifolia

d

u

C All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. 20 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.8 Cecil Plains 7.9 Clifton

Cecil Plains is a township with a population of approximately 240 on the banks of the Condamine River. It is located in The town of Clifton has a population of approximately 1,255. It is located 49km south of Toowoomba on the New an agricultural and timber producing area of the Darling Downs and is home to one of the largest cotton gins in the England Highway. Clifton was once a large wheat growing area. It now has a diverse range of agriculture including cattle, southern hemisphere. Cecil Plains lies 45 km to the north of Millmerran, 45 km to the south of Dalby and 84 km to the cereal crops, sunfl owers, peanuts, and honey production. west of Toowoomba. Soils and Geology: Soil types are generally very deep, dark, cracking clays and alluvial soils. Soils and Geology: Fertile black soil - predominately mixed alluvial clay soils. Mainly very deep, dark, cracking clays with some duplex soils on the low banks and rises. Existing Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Acer ‘October Glory’ October glory red maple Acer sp. maple Existing Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra fl ame tree Araucaria bidwillii bunya pine Acacia podalyriifolia Queensland silver wattle Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Cinnamomum camphora camphor laurel Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Allocasuarina littoralis black sheoak Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Dodonaea hop bush Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint Callitris glaucophylla white cypress Fraxinus griffi thii griffi th’s ash Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Eucalyptus tessellaris ghost gum Grevillea robusta silky oak Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Casuarina glauca swamp sheoak Schinus terebinthifolius broad leaf pepper Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Tamarix aphylla athel pine Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Tagasaste tree lucerne Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Tipuana tipu pride of Bolivia Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda (racehorse tree) Proposed Street Tree Species: Proposed Street Tree Species:

d R

n n o t f Cecil i l

Plains C

Recreation Reserve n o t l e Cecil Plains Cemetery F

t 3 S

k k

r

a

l

C

2 Cl ifton Ley 2 burn Rd K Ger ate St aghty St 2 1 2 2 3 3 2

Mow en St

t

S

z z

n i

H 1 Bourke St Gatton C 2 lifton Rd

Ce ntenary Rd t

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues S Legend -Street Trees For Key Avenues

k k

r a

1 JACARANDA mimosifolia, ACER ‘October Glory’ l 1 ACER ‘October glory’, CALODENDRON capense C Will CALLISTEMON viminalis 2 BRACHYCHITON populneus, LAGERSTROEMIA indica iam St 2 3 GREVILLEA robusta, ACER buergerianum 3 CALODENDRON capense, LOPHOSTEMON confertus

All Other Streets: All Other Streets: Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Eucalyptus tessellaris ghost gum

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 21 7.10 Cooyar 7.11 Crows Nest

Cooyar is a small town in the Cooyar River valley located north of Toowoomba on the New England Highway. The town Crows Nest is a country town located 44kms north-east of Toowoomba on the New England Highway with a population has a population of approximately 290. of approximately 1,571. Although located in the region defi ned as the Darling Downs, the Crows Nest area is hilly country, situated in the Great Dividing Range on the eastern edge of the Downs. Soils and Geology: Soil types include loamy or sandy lithosols on scarps and hill tops with moderately deep, duplex Soils and Geology: Soils vary from shallow, stony, brown, grey brown or grey, to moderately deep, grey or grey soils on the lower slopes. brown self mulching clays.

Existing Street Tree Species: Local Issues: There is a dominance of Callistemon species and long avenues of them can be found on the Mixed Eucalyptus New England Highway. However, there is a lack of street tree planting on the main street except Eucalyptus torelliana cadaghi around park. As a result there is a lack of entry experience to town. Mixed Casuarinas Existing Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Syagrus romanzoffi ana cocos palm Acer sp. maple Araucaria bidwillii bunya pine Nerium oleander oleander Banksia sp. banksia Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra fl ame tree Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Cinnamomum camphora camphor laurel Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Cupaniopsis anacardioides tuckeroo Fraxinus americana American white ash Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Flindersia australis crows Ash Grevillea robusta silky oak Grevillea robusta silky oak Fraxinus x oxycarpa ‘Raywoodii’ claret Ash Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Platanus occidentalis plane tree Pyrus sp. pear Proposed Street Tree Species: Stenocarpus sinuatus fi re wheel

Proposed Street Tree Species:

N e w LS CREEK E COOYAR CREEK BALD HIL n g la n 2 Dingo d Mountai H n Rd w y 2 2 E A m u C r Ne e gal l St w e Mcdou En k 2 gla R nd d H w y 4 2 2A E 3 1 s k

S

d 1 t D R a

l 3 e o ing CREEK S D ST t WS NE A S O t CR 2 h 2 y y w H d d D n a d G Three Mile R la l r e g a n c S E e t S S w w d t t R t ert S h Ne Alb Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues s

ew South GINGKGO biloba, MAGNOLIA grandiflora St 1 ndr A 3 2 HARPULLIA pendula, FLINDERSIA australis Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues Cha 1 GINGKGO biloba, PALARAMUS acerifolia, CALLISTEMON viminalis rles St 2 CALODEN capense, QUERCUS palustris 3 BUCKINGHAMIA celsissima 3 All Other Streets: 4 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

22 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.12 Goombungee 7.13 Gowrie Junction

Goombungee, with a population of approximately 772 , is located 35kms north of Toowoomba with beef cattle, dairying, Gowrie Junction is a town and locality located just fi ve minutes drive west from Toowoomba’s city outskirts, just off the pigs, grains and forestry the dominant primary industries surrounding the town. It is situated in the eastern Darling Warrego Highway. This country community lies amongst the rolling hills which border the open cropping plains of the Downs, approaching the hilly dividing range and the headwaters of Oakey Creek. Much of the original vegetation was Darling Downs. It contains a small shop, a school and a community hall and has a population of approximately 1218. ironbark forest and brigalow scrub. Soils and Geology: Soils vary from shallow, stony, brown, grey brown or grey, to moderately deep, grey or grey Soils and Geology: Soil types are loamy or sandy lithosols on scarps and hill tops with moderately deep, duplex soils brown self mulching clays. on the lower slopes. Existing Street Tree Species: Existing Street Tree Species: Allocasuarina luehmannii bull oak Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Eucalyptus populnea poplar box Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Eucalyptus spp. Salix babylonica Babylon willow Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Acacia pendula weeping acacia Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Caesalpinia ferrea leopard tree Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Grevillea robusta silky oak Corymbia maculata spotted gum Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Grevillea robusta silky oak Melaleuca quinquenervia broad leaf tea tree Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Tipuana tipu pride of Bolivia (racehorse tree) Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda Proposed Street Tree Species: Proposed Street Tree Species:

d R h us b e m o den Rd H Hay Pech e d y Maclagan Rd ld 1 R O e e l es Rd a Burk 2 v y l i

L

e e i r w d o 3 R G

s s

d l

a

n v

o

D

d

c

M e 2 n a

c

T r

r A

e

e

l

i

n e 2 d R Dv t G h 1 o s d t w R P r u m S e ie a hn S c he T b irn y i e B r r l e Jo g i t Ma o r e cl w agan n m o S k Rd d G r a o

a a a R t d H B 2 t d d a l t c

S O o 1 M n n

h

o

J t 1

S

g g

n i

K Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues HODGSONCREEK 1 ACER ‘October Glory’, FLINDERSIA australis, MELALEUCA linafolia 2 PYRUS species Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 3 QUERCUS palustris, GEIJERA parviflora 1 JACARANDA mimosifolia, GINKO G biloba, GEIJERAparviflora 2 BRACHYCHITON populneus All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions All Other Streets: including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 23 7.14 Greenmount 7.15 Haden

The township of Greenmount is located 28kms south of Toowoomba on the New England Highway with a population The township of Haden has a population of approximately 306. of approximately 379. It is surrounded by barley, horticulture or vegetables, sunfl ower, wheat and dairy and beef cattle farming. Soils and Geology: Soil types are moderately deep, brown and grey brown loams and clay loams overlying dark clays. Grey cracking clays occur on the slopes. Soils and Geology: Soil types are generally very deep, dark, cracking clay types. Existing Street Tree Species: Existing Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Araucaria cunninghamii Moreton Bay pine (hoop pine) Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra fl ame tree Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Pittosporum x eugenioides ‘Variegata‘ lemonwood Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Pittosporum phillyraeoides weeping pittosporum Cinnamomum camphora camphor laurel Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda Pittosporum rhombifolium Queensland pittosporum Dodonaea hop bush Pittosporum undulatum sweet pittosporum Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Brachychiton sp Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint Ficus fi g Tree Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Melia azedarach white cedar Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Platanus occidentalis plane tree Grevillea robusta silky oak Toona ciliata red cedar Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Bauhinia

Proposed Street Tree Species: Proposed Street Tree Species:

d n R tio ec Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues nn Co nt BRACHYCHITON acerifolius, BRACHYCHITON populneus, LAGERSTROEMIA indica ou 1 nm ee 2 PLATANUS x acerfolia, BACKHOUSIA citrodora Gr 3 EUCALYPTUS decorticans, CALLISTRMON viminalis, MELALEUCA linariifolia 3

t S y y t le S n ta n n S o s Had g en d C o Bou row H nd ary s s S N 2 s t es a 3 t R p 2 St y n d B an d K t t

R n

u n n 4 o

o i m t n c 1 e d e re R n G n e e

o 1 G e reenmou C g nt n

u

b 4

m 3 o Woodlands o t Rd G S nn Violet Ka Brodie 3 Park

H

o d 2 g

s

o n Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues

S t 1 JACARANDA

B 2 JACARANDA, GREVILLEA robusta, BRACHYCHITON acerifolius

r

i d 3 FLINDERSIA collina, MAGNOLIA grandiflora i e s 4 TOONA ciliata R d

All Other Streets: All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

24 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.16 Hampton 7.17 Highfi elds

Situated at the top of an escarpment on the Great Dividing Range, Hampton is one of the small hamlets located along The Highfi elds district, with a population of approximately 8,010, is located 12kms north of Toowoomba on the New the New England Highway between Toowoomba, (29 kilometres to the south) and Crows Nest (12 kilometres to the England Highway. Highfi elds was originally a rural residential district but is now being developed as urban housing. The north). Hampton and the surrounding area had a population of approximately 477. Eucalypt and pine forests as well as district is one of the fastest growth areas in the TRC area and this is refl ected in the housing industry and growth in grass land are present in this area. Local produce includes citrus and avocados which are grown on many of the farms other sectors such as retail. located around the district. Soils and Geology: Soil types vary from deep red clay to deep red loam soils. Moving off the ridges soils become Soils and Geology: Soil types vary from shallow, stony, brown, grey brown or grey, to moderately deep, grey or grey more of a stony basalt, grey brown self mulching clays. brown self mulching clays. Local Issues: Previous studies show that the residents value Highfi elds for its forested setting and wildlife. Most of this character however is derived from private property plantings on large blocks and Local Issues: Hampton does not have a clearly defi ned entry and exit to the town and is currently defi ned by there is very little formal street tree planting except in newer areas. These values are at risk as an opening in the surrounding forest. On the main street, at the New England Highway junction narrow columnar species continue to be planted in new subdivisions, where undergrounded of the Esk - Hampton Road there is an opportunity to provide additional plantings. There is power provides an ideal opportunity to create leafy shady streets. This combined with future a large eucalypt and bottle tree in the main street. Secondary streets off the main road soon subdivision pressures and potential private tree loss means that street tree planting is a priority change character into rural residential and forested areas. for Highfi elds. Long avenues provide the potential for consistent avenue tree plantings and to provide improved shade and amenity to footpaths and streetscapes. Existing Street Tree Species: Eucalyptus species remnant forest Existing Street Tree Species: Buckinghamia celsissima ivory curl fl ower Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Brachychiton spp Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Celtis australis European nettle tree Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Flindersia australis crows ash Fraxinus oxycarpa ‘Raywood’ claret ash Grevillea spp Proposed Street Tree Species: Magnolia ‘Little Gem’ little gem Magnolia ‘St. Marys’ star magnolia Magnolia grandifl ora southern or Bull Bay magnolia Magnolia stellata royal star Melaleuca armillaris bracelet honey myrtle Melaleuca leucadendron paper bark or cajuput 2 Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Ha mp Melaleuca styphelioides prickly leaf paper bark ton Rd Pittosporum eugenioides ‘Variegatum’ lemonwood Pittosporum phillyraeoides weeping pittosporum Pittosporum rhombifolium Queensland pittosporum 1 Pittosporum undulatum sweet pittosporum Prunus x blireana fl owering peach

A 2 Prunus mume ‘Pendula’ pendula 2 2

y y

w E sk Pyrus Redspire redspire H H am d d p Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ Bradford n ton

a l Rd g Pyrus nivalis snow pear

n E Pyrus spp pear w w

e

N Pyrus ussuriensis Manchurian pear Tristaniopsis laurina water gum Mixed Eucalyptus white gums Waterhousea fl oribunda water gum Podocarpus spp yellowwood species

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 1 TOONA ciliata, MAGNOLIA grandiflora Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: 2 BRACHYCHITON acerifolius Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush All Other Streets: Fraxinus americana American white ash Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. Melaleuca quinquenervia broad leaf tea tree toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 25 Proposed Street Tree Species:

Geengee

Highfields

d

d R

R

Rd e e

n n

e k w l r

o g Rd a r

a

B r

r 7 n i o h P t W

a n l i r

e l a Borneo

b K H 2 N Barracks ig Ca Cronin Rd h io f N k Golf Club ie a l io d k s Polzin Roada D P v R olz d S in D m R v y d t h v e D Barra cks Rd 9 6 d R 8 n v ie Reis Road D 'Br O R Woolmer ve e

o is

r d g R R

h C d g

i l

a y H r O’Brien Road k n W e n o e o Highfields Road R P lm d e r G 3 lue u R B m d 6 1 D v L it t le t d o R n Rd ls D h v Kratzkeke Road Ku tz ra K a D sm v 3 io D

Av 1

y y

l l d 5 o 4 R

H A 22 e e k 8 y n w Borgha a H rdt r Rd

F d n d la R ng 6 Kuhls Road Highfields E n n i

w n Cawdor Road e o N r

v C or D Cawd Cawdor Drive

Cawdor Rd New England Highway d R er Legend - Street Trees for Key Avenues b 6 ar B 1 4 1 BUCKINGHAMIA celsissima (Ivory Curl Flower) d Dv R da & TRISTANIOPSIS laurina (Water Gum) g a r an be r in G te P D S a au Rd lm d 2 BRACHYCHITON acerifolius (Illawarra Flame Tree) e R St CREE r Highfields id D e & BRACHYCHITON populneus (Black Kurrajong Tree) O a v n v t e K e t D Falls o e l

K R 3 WATERHOUSEA floribunda (Weeping Lillypilly) d Dv n tio ra de 4 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box), Fe CREEK QUERCUS palustris (Pin Oak) & Rd Dv l d n n el o R PODOCARPUS elatus (Plum Pine) ti itch a r M e e e v MURPHYS d r e e CALLITRIS glaucophylla (White Cypress) F s 5

e R & BRACHYCHITON populneus (Black Kurrojong Tree) Rd n n

Otto Rd n o n i a t m a er lt e 6 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) o r K c H a N e r R c ew h 7 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina (Water Gum) En R gla Bra d nd H dys Rd d R R w o y s 8 BUCKINGHAMIA celsissima (Ivory Curl Flower) ck 2 s be 2A m R re & QUERCUS palustris (Pin Oak) W d Lawrence Rd

d 9 ELAEOCARPUS reticulatus (Blueberry Ash) R r All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. 26 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.18 Jondaryan 7.19 Kingsthorpe

Jondaryan is 140 km west of Brisbane and midway between Toowoomba and Dalby. The name originated from the Kingsthorpe, a town of approximately 1500 people, is midway between Toowoomba and Oakey. Its concealed location Jondaryan pastoral station (1842), derived from an Aboriginal expression thought to describe something a long way off. recommends it for rural/residential living, within 18 km commuting distance of Toowoomba. There are local shops, the This may have been associated with a view from the Bunya mountains of a tree line or topographical feature on the black Gowrie Hotel and rural businesses. soil plains. The population is approximately 300. Soils and Geology: Black Vertosol. Soil types vary from shallow, stony, brown, grey brown or grey, to moderately Soils and Geology: Deep self mulching soils predominate with a slightly acidic pH. deep, grey or grey brown self mulching clays.

Existing Street Tree Species: Existing Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Eucalyptus moluccana grey box Allocasuarina luehmannii bull oak Acacia pendula weeping acacia Eucalyptus scoparia willow gum Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Brachychiton rupestris bottle Tree Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Eucalyptus populnea poplar box Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Mixed Eucalyptus Grevillea robusta silky oak Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Tipuana tipu pride of Bolivia (racehorse tree) Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Pittosporum angustifolium weeping pittosporum Proposed Street Tree Species:

Proposed Street Tree Species:

d 2 R

s s

h

c

s

d 3 u

n R W n a a n J rre e go d H a d w H e R 3 y co Ki e e ng 18 len sthorpe B p Gle r e G ncoe Rd o rp

h o

t h st Gu s g lliga l St 2 g Kin

n

i

K 3

1 D 4 Ruby St Ea uk 2 r l D e S t t S uk t S t e S

r r S t t e s

k

a s i l W E a a rre T go H w y Go 1 wr 8B ie St 1 G C W owrie St at 2 he ar ri re ne go GOWRIE H Cr wy 1 Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 8B CREEK 4 1 JACARANDA mimosifolia, QUERCUS palustrisFilme rs Rd 3 EUCALYPTUS decorticans, BRACHYCHITON rupestris, MELALEUCA linariifolia W 2 t ar S t re 3 FLINDERSIA australis, BRACHYCHITON populneus, EUCALYPTUS populnea S g GOWRIE CREEK n n o H io n w GREVILLEA robusta t o y 4 a Legend - Streeto Trees For Key Avenues t g 1 S a 8B 1 L EUCALYPTUS decortican s, BRACHYCHITON rupestris, BRACHYCHITON acerifolius 2 GEIJERAparviflora 2 3 QUERCUS palustris, CALODEDRON capense All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 27 7.20 Kulpi 7.21 Maclagan

Kulpi is a small rural community in which cattle and grain properties fi gure most prominently. The town has a population Maclagan is a town situated at the foothills of the Bunya Mountains near the Bunya Mountains National Park. It has a of approximately 231. population of approximately 136.

Soils and Geology: Soil types are moderately deep, brown and grey brown loams and clay loams overlying dark Soils and Geology: Soil types are moderately deep, brown and grey brown loams and clay loams overlying dark clays. Grey cracking clays occur on the slopes. clays. Grey cracking clays occur on the slopes.

Existing Street Tree Species: Local Issues: Currently a mix of street trees have been planted. However there is the potential to create a Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark cohesive main street with street tree planting on both sides of the road. Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Mixed Eucalyptus Existing Street Tree Species: Melaleuca armillaris bracelet honey myrtle Melaleuca leucadendron paper bark or cajuput Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Pinus sp. pine Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Mixed Eucalyptus Proposed Street Tree Species: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Rd Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda key Cooyar Oa Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle

B eckman Melaleuca quinquenervia broad leaf tea tree

St eranga Rd

Kulpi P Proposed Street Tree Species: 2

Chu rch St 1

2

d R s s ad a S d d an Bunya Mountains t Macl S agan Rd t re 1 rga a 2 M Bun ya Mou Rd ntain –Macla gan Rd and Bism oore ark St

M

d Bi smark St Legend - Street Trees For Key AvenuesWinton Rd R Winton Rd s CALODENDRON capense ad 1 a S 2 EUCALYPTUS decorticans,FLINDERSIA australis, CALLISTEMONviminalis nd a t t S t t e r

ga r All Other Streets: a M For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions K 2 CREE including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. MYALL

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues

1 EUCALYPTUS decorticans, MELALEUCADalby Cooyar Rd linariifolia 2 QUERCUS palustris, GINKGO biloba, BRACYCHITON populneus

All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. 28 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.22 Meringandan And Meringandan West 7.23 Millmerran

Meringandan and Meringandan West are two very close towns located near Highfi elds, 19 kilometres north west of Millmerran is located 84km south-west of Toowoomba on the Gore Highway and has a population of approximately Toowoomba with a population of approximately 1,474. 1,324. The town is surrounded by a rural primary production area with industries including stud/beef cattle, pork, poultry, sheep, timber, olives, grain and cotton. Soils and Geology: The soil is predominately a very, deep, dark, self mulching, cracking clay soil. Soils and Geology: Chief soils are moderately deep to very deep, dark, grey brown to brown calcareous clays and clay loams overlying dark brown clays. Local Issues: Meringandan is the smaller of the two and lies on the Oakey Meringandan Road. The road is quite narrow through town and there are minor commercial services on it. There is little street Local Issues: The main highway through to Goondiwindi runs through the town and is heavily utilised by tree planting and there is no defi ned sense of entry or exit to the town. Meringandan West is road-train through traffi c (including three carriage trucks) with the resulting noise and dust a few kilometres west of Meringandan at the junction of Goombungee Meringandan Road. It impacting on the amenity of a large section of the main street. The remainder of the main street consists of a cluster of rural residential properties with limited commercial services. There are off the highway has considerable street tree plantings with a mix of Caesalpinia ferrea (Leopard no distinct entry plantings or street tree plantings around the town except for some in the Tree) and Tristaniopsis laurina –( Water Gum), however there is little shade on the main street newer subdivisions. provided by these trees. The remainder of town has a reasonable number of tree plantings of mixed species including eucalypts, many of which are established Callistemon species. Mixed Existing Street Tree Species: eucalyptus species have been used in avenue planting leading into the town from the outlying areas. Mixed Eucalyptus Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Existing Street Tree Species: Caesalpinia ferrea leopard tree Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Fraxinus x oxycarpa ‘Raywoodii’ claret ash Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Lophostemon confertus brush box Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Grevillea robusta silky oak Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Fraxinus americana American white ash Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Mixed Eucalyptus Proposed Street Tree Species: Tristaniopsis laurina water gum

Proposed Street Tree Species:

Lo Spies v Rd e d d l l R R R e l c il t d ru S y 28A S R B M le Gore Hw pies Rd o o W s lp s a e S s W t t Lola A t, S ve, Att S 3 t Fa le y ctory L n gh a 2 G 1 i w ore H gh wy 2 i 8B Sm H d ith S e t or R Klein Rd G n n Ma a y St

d

n 2 a 3 g

n C Lake Dv i om t r m t ens St S e S oo t t d M t ar O N e e Ann e St

g

n u Clare St b

m Pe tr d ia Ct J o ame s St R o

d d G

o

d

o

R

w

s s

e High e fie l lds Rd l g st Rd n a s I d n 1 C i - O R a a ke n y-M r erin d g a an S t o d G MERINGANDAN CREEK an R r d S d elds R a r o ighfi l k H l d e e w y n ard u e R s l Rd n B m g y l n n l l n i I I e F n l a M r K er Millm illm erran Ing M D 1 lewood R ebnam R d d Owens Scrub Rd Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues H i d gh fie R ld d 1 ACER 'October Glory', GEIJERA parviflora s Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues o R o d w

e 2 l FLINDERSIAMERINGANDAN australis,CREEK BRACHYCHITON populneus, LOPHOSTEMON confertus 1 g BRACHYCHITONRACYCHITON populneus, populneus, FLINDERSIA FLIDERSIA australisn S I c h an w 2 r CALODENDRON capense, LAGERSTROEMIAr indica, JACARANDA mimosifolia a r e te m n l l R3 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina, FLINDERSIA collinai All Other Streets: d M For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 29 7.24 Mount Tyson 7.25 Nobby

Mount Tyson is a rural town amongst the grain and cattle farms of the Darling Downs 40 km west of Toowoomba, and is Nobby is a small town located halfway between Toowoomba and Warwick with a population of approximately 391. approximately halfway between Oakey and Pittsworth. It has a population of approximately 519. Soils and Geology: The soil type is predominately black soil. Soils and Geology: Soils vary from shallow, stony, brown, grey brown or grey, to moderately deep, grey or grey brown self mulching clays. Existing Street Tree Species: Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Existing Street Tree Species: Corymbia torelliana cadagi tree Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Eucalyptus tessellaris ghost gum Eucalyptus fi brosa red iron bark Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Grevillea robusta silky oak Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda Acacia pendula weeping acacia Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Proposed Street Tree Species: Grevillea robusta silky oak Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda

Melaleuca bracteata black / river tea tree Rd Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda rd

St 2 Com Commerfo erford St

Proposed Street Tree Species: Walker Davenport St Brodie St St 1

de 2 ri St Murton Gilb t St th d S o Hill St R o h T t n n o o T

yso d T Free St n t t a

n t u enn S o y r r K e M t - s i n

S

ya

r a Jac d kson St 1 n o

J Main S t and Moun 2 t Tyson Rd McGeever St 2 Mount Tyson Rd

d R Norfo t t Walker St lk St s

u

n

K

bride St l Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues Gi Felton Cl Rd ifton Rd

1 BRACHYCHITON rt rupestris, FLINDERSIA australis, CALODENDRON capense 2

GEIJERAEIJERARicke parrifolia,parviflora, BRACHYCHITON BRACHYCHITON discolor discolor Fett Rd

Side St

All Other Streets: Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions 1 BRACHYCHITON populneus including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. 2 CALDENDRONALDENDRON capense, FLINDERSIA collina

All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

30 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.26 Oakey Proposed Street Tree Species:

The town of Oakey, with approximately 3,901 residents, is located on the Warrego Highway 29km north-west of Too- 3 woomba. Local industries are rural based, many of which are associated with the beef industry and, a meatworks is lo- t S

e e cated near the town. There are also coal mining operations in the surrounding districts. Just outside town, the Australian Br l 2 idg a e S e Army Aviation Centre provides a training facility and also hosts a Singapore Armed Forces Helicopter Squadron. t B OAKEY CREEK

C am p Soils and Geology: Red sodosol; red Chromosol. The soil types are moderately deep to very deep, red brown loams b e

ll to clay loams overlying brown or yellow brown clays. S t 1 Existing Street Tree Species: Corymbia citriodora lemon scented gum Corymbia torelliana cadagi tree Eucalyptus bakeri Baker’s mallee Eucalyptus calycogona square-fruited mallee Eucalyptus camaldulensis river red gum OA KE Eucalyptus crebra narrow-leaved ironbark Y CREEK 2 Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark 3 Eucalyptus eremophila sand mallee T o Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint EK o w o o Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark m b Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues a Eucalyptus exserta Queensland peppermint R Eucalyptus moluccana grey box 1 BRACHYCHITON rupestris, CORYMBIA tessellaris d

Eucalyptus leucoxylon red fl owering yellow gum 2 EUCALYPTUS decorticansWESTBROOK CRE Eucalyptus melanophloia silver leaved iron bark 3 MELALEUCA linariifolia Eucalyptus moluccana grey box Eucalyptus oleosa red mallee Eucalyptus platypus Moort (WA) All Other Streets: Eucalyptus viridis green mallee For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions Grevillea robusta silky oak including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. Hakea lorea bootlace oak or cork tree Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island hibiscus Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Tamarix aphylla athel pine

Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Araucaria cunninghamii Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Callitris glaucophylla white cypress Casuarina glauca swamp sheoak Castanospermum australe black bean Flindersia australis Crow’s ash Lophostemon confertus brush box Melaleuca bracteata black / river tea tree Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 31 7.27 Peranga 7.28 Pittsworth

Peranga is 70 kilometres north-west of Toowoomba and 55 km north-east of Dalby with a population of approximately Pittsworth is located 40km south-west of Toowoomba on the Gore Highway and has a population of approximately 50. There is a post offi ce and general store, a one-man police station and a town hall. 2,791. Cotton has become a widespread and valuable crop, and other primary industries include: poultry and egg production; grain growing farms; and dairy production. To town provides a service centre for the surrounding Soils and Geology: The soil types are moderately deep, brown and grey brown loams and clay loams overlying dark agricultural area. clays. Grey cracking clays occur on the slopes. It is situated on the basalt uplands which is undulating in nature and the surrounding area hosts mixed farming and intensive animal industries. Local Issues: There is no sense of arrival except for the close proximity of buildings indicating a town. There are minimal formal street tree plantings. Except a short row of Schinus molle (pepper tree) Soils and Geology: The soil within the Pittsworth area is alkaline with a pH of 9.0. planted adjacent to the police station. Also there is a row of Eucalyptus torelliana (Cadaghi) on the Quinalow Peranga Road. Local Issues: Pittsworth has well planted streets which are dominated by the use of Grevillea robusta and Callistemon species. There have been issues with large tree plantings such as Grevillea robusta Existing Street Tree Species: under powerlines requiring removal. Most recent plantings appear to be dominated by Crepe Corymbia ptychocarpa spring bloodwood Myrtles and other small species for planting under powerlines. . Besides the main roundabout Mixed Eucalyptus there is little planting on the main street through the town, which affects the town amenity Schinus molle pepper tree and there is an opportunity to undertake a comprehensive street tree planting program for Eucalyptus torelliana cadaghi the town centre in combination with a main street masterplan. Also, Jacaranda trees have been recently planted on the main entry into town from the west. Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Grevillea robusta silky oak Existing Street Tree Species: Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Araucaria cunninghamii Moreton Bay pine (hoop pine) Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle Fraxinus x oxycarpa ‘Raywoodii’ claret ash Melia azedarach white cedar Proposed Street Tree Species: Mixed Eucalyptus Quinalow Peranga Rd

Peranga Ev Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: ergreen R d 2 Caesalpinia ferrea leopard tree Peranga Evergreen R d Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Fraxinus americana American white ash Grevillea robusta silky oak 1 Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island hibiscus

t

S

m m a h n e

D

Reid St

ch St r

t Chu S

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues ham

Den 1 CALODENDRON capense, JACARANDA mimosifolia 2 TOONA ciliata, EUCALYPTUS decorticans

All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

32 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan Proposed Street Tree Species:

s w b or a t h h n

c R a d o m l L Quibet l Rd a

D

Lovedays Ln A 28 t y S w H s e e r n o i

G V

Rd a mb oo ow To

t

S

t t r Camp o bel l St h

S Toowoomba Road

1

Short Street 2 Sc hoo l St St ay 5 ilw Ra y St Hadle Railway Street

lton Rd Golf Course Road Fe orth 2 Pittsw Pittsworth Felton Road 7 2 5 10 9 t e S d Hum rs R 5 usle Ha d p R Ga Hume Street Weale Street 5 W eale St Gap Road St 1 illea 5 3 Grev 4

d St

R

St y

a e e r Legend - Street Trees for Key Avenues s r s s r u g t u

g o 7M S H i 8 il l r BRACHYCHITON acerifolius (Illawarra Flame Tree) C St 1

B

g g

f f n & EUCALYPTUS argophloia (Chinchilla White Gum) l i

r o

Hill Street East p G Hil l St East S 8 2 QUERCUS palustris (Pin Oak) 3 JACARANDA mimisifolia (Jacaranda)

Golf Course Road Pittsworth & CORYMBIA citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum) Golf Course 4 CORYMBIA citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum)

Bridge Street

Murray Street L & EUCALYPTUS argophloia (Chinchilla White Gum) 4 ong Rd 1 6 5 GREVILLEA robusta (Silky Oak) 6 & ACER buergeianum (Trident Maple) Boundary Road B oundary R 6 GEIJERA salicifolia (Brush Wilga) d 6 7 GREVILLEA robusta (Silky Oak) & LAGERSTROEMIA indica (Crepe Myrtle) 8 BAUHINIA hookeri (Hooker’s Bauhinia)

9 MAGNOLIA grandiflora (Bull Bay Magnolia) &

d LAGERSTROEMIA indica (Crepe Myrtle)

R

A n n 10 Existing Trees of Honour o v t

f

All Other Streets: Species selection refer map overleaf for key avenue plantings. For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 33 7.29 Quinalow 7.30 Southbrook

Quinalow has a population of approximately 300. Southbrook is a small town off the Gore Highway 10 km north-east of Pittsworth and 25 km south-west of Toowoomba. It has a population of approximately 780 people. Soils and Geology: The soil types are generally deep dark brown clays to brown loams and cracking clays on higher ground. Soils and Geology: The soil types of Southbrook are similar to Pittsworth.

Existing Street Tree Species: Existing Street Tree Species: Eucalyptus decorticans ironbark Corymbia citriodora lemon scented gum Melaleuca armillaris bracelet honey myrtle Melia azedarach white cedar Melaleuca leucadendron paper bark or cajuput Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Melaleuca styphelioides prickly leaf paper bark Mixed Eucalyptus

Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree Proposed Street Tree Species: Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Grevillea robusta silky oak Melaleuca quinquenervia broad leaf tea tree alley Rd

pe V Gore Hwy 28A

Proposed Street Tree Species: Linthor

y St

O'Connell

Baile

Myal l St

S

en St t d R r 3 a John St Que m

School Rd rel a Qu H inalow Pe 2 ranga Rd

ort St

d ea Ave Sh Osh

R 1 Rd 1 2 Ave

a a eigh Oshea l l

Young Stone

o o

S M

o

u w-

t o

l Murray Rd h

b a

r n Friz

i o Sterling St u o

zle k Q

F

St e

lt

o

n

R

MY d Pee A ch LL CRE y- 1 Ma cla g EK an Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues 1 D 1 TOONA ciliate, PLATANUS x acerfolia aly St 2 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina, PLATANIS occidentalis 'Autumn Glory', HARPULLIA pendula

d

R

Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues n a g O

a l l d c 1 BACKHOUSIA citriodora, MELALEUCA linarifolia, PITTOSPORUM undulatumR All Other Streets:

COURSE o

s y Ma e e 2 MELALEUCA linariifolia, LAGERSTROEMIA indica m Pittosporum undulatum

ch o

e ATER u

P n 3 W Backhousia citriodora PODOCARPUS elatus, BRACHYCHITON acerfolius, QUERCUS palustrist

R d Brachychiton discolor Elaeocarpus reticulatus All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

34 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.31 Toowoomba Proposed Street Tree Species: Refer to the Toowoomba Street Tree Masterplans on the following pages for key avenue plantings. Suggested ‘landscape Toowoomba, with a population of approximately 104,927 is situated about 700 metres above sea level on the edge of the character unit’ areas are as follows. Great Dividing Range. The city is located at the junction of the New England, Gore, and Warrego Highways, 127kms or a 90 minute drive west of Brisbane.

The city is the largest centre in the TRC area and has long been a hub for commerce, industry and education, and as such is considered the capital of the ‘Darling Downs’ region.

Toowoomba can be divided into fi ve separate ‘landscape character units’: City Core Existing Character, Cultural City Centre, City Bowl, Western City Rim and Eastern Escarpment (TRC 2003).

The City Core is the heart of the city centre. The area is dominated by commercial business and the land form is generally fl at. There is little consistency in planting regimes throughout the city core and some streets have very little planting at all (TRC 2003). CITY BOWL The Cultural City Centre is distinct from the rest of the city due to its cultural/historical signifi cance (TRC 2003). As the oldest section of the city, this area boasts historic architecture and streetscapes. Large and signifi cant stands of trees exist within private properties and the major open space areas. Also mature avenue plantings of camphor laurels and EASTERN some plane trees are evident within many streets, creating a shady atmosphere. ESCARPMENT

The City Bowl comprises land within the ridge line that encircles the city centre, its distinguishing characteristics includes the inward focus and its built up appearance (TRC 2003). Views within this character unit are directed towards the centre of town due to its topography and aspect. Vegetation cover is moderate, and land uses are diverse. CULTURAL CITY CENTRE The Western City Rim is distinct in its undulating to steep topography and aspect towards the west (TRC 2003). This area outside the ridgeline encircles the city centre and has a more rural character. It has some sections of dense remnant vegetation, and there is also a lower density of development in this area. An opportunity exists to capture the essence of the rural / bushland character with some street tree plantings. Some areas of this character unit may be at risk from bushfi res during hot dry times of the year. Street tree selection needs to address this risk by using fi re- retardant or low-risk tree species where appropriate. WESTERN CITY RIM CITY CORE

The Eastern Escarpment contains the majority of the Great Divide escarpment that forms a topographical barrier to Toowoomba in the east (TRC 2003). This land is steeply undulating and densely vegetated. Land use is mainly escarpment parkland with some residential uses at the top of the range. This area also has an outward focus, with signifi cant views CULTURAL CITY east to the Lockyer Valley. An opportunity exists to maintain the natural character of this area by planting rainforest and CENTRE scrub species for street tree avenue development.

Soils and Geology: Most of Toowoomba is covered by well drained, red brown loams, which allow rainfall to CITY BOWL percolate to the underlying ground water, recharging the system. There are areas of low water infi ltration, along the creeks. The two main soil groups are the ‘black’ and ‘red’ soils. The black soils are highly reactive, dark clay soils that are highly fertile and possess a high water storage capability. They cover a large area of the western part of the city and occupy most of the open plains, lower hill slopes, and in some places, extend to the ridge crests. The red soils are moderately reactive, have a lower storage capability and are moderately fertile. They are easier to cultivate, and cover most of the eastern part of the city.

Local Issues: • Lack of hierarchy and continuity of avenue plantings in the city with many species occurring on single avenues • Replacement plantings required for Camphor laurel avenues in the future • Potential loss of green leafy image due to lack of undergrounding of powerlines on key avenues resulting in small species being used on at least half of the road verges • Lack of planting in new subdivision areas

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 35 Toowoomba Regional Street Tree Masterplan TO CROWS NEST TOOWOOMBA CITY CHARACTER UNITS - All Major Roads ARTERIAL 8 MORT STREET 3 1 BRACHYCHITON acerifolius (Illawarra Flame Tree) 8 NEW ENGLAND HIGHWAY 2 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) & PYRUS species (Pear Tree) 3 JACARANDA mimosifolia (Jacaranda) & Magnolia grandiflora (Bull Bay Magnolia) 4 PLATANUS occidentalis (Sycamore) & PYRUS Species (Pear Tree)

5 QUERCUS palustrLs (Pinoak) 2 TO OAKEY MORT 6 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina (Water Gum) 7 WATERHOUS(A floribunda (Weeping Lilly Pilly) & CALLISTEMON species (Bottlebrush)

MELALEUCA linariifolia (Snow in Summer) & CALLISTEMON salignus (Willow Bottlebrush) S T R E E T T E E R T S 10 8

6 TOONA ciliata (Red Cedar), PYRUS species (Pear Tree), ACER species (Maple Tree) RUTHVEN RUTHVEN 9 & PLATANUS hybrids (London Plane Tree) NORTH STREET 14 8 10 PODOCARPUS elatus (Plum Pine), LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) & EUCALYPTUS species 2 14 11 MAGNOLIA exmouth (Bull Bay Magnolia) & HARPULLIA pendula (Tulipwood)

BRIDGE STREET STREET HOLBERTON

BOUNDARY STREET BOUNDARY 6 12 NORTH STREET S TR E E T

McDOUGALL STREET McDOUGALL 21 33 JELLICOE 14 SUB ARTERIAL 13 STREET 17 29 12 ACER ‘October Glory’ (Red Maple) & BRACHYCHITON acerifolius (Illawarra Flame Tree) 9 13 13 ACER ‘October Glory’ (Red Maple) & WATERHOUS(A floribunda (Weeping Lilly Pilly) 22 30 TAYLOR STREET STREET TOR 14 TIBOUCHINA species (Princess Flower) & LAGERSTROEMIA species (Crepe Myrtle) BRIDGE STREET 23 18 36 15 MELALEUCA linariifolia (Snow in Summer)

13 23 STREET MARY 36 16 CALODENDRON capense (Cape Chestnut) & ACER species (Maple Tree) 35 RUSSEL STREET 15 13 17 PLATANUS occidentalis ‘Autumn Glory’ (Sycamore) HURSLEY ROAD 33 20 21 M A R G A R E T 30 18 JACARANDA mimosifolia (Jacaranda) & Pyrus species (Ornamental Pear) 15 19 AVE 17 S T R E E T 13 STREET HAMPTON 19 JACARANDA mimosifolia (Jacaranda) & PLA7A1US occidentalis (Sycamore) 24 H E R R IE S 17 GLENVALE ROAD 16 17 S T R E E T 20 GINKGO biloba (Ginkgo) 24 16 11 ST COHOE ANZAC 38 2 KITCHENER ROAD 2 21 UPRIGHT PYRUS species (Ornamental Pear) JAMES STREET 16 4 22 PYRUS species (Pear Tree) 35 4 SOUTH STREET 35 18 23 WASHINGTONIA robusta (Mexican Fan Palm)

34 STREET WEST TO BRISBANE 24 BU7IA capitata (Jelly Palm) 34 SOUTH STREET 13 31 13 27 25 XANTHOSTEMON chUysanthus (Golden Penda) & ACER species (Maple Tree) 6 9 29 31 TOURIST ROAD 26 CAESALPINIA ferrea (Leopard Tree) and ACER species (Maple Tree)

28 STREET RUTHVEN 31 37 27 CALODENDRON capense (Cape Chestnut) 39 STREET HUME 31 SOUTH STREET 1 LAGERSTROEMIA species (Crepe Myrtle) EUSTON ROAD 39 ROAD 31 28 39 29 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) & ACER species (Maple Tree) 29 7 40 ALDERLEY STREET 29 30 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) & PLA7$NUS occidentalis (Sycamore) GREENWATTLE

STREET ANZAC AVENUE STREET RAMSAY

18 STREET MACKENZIE 31 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina (Water Gum) & ACER ‘October Glory’ (Red Maple) 26 DRAYTONSTENNER STREET 40 37 26 13 DISTRIBUTOR 29 25 32 ACER ‘October Glory’ (Red Maple) & PRUNUS species (Cherry Tree) CANNING BAKER STREET STREET 25 33 LOPHOSTEMON confertus (Brush Box) & PLANATUS occidentalis (Sycamore) 6 9 34 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina (Water Gum) & MELALEUCA species (Paper Bark) 29 18 35 13 SPRING STREET WATERHOUS(A floribunda (Weeping Lilly Pilly) & CALLISTEMON species 32 (Bottle Brush) 29 32 5 36 WATERHOUS(A floribunda (Weeping Lilly Pilly) STREET 29 37 37 ELAEOCARPUS reticulatus (Blueberry Ash) & RHODOSPHAERA rhodanthema (Deep Yellow Wood) TO PITTSWORTH 38 BUCKINGHAMIA celsissima (Ivory Curl Tree) NELSON STREET 29 ROWBOTHAM 39 CALLISTEMON salignus (Willow Bottlebrush) 29 40 MAGNOLIA grandiflora (Little Gem) & ACER species (Maple Tree)

TO CLIFTON DRAFT

36 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 7.32 Westbrook 7.33 Wyreema

Westbrook, once a rural town, is now an outlying suburb of Toowoomba where housing subdivisions have spread over Wyreema has a population of approximately 1000 and is an easy commute to Toowoomba but provides a rural town Toowoomba’s western boundary into the former Jondaryan Shire. Westbrook is located on the Gore Highway between lifestyle and new housing development in the town. Toowoomba and Pittsworth and is 6 km south-west of central Toowoomba. It has a population of approximately 2289. Soils and Geology: Soils vary from shallow to deep grey brown clays. Soils and Geology: Black Vertosol. The pH levels are neutral. Soil types generally range from dark clay loams to shallower gravelly areas. Local Issues: There is little street tree planting in Wyreema which contributes to a homogeneity of streetscapes and little public amenity. Existing Street Tree Species: Fraxinus griffi thii Griffi th’s ash Existing Street Tree Species: Salix babylonica Babylon willow Mixed Eucalyptus spp. Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: Bauhinia spp Buckinghamia celsissima ivory curl tree Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower Proposed Street Tree Species: Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda Xanthostemon chrysanthus golden penda

arcy St F i D s Proposed Street Tree Species: h er

R d As hford Dv H

a t r t S v i n g ill to Um s v e Ct biram e d g t Rd n o in S ll S o y y e t W Shoes r W mith R a d d U biram Rd a t m nd W n yree S m u a Rd o n n i Sommariva St B 1 K r w d e C d E a a Newma i nn n Car l Rd t g 3 Stati 3 R C on S R ubie t

d h t t W u hitm S an St o n n S

t t to t K l night R S i d S M ichae y m l l St r R Hig a us h S sel a t l Ct t t W on H t d t 3 S S t n e C t s S r S t u fiel h i d t S D e d v o M c c a gus e e l e a y r B n R l c b t a 2 r a a r r e n a r u i to r s v C g D Rd e K M r I z d s b r c F In i i fo t S t o r k sh l e ra s t k k e St d S i K c t W l E o fe t a d l o t a e o r i C S y r d s G n s S r a t C o b h l c e g S R t

h e t R c m es S v Ra d w S il d way R a D S o k k A t W laire Dv y 28 t er c c l w g C o i y e H C p p B re ber n T o l e e a l G w os l

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D 1 K in St Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues M c a M Bunkers M Hil l Sch oo l Rd 1 JACARANDA mimosifolia, CALODENDRON capense Bunk ers Hil l S choo l Rd 2 2 PODOCARPUS elatus, FLINDERSIA australis

d St 3 TRISTANIOPSIS laurina, MAGNOLIA grandiflora ain k R M o o

r A b y 28 t Gore Hw s WESTBR e

W CREEKOOK Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues All Other Streets: 1 ACER 'OctoberC Glory', JACARANDA mimosifolia A B For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions 28 l y a Hanr 2 HwGEIJERA parviflora,c BRACHYCHITON populneus, PODOCARPUS elatus ahan R re k d Go w including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. e l 3 FLINDERSIA l australis, PITTOSPORUM rhombifolium R d

All Other Streets: For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 37 7.34 Yarraman Proposed Street Tree Species:

D t Yarraman has a population of 945 and is located to the east of the Great Dividing range in an area of hilly country. The ' A S g Nei l o y y N Dv u c St yes ie i e St town is located 118km north of Toowoomba on the junction of the New England and D’Aguilar Highways. It is set in a l l l M a a r s r H

o pe R w fertile valley and produces timber, grain, beef and dairy goods. m

y e 4 T t

0 S C t t Thoms e t e St Soils and Geology: Laterite, Red Soil, Sandstone. Moderately deep, brown and grey brown loams and also clay lros Ju e

il M le t loams overlying dark clays. Grey cracking clays occur on the slopes. r l S M a il d St t M er c H R ist d S a L o t a r u r o g v o a 2 Davies St e N Local Issues: Being located at the junction of the New England and D’Aguilar Highways means very busy l l y S S t S t t e S y dl m through traffi c dominates the town. The D’Aguilar Highway has few street tree plantings, and the D ea Ch e 'A Mcdaniel l St g S d t high traffi c volumes result in a poor level of amenity for pedestrians. Street tree planting should R t u h S il it s a m la r t 3 be a priority. The New England Highway through the town has a greater number of plantings S g H ar S - ou Browne St Mill arr D w St B y with a mix of species however there is not a formal defi ned avenue. The road narrows down in es d m m h Rd Ja t a mit the urban area and there are Callistemon plantings in the main retail area. S t a Barr-S hn J John S md a T S o n y 3 ey t J o l e a um w o L 3 A S h m n t ig G n 1H ey Existing Street Tree Species: e S d St o t n r la g g e n E Acmena smithii lillypilly m B S E m u t w YARRAMAREEKN n e C e y N r C a

Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra fl ame tree t re

A S D e v Dio 22 t k th y S w C t Brachychiton discolor lace bark tree H t nd Park la Dv Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree ng E w w e Mixed Eucalyptus N

D 'A Legend - Street Trees For Key Avenues g u Trees Occurring in Gardens/Parks: i la r H Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree 1 BUCKHINGHAMIA celsissima, CALLITRIS Sp, LAGERSTROEMIAw indica y 4 0 Buckinghamia celsissima ivory curl tree 2 CALODENDRON capense, FLINDERSIA collina, MAGNOLIAB grandiflora , MELALEUCA linariifolia Caesalpinia ferrea leopard tree 3 LOPHOSTEMON confertus, TRISTANIOPSIS laurina, MELALEUCA linariifolia t S h h Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush it m Callistemon viminalis bottlebrush red fl ower S Callitris glaucophylla white cypress Grevillea robusta silky oak All Other Streets: Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda For street tree species selection refer to Section 8 Master Street Tree Species List with consideration to site conditions Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle including mature height versus street hierarchy, as well as soil type and local climate. Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island hibiscus Syzygium sp. lillypilly

38 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 8. MASTER STREET TREE SPECIES LIST

STREET TREE MATRIX Updated 22.7.11 Issue v10 LEGEND Frost Hardiness TRC Height Category Provenance

* light (-2°C) T tall = >12m LN locally native ** medium (-2 TO -5°C) M medium = 8-12m N native *** heavy (>-5°C) S small = 4-8m E exotic P powerlines = <4m

Scientifi c Name Common Name TRC height category height (m) Approx (m) spread Approx Provenance Hardiness Frost Hardiness Drought Tolerance Acid Soil Tolerance Alkaline Soil Wide Medians for Trees and Verges only and Points Focal for Trees Entry Features Callistemon viminalis weeping bottlebrush S 3-8 3 LN * X X Callistemon x viminalis bottlebrush cultivar P 3-4 2-3 N * ‘Hannah Ray’ Callitris glaucophylla white cypress T 18 LN ** X Calodendron capense cape chestnut T 8-15 E ** X X Cassia brewsteri Brewster’s cassia M 12 LN ** X Casuarina glauca swamp sheoak M/T 8-20 LN *** Ceratonia siliqua carob or chocolate M/T 8-10 8 E X tree

Scientifi c Name TRC height category height (m) Approx (m) spread Approx Provenance Hardiness Frost Hardiness Drought Tolerance Acid Soil Tolerance Alkaline Soil Wide Medians for Trees and Verges only Points Focal for Trees and Entry Features Common Name Corymbia x eximia ‘Nana’ small yellow blood S/M 8 X Acer ‘October Glory’ October glory red M/T 12 9 E X wood maple Corymbia fi cifolia red fl owering gum M/T 12 N X Acer buergerianum trident maple S 6 6 E X Cupaniopsis anacardioides tuckeroo M 10 4 N Elaeocarpus reticulatus blue berry ash P/S/ 3-15 3-5 LN ** X Acmena smithii lillypilly M 8-10 6 LN ** X M/T Agathis robusta Kauri pine T N *** X only for Eucalyptus argophloia western / Chinchilla T 40 *** X landmark/ white gum feature planting, Eucalyptus bakeri Baker's mallee S 6 X not in residential Eucalyptus calycogona red mallee S/M 5-10 X areas Eucalyptus cladocalyx sugar gum T 35 *** X X Allocasuarina luehmannii bull oak M/T 9-15 Eucalyptus crebra narrow leaved M/T 10-25 LN ** X X Allocasuarina littoralis black sheoak M 8-12 4 ironbark Araucaria cunninghamii Moreton Bay pine T 30-50 LN * X X Eucalyptus infera durikai mallee X (hoop pine) Eucalyptus melanophloia silver leaved iron bark T 20 LN ** X X Banksia integrifolia banksia S/M 5-12 4 LN ** X X Eucalyptus scoparia willow gum T 15 X Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra fl ame tree M/T 8-20 LN ** X feature only, not in residential Eucalyptus sideroxylon red ironbark T 10-30 LN *** X X areas Eucalyptus ‘Summer S 4-6 3-5 * Brachychiton australis broad leaved bottle T18 L** Red’/ ‘Summer Sun’ tree Flindersia australis crows ash M/T 10-40 4 LN ** X Brachychiton bidwillii dwarf red bottle tree P 4-5 4 L Flindersia xanthoxyla yellow wood M/T 8-40 6-20 LN ** X Brachychiton discolor lace bark tree T 20-30 8 LN ** X Geijera salicifolia brush wilga T 25 10 LN ** X Brachychiton populneus black kurrajong tree T <20 LN ** X X Geijera parvifl ora wilga M 10 8-9 LN ** X X Brachychiton rupestris bottle tree T 18-20 5-12 LN ** X X Ginkgo biloba ginkgo T 15 E Brahea armata Mexican blue palm M/T 12 X X Grevillea ‘Moonlight’ P42N Brahea edulis Guadalupe palm M 10 X X Grevillea robusta silky oak T 8-20 5-14 LN *** X Buckinghamia celsissima ivory curl tree S 8 N * Harpullia pendula tuilpwood M 8 4 LN Butia capitata wine/ jelly palm S 6 2 E *** X X X X Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda T 12 7 E ** X Callistemon salignus willow bottlebrush S 6 2 N * Jubaea spectabilis X Caesalpinia ferrea leopard tree T 20 6 E Lagerstroemia indica crepe myrtle S 6-7 3-5 N *

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 39 Scientifi c Name Common Name TRC height category height (m) Approx Provenance (m) spread Approx Hardiness Frost Hardiness Drought Tolerance Acid Soil Tolerance Alkaline Soil Wide Medians for Trees and Verges only Points Focal for Trees and Entry Features Scientifi c Name Common Name TRC height category height (m) Approx (m) spread Approx Provenance Hardiness Frost Hardiness Drought Tolerance Acid Soil Tolerance Alkaline Soil Wide Medians for Trees and Verges only Points Focal for Trees and Entry Features Liriodendron tulipefera tulipwood T 21-25 8 ** Toona ciliata red cedar T 55 LN ** X landmark street Liriodendron tulipefera tulip tree 13 5 trees Fastigata Tristaniopsis laurina water gum 5-15 4 N ** Lophostemon confertus brush box M 10 6 LN ** X Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm T 10-13 11 *** X Magnolia ‘Little Gem’ little gem 4-6 4 E Washingtonia robusta Mexican fan palm T 30.5 8 X Magnolia ‘St Marys’ star magnolia S 6 4 E Waterhousea fl oribunda weeping lilly pilly 8 6 ** Magnolia grandifl ora Southern or Bull Bay M1010E** Xanthostemon golden penda M 8-12 4-10 X magnolia chrysanthus Melaleuca leucadendron paper bark or cajuput T 12 8 ** Xylosma senticosum glossy xylosma P 2-4 X Melaleuca linariifolia snow in summer S 5-10 3-6 N ** Zelkova serrata Japanese elm T 15-20 Melaleuca quinquenervia broad leaf tea tree M 10-15 6 N Melaleuca styphelioides prickly leaf paper bark T 15 6 N * SUGGESTED STREET TREE TRIAL SPECIES Metrosideros New Zealand Acacia harpophylla brigalow queenslandicus Christmas bush Acronychia laevis glossy acronychia Nyssa sylvatica tupelo Allocasuarina inophloia fl ame she oak Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date only landmark palm plantings, not Allocasuarina torulosa forest she oak residential Alloxylon pinnatum tree waratah streetscapes Alphitonia excelsa red ash Pistacia chinensis pistachio T 15 8 E Alstonia constricta quinine bush Pittosporum angustifolium weeping pittosporum T 10 LN ** X Araucaria columnaris Captain Cook pine Pittosporum phillyraeoides weeping pittosporum S 4 3 N Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk pine Pittosporum Queensland/ diamond 6-30 8 N ** Auranticarpa rhombifolia diamond leaf (Auranticarpa) pittosporum pittosporum rhombifolium Backhousia citriodora lemon myrtle Pittosporum undulatum sweet pittosporum S/P 5-12 7 N * Bridelia exaltata brush ironbark Podocarpus elatus brown pine M/T 10-20 15 N * Callitris rhomboidea Port Jackson pine Podocarpus occidentalis Illawarra pine Callitris columellaris white cypress pine Prunus blireana fl owering peach P/S 3-6 6 E Pyrus ‘Redspire’ redspire M 9 7 E Callitris endlicheri black cypress pine Pyrus calleryana Pyrus cultivar T 12 9 E Callitris var. compestris inland white cypress ‘Bradford’ pine Pyrus nivalis snow pear M/T 8-15 5 E * X Canthium buxifolium native jade Pyrus ussuriensis manchurian pear M 9 7 E Canthium lamprophyllum shiny leaved canthium Quercus palustris pin oak T 18-22 8-14 E *** X X Citrus australis native lime Rhodosphaera deep yellow wood M 8-12 LN * X Clerodendrum lollybush rhodanthema tomentosum Schotia brachypetala drunken parrot tree M/T 11-16 10- ** X Croton insularis silver croton 15 Cryptocarya glaucescens native laurel Syncarpia glomulifera turpentine T 20-25 N Cryptocarya microneura murrogun Tibouchina ‘Alstonville’ princess fl ower S 4-6 3 Cupaniopsis parvifolia small leaved tuckeroo

40 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan SUGGESTED STREET TREE TRIAL SPECIES DECLARED WEEDS - The following species are not approved for planting in the TRC area Acacia baileyana Cootamundra wattle Cinnamomum camphor camphor laurel *except for replacement in key iconic avenues Corymbia torelliana cadaghi Melia azedarach white cedar Salix babylonica willow Schinus molle var. areira Californian pepper tree, peppercorn tree Scientifi c Name Common Name TRC height category height (m) Approx (m) spread Approx Provenance Hardiness Frost Hardiness Drought Tolerance Acid Soil Tolerance Alkaline Soil Wide Medians for Trees and Verges only Points Focal for Trees and Entry Features Diploglottis australis native tamarind Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree Drypetes deplanchei yellow tulip Tamarix aphylla Athel pine Dysoxylum fraserianum rosewood Tecoma stans yellow tecoma Elaeocarpus kirtonii pigeonberry ash Tipuana tipu tipuana Everistia vacciniifolium small leaved canthium Euroschinus falcatus ribbon wood Ficus coronata creek sandpapaer fi g Weblinks to photos of tree species can be found below: Ficus fraseri hill sandpaper fi g Flindersia collina leopard ash http://anpsa.org.au/sgap1a.html Fraxinus ‘Cimmzan’ ash Fraxinus ‘Urbdell’ ash http://www.fl orabank.org.au/lucid/key/Species%20Navigator/Media/Html/index.htm Grevillea baileyana white silky oak Hymenosporum fl avum native frangipani http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/01_cms/details.asp?ID=9 Jagera pseudorhus foambark tree Magnolia ‘Exmouth’ Mallotus phillipensis red kamala http://www.bushlandfl ora.com.au/ Maytenus bilocularis orangebark . Maytenus silvestris narrow leaved http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm orangebark Olea europaea Olea ornamental olive tree P E ** X ‘Swan Hill’ is a non- fruiting variety Owenia venosa rose apple Pararchidendron snow wood pruinosum Pittosporum revolutum hairy pittosporum Platanus acerifolia London plane tree M 10 5-7 *** X investigate smaller hybrids Platanus occidentalis sycamore T 20-30 20 Platanus ‘Autumn Glory’ is a smaller hybrid - preferred Pyrus x fauriei pear E ‘Westwood’ Syzygium paniculatum magenta lily pilly Vitex lignum-vitae satinwood Wollemia nobilis Wollemi Pine Zanthoxylum thorny yellow wood brachyanthum

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 41 9. SPECIFICATION, TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND STANDARDS

The following drawings are to be used as standard details for street tree plantings in the TRC area. In addition refer to the Landscape Specifi cation (contact TRC Parks and Recreation Services for the latest version, details on inside front cover).

Refer also:

TRC Planning Scheme Policy No. 2 - Engineering Standards - Roads and Drainage Infrastructure

Queensland Department of Main Roads requirements

42 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan

REFERENCES

AILA in partnership with IFLA (2010) Climate Adaptation Tools for Sustainable Maribyrnong City Council (2007) Greening Footscray Strategy. Website http:// University of Southern Queensland (2010) Future Climate Profi le of Settlements (CATSS) Report. Website http://www.aila.org.au/climate/catss/docs/ www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/page/Page.asp?Page_Id=2949&h=1 Website the TRC area, unpublished report commissioned by TRC. IFLA_AILA-CATSS-Report.pdf Website accessed 17 February 2011. accessed 3 February 2011. Urbis (2010) Toowoomba City Centre Sustainability Report. Bureau of Meteorology (2011) Climate Statistics for Australian Locations Website Ministry for the Environment (2005) New Zealand Urban Design Protocol. March http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/index.shtml Website accessed 13 July 2011. 2005. Urbis (2010) Toowoomba City Centre Implementation Plan 2010.

Brannock and Associates, (2010) TRC Regional Heritage And Urban Character Major Cities Unit, Department of Planning and Infrastructure, Australian Study. August 2010. Government (2011) Urban Design Protocol: Places for People - draft. Website http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/mcu/urbandesign/fi les/AUDP_ Brian Lister Planning and Transposition (2010) Transport Strategy Proposals to Framework_for_comment_19July11.pdf Website accessed 8 August 2011. 2031. June 2010. Prentice E. (2006) Jondaryan Shire Waterwise Garden CD. Brisbane City Council (2010) Brisbane Streetscape Design Guidelines. Website http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-building/planning-building-rules/ Queensland Department of Primary Industries (1972) Eastern Downs Technical BrisbaneStreetscapeDesignGuidelines/index.htm Website access 14 January 2011. Guide Land Systems Map.

City of Greater Bendigo (2010) Urban Roadside Vegetation Management Plan - RPS (2010) TRC Bushfi re Hazard Mapping Project, unpublished report draft. October 2010. commissioned by TRC.

City of Wanneroo (2005) Street Tree Masterplan Version 2. September 2005. RPS (2011) A First Pass Assessment of Climate Change Risks and Opportunities in the TRC Area, unpublished report commisioned by TRC. City of Newcastle (2011) Street Tree Masterplan - draft. May 2011. RPS (2011) Key Climate Change Risks and Opportunities for Street Tree Department of Climate Change (2009) Australian Climate Change Science: A Masterplanning for TRC. National Framework. 22pp. Website http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/ publications/science/national-framework-cc-science.ashx Website accessed 3 Steffen, W. (2009) Climate Change 2009: Faster Change & More Serious Risks. May 2010. Australian Government Department of Climate Change. 52pp. http://www. climatechange.gov.au/publications/science/faster-change-more-risk.aspx EDAW (1997) Centenary Park – Crows Nest Master Plan Report, unpublished Accessed 23 October 2009 report commisioned by former Crows Nest Shire Council. January 1997. Tarran, J (2011), Report - Street Tree Selection and Climate Change - Considerations Ely, M (2010) Tree Literate Design: Integrating trees into the design of the city. and Strategies for TRC. September 2010. Toowoomba City Council (2003) Toowoomba Street Trees Plan, unpublished Ely, M (2011) A Survey Of Attitudes And Practices of Australian Street Tree report. Practitioners. January 2011. TRC (2010) Toowoomba City Master Plan 2010. Ergon Energy and Toowoomba City Council (2006) Agreement on Vegetation Management Under Powerlines, unpublished report. TRC (2010) TRC Regional Community Plan. Website http://www.toowoombarc. qld.gov.au/about-council/vision-strategies-a-reports/3092-community-plan.html Ergon Energy with Toowoomba, Jondaryan, Pittsworth Shire Councils, (2010) Website accessed 2 August 2011 Plant Smart – Trees and Powerlines.

Ergon Energy (2009) Standard for Vegetation Clearing Profi le. Version 1. Website TRC (2010) Waterwise Gardening – Plant Guide. http://www.ergon.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_fi le/0007/6298/STMN002-Ver-1- Standard-for-Vegetation-Clearing-Profi le.pdf Website accessed 18 April 2011. TRC (2010) Strategic Directions: Planning for our region’s long-term future - Visions, Goals and Outcomes Harris, C.M. (2005) Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. 4th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. USA.

50 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan a p p e n d i c e s Climate Change Adaptability

Various methods were used to attempt to determine if tree species in the TRC preferred species list and those currently Appendix A - Methodology occurring in the towns of the region are likely to be able to adapt to climate change. The projected likely Toowoomba climate for the 2060 horizon was investigated, as outlined in the USQ 2010 report and the Climate Change Australia The TRC Street Tree Masterplan (STMP) Project was undertaken during 2011. website.

Review of Current and Draft Policy Documents Further investigations were made with various bodies to try to determine if the TRC area’s future climate could be illustrated in an existing place in Australia to determine existing species used in that climate, and therefore likely suitability A new Toowoomba Regional Planning Scheme for the amalgamated TRC is being developed during 2011 and draft and adaptability to the projected Toowoomba climate in 2060. documents from various sections were made available to the project team as a guide. Research was also undertaken into Clear direction on this was unable to be determined due to the variability of the available data for the future climate the eight former planning schemes and street tree plans (where they existed) and a review was undertaken of other data predictions and current lack of research data available on species adaptability to climate change. available pertaining to street trees. The Australian Virtual Herbarium website was used to ascertain the current known distribution of noted species in the Review of Reference Materials towns and on the existing preferred TRC species list. By investigating which species had wide distribution and/or those which occurred in existing hotter and drier climates, combined with anecdotal evidence from the Council offi cers about Other sources were investigated which are included in the reference list. which had performed better during the recent drought, a determination was made about which species would be likely to be able to adapt to climate change. Internal Stakeholder Workshops The information and evidence available is not conclusive, particularly for the exotic species due to unknown stock origin Two internal stakeholder workshops with TRC offi cers were undertaken during the masterplan process; one in March and drought hardiness. Therefore it is recommended that all tree species should be monitored periodically over the 2011 prior to starting the masterplanning work and one in May 2011 after the release of the Preliminary Draft STMP. coming decades to determine how they are coping and adapting to the changing climatic conditions as they occur. The second workshop was used to discuss the masterplan and to ensure local knowledge contributed to the overall masterplan content and outcomes. Street Tree Species Selection

Field Investigations Street Tree species selection shown in this masterplan were made for a variety of reasons including and combining the elements of existing species occurring in the towns performing well, species that have a large climatic range and therefore Field investigations were undertaken in March 2011 which involved visiting all thirty-one towns outlined in the masterplan greater likelihood of coping with a changed climate, species diversity, colour and interest and character for main street to confi rm what species were growing in the towns. Street tree species were noted as well as those growing well in plantings, hardiness to local conditions, and suitability of species to location. The species selection has also been reviewed private gardens and other areas within the towns. Samples of various unknown Eucalypt and Corymbia species were during the Internal Stakeholder workshop process by TRC offi cers, and also by the project team’s arborist, urban forester gathered and sent to the Queensland Herbarium for identifi cation. and horticultural advisor.

Some genii noted with large numbers of species and hybrids such as Callistemon, were not always able to be identifi ed by differentiation between species/hybrids and this detail requires further investigation over time and/or during fl owering periods if specifi c species/hybrids need to be recorded.

The fi eld investigations did not include detailed notes on exact locations, number, sizes and health of species on specifi c streets but were a broad investigation into what species occurred where in the towns.

52 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan Appendix B - Street Tree Selection and Climate Change 4. Determining the preferred environmental ranges of tree species can be difficult - Considerations and Strategies for TRC Street tree species used in cities in Australia can be exotic species from overseas (e.g. Dr. Jane Tarran (2011) northern hemisphere), "Australian native" species from elsewhere in Australia, or locally indigenous species occurring naturally in the area (i.e. at a specific combination of soil, climate, topography and aspect). There are several ways to attempt to determine their Some Considerations preferred environmental ranges, based on existing information, but it should be remembered that trees can be adaptable to conditions beyond their preferred ranges. Tree species growing in urban areas may have different physiology and morphology from the same tree species in natural forests (McCarthy & Pataki 2010), so a preferred natural environmental range 1. Tree longevity - think well ahead may underestimate an acceptable urban environmental range. Urban and suburban trees can live for 100 or more years, so tree plantings made today need 4.1 "Australian native" species and locally indigenous species to be appropriate for 2111. Even though the masterplan (for Toowoomba) is only intended to apply as far as 2050-2060, planning with a longer term in mind is worthwhile (e.g. for even Whilst there has been some research into projected species distributions in relation to hotter and drier climates beyond then, and with more extreme events). climate change in Australia (e.g. see Hughes 2003), much of this work has focussed on natural areas, especially of iconic vegetation assemblages and biodiversity hotspots (e.g. SW Western Individual species have limited life-spans, which can be shorter (e.g. 50 years) or longer than Australia) and for rare and endangered species, in particular. The general aim is to model likely 100 years and which are influenced by both their genetics and environment. Slow-growing species distribution in future climates (using SDM or Species Distribution Modelling), to assess trees and/or trees that put more resources into defences tend to have longer life-spans. It is whether the species are likely to survive through, for example, migration along gradients within often suggested that tree species from colder climates in the northern hemisphere have shorter a reserve system. This approach is based on establishing "bioclimatic envelopes" for species. life-spans in temperate Australia than they do in colder areas of the northern hemisphere, probably as a result of their faster growth rate / longer growing season in Australia. For Australian native species and locally indigenous species, Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH) (Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) Inc. 2010) provides an easy way to visualise species distributions to date, based on actual specimen collections 2. Requirements of trees in urban areas - often just foliage and canopy is required held in herbaria throughout Australia, with overlays available for temperature and rainfall. These distributions are only as good as the efforts put in to collecting specimens i.e. each Trees are required primarily for their canopies, but are also chosen for other features such as species could have a wider distribution, representing areas not yet sampled. Reference books, flowering and autumn foliage colour. Trees will have a set of "optimum environmental including Floras of each state, can also be used. conditions" (or ranges, including for temperature and rainfall) for growth and development. Often the ranges are quite wide for the production of leaves and canopy growth, Since spatial gradients in climate can serve as proxies for temporal climate change, the somewhat narrower for production of flowers, and narrower still for the production of fruit and presence (up to now) of a particular species in a wide range of climates, including hotter and viable seed (Harris et al. 2004, pp.53-54). drier climates, suggests that such a species would be useful for planting in an area that is currently cooler and wetter, but may become hotter and drier in the future. In natural areas, the ranges associated with viable seed production are critical for the species to be self-perpetuating. In urban areas, where trees are planted by humans, there is no For example, using AVH, street tree species tabulated in the Toowoomba Street Trees Plan necessity for the production of viable seeds; thus tree species can be used in environments of 2003 (Parks & Recreation Branch, Toowoomba City Council 2003) were queried online to which extend beyond where they naturally occur and self-perpetuate, in situations like streets obtain maps of their distributions, with rainfall and temperature overlays. The main purpose and parks where only foliage and canopy are required. If, however, flowering and autumn was to determine whether these species were narrowly restricted to moist coastal locations, foliage colour are required of the trees, then the presence or absence of the climatic ranges, or or whether they had distributions which extended into hotter and drier inland areas, climatic triggers, necessary for these features needs to be determined and compared against including to the north and west of Toowoomba. The results of this investigation are presented the projected future climate of the city/town. in Table 1 (see following page).

Following Table 1 are figures illustrating species distribution maps from AVH for four 3. Climate change does not automatically mean large changes to tree species lists species from Table 1, which are on the Preferred Species List of the current Toowoomba Street Tree Inventory - Many of the current street tree species selections may well survive climate change (1) Callistemon viminalis, a common street tree with a distribution in hotter drier areas, as projections in the areas where they currently occur, during the expected life-spans of these well as coastal areas from Queensland through to NSW (Figure 1) trees, provided the trees are not already at the extremes of their environmental tolerances. (2) Geijera salicifolia, suggested as a replacement for Cinnamomum camphora, with a Presumably the ones already at the extremes of their environmental tolerances will be the first distribution in hotter drier areas, as well as coastal areas (Figure 2) to show signs of stress with climate change, and this could be detected by active monitoring (3) Brachychiton populneus, which has a very widespread inland distribution, in of current street tree performance (see point 7 below). Signs of high temperature-low rainfall Queensland, NSW and Victoria (Figure 3) stress could include defoliation, sparse canopy, shoot dieback, premature defoliation in late (4) Syzygium luehmannii, which has a very narrow coastal distribution in Queensland and summer-early autumn, reduced growth rates, increased insect attack etc. Victoria (Figure 4) However, as replacement and new tree planting opportunities occur, it makes sense to use For species that do extend into hotter and drier inland areas, it is important to determine species that may be better suited to the projected, new climate, on a trial basis. Some Urban whether their presence in these areas is restricted to locally moist conditions, such as along Forest Management Plans have suggested that 5% of municipal plantings be "experimental" creeks and rivers or with access to subsurface moisture, such as groundwater supplies. The species (e.g. see McPherson 1998, referring to a plan from 1992), to evaluate potential species that are not restricted in this way are more useful for street planting for hotter and drier additional tree species for species lists. This recommendation was made before the challenges future climates. of climate change were fully recognised and is probably even more important now.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 53 Table 1. Tree species (Australian, including locally indigenous) suggested in Toowoomba Street Trees Plan (2003), for different areas (City Core, Cultural City Centre, City Bowl, Western City Rim and Eastern Escarpment), and their general distribution. Species data obtained from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Inc.

Tree Species Common Family Areas of Tree Distribution Distribution Name planting Inventory restricted in hotter suggested in Data** to coast and drier Toowoomba (Most (moister) inland areas Street Trees Common, as well e.g. Plan (TSTP) Current, N & W of (2003)* Preferred) Toowoomba Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly Myrtaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes (a few inland) Agathis robusta Kauri Pine Araucariaceae West CR Cu Yes East Esc Allocasuarina Forest Oak Casuarinaceae West CR (mostly Yes torulosa coastal) Araucaria Hoop Pine Araucariaceae CCC (pk) Cu Yes (a few inland) cunninghamii City Bowl (pk) West CR Brachychiton Flame Tree Sterculiaceae City Bowl Cu, Pref Yes (a few inland)  acerifolius East Esc Brachychiton Sterculiaceae West CR Yes australis Brachychiton Lace Bark Sterculiaceae City Bowl Cu, Pref Yes (a few inland) discolor Tree East Esc Brachychiton Kurrajong Sterculiaceae West CR Pref Yes - populneus widespread (Fig. 3) Figure 1. Distribution of Callistemon viminalis in relation to annual average rainfall Brachychiton Queensland Sterculiaceae West CR Cu Yes - many (mm). Occurs in hotter and drier areas, as well as coastal areas. Specimen rupestris Bottle Tree in dry areas data reproduced from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Buckinghamia Ivory Curl Proteaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Inc. celsissima Cinnamomum Camphor Lauraceae City Core Common Yes (a few inland) camphora Laurel Callistemon Weeping Myrtaceae West CR Common Yes viminalis Bottlebrush Cu, Pref (Fig. 1) Elaeocarpus Blueberry Elaeocarpaceae East Esc Cu, Pref (mostly Yes reticulatus Ash coastal) Eucalyptus Myrtaceae West CR Yes - mostly bakeri inland Flindersia Teak, Crows Rutaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes australis Ash Grevillea Silky Oak Proteaceae West CR Cu, Pref Yes robusta Geijera Brush Wilga Rutaceae CCC Pref Yes salicifolia (Fig.2) Lophostemon Brush Box Myrtaceae City Bowl Common Yes (a few inland) confertus West CR Cu, Pref East Esc Podocarpus Illawarra Podocarpaceae CCC Cu Yes elatus Plum Pittosporum Weeping Pittosporaceae West CR Cu, Pref Yes phillyreoides Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet Pittosporaceae City Bowl Cu, Pref (mostly Yes undulatum Pittosporum coastal) Rhodosphaera Tulip Anacardiaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes (a few inland) rhodanthema Satinwood Stenocarpus Fire-wheel Proteaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes sinuatus Tree Syzygium Small- Myrtaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes luehmannii leaved (Fig. 4) Watergum Syzygium Blue Lilly Myrtaceae East Esc Cu, Pref Yes oleosum Pilly Waterhousea Weeping Myrtaceae CCC Cu, Pref Yes floribunda Lilly Pilly Figure 2. Distribution of Geijera salicifolia in relation to annual average rainfall (mm). * Areas - City Core; Cultural City Centre (CCC); City Bowl; Western City Rim (West CR); Eastern Escarpment (East Occurs in hotter and drier areas, as well as coastal areas. Specimen data Esc) reproduced from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the ** Tree Inventory - Most common species used (Common); Current Street Trees (Cu); Preferred Street Trees (Pref) Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Inc.

54 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan For locally indigenous species, species lists (including lists of trees), from remnant vegetation (e.g. bushland), both nearby and in hotter and drier areas, are good sources to determine preferred environmental ranges of these species.

The tree species from nearby natural areas are adapted to current local conditions of soil and climate. If the same species occur in more distant natural remnants in hotter and drier areas, plants sourced from these areas (by cuttings or seed) may provide different genetic material (of the same species) that is more suited to a projected hotter and drier climate in the future.

Practices in relation to bush regeneration and revegetation with local species are worth examining, as a model for future street tree planting. Current bush regeneration practices often focus on the use of plant material of "local provenance", such that local seed occurring naturally in bushland soil (the soil seedbank) is encouraged to germinate after the removal of weeds or other impacts (e.g. excess moisture directed into the bushland). As well, tubestock raised from locally produced seeds or cuttings is used for buffer plantings in parks adjacent to bushland.

Some ecologists, however, have suggested that, in view of a climate changed future (Broadhurst et al. 2008; Hoffmann 2010), the use of genetically diverse seed is more  appropriate, to maximise adaptive potential. Recommendations now include the use of source material of "composite provenance", including material of local provenance plus material sourced further from the site but matched eco-geographically. A further extension of this idea, in relation to climate change, would be to source material further from the site, and Figure 3. Distribution of Brachychiton populneus relation to annual average rainfall from areas that currently match the hotter and drier conditions projected for the future. (mm). Has very widespread inland distribution. Specimen data reproduced In the context of street tree planting, using local tree species, it would be worthwhile to trial from Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Council of Heads planting stock of these species sourced, via seed or cuttings, from hotter and drier areas. of Australasian Herbaria Inc. Different Australian tree species found in hotter and drier areas, such as to the west and north of Toowoomba, but not currently found near Toowoomba, may indicate potential street tree species for future climates. Other requirements of these species (e.g. soil, topography, aspect etc.) should also be considered.

4.2 Exotic tree species from overseas - information and a model study for climate change

For exotic tree species from overseas, reference books and online resources can be used to determine preferred environmental ranges of specific tree species and decide whether these overlap with current and projected climatic conditions in Toowoomba (e.g. see the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (2011) Plants Database at http://plants.usda.gov/java/).

Unfortunately, the climate focus for street and park trees in the northern hemisphere (e.g. USA and Europe) has tended to be on low temperatures, since the lowest temperatures in winter tend to limit the species that can be grown in any area. For example, the USDA has developed, and continues to refine, the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (e.g. see inside cover of Harris et al. 2004) which divides USA into 20 hardiness zones, based on the average annual minimum temperature for each zone. The zones are numbered 1 to 11 (with sub-zones a and b in some cases), whereby the annual average minimum temperature of zone 1 is <-45.6oC and the annual average minimum temperature of zone 11 is >4.5oC. Similar hardiness zone maps exist for Europe. Plant species and cultivars are given hardiness zone ratings which indicate the temperature down to which they can be grown and will survive the winter. Plants can usually be grown safely at higher numbered (warmer) zones, but will not necessarily thrive in extremely high temperatures.

Figure 4. Distribution of Syzygium luehmannii relation to annual average rainfall The successful use of exotic tree species from overseas as street trees in Australia depends (mm). Has narrow coastal distribution. Specimen data reproduced from more on an understanding of their tolerance of potentially limited water, chiefly through Australia's Virtual Herbarium with permission of the Council of Heads of rainfall, and their tolerance of higher temperatures in summer, than on an understanding of Australasian Herbaria Inc. their tolerance of extremely low temperatures.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 55 then graded in relation to projected climate change as very suitable (1-1, 1-2), suitable (1-2, 2-1, Data on Jacaranda mimosifolia and Liquidambar styraciflua (Table 2), two of the most 2-2), suitable but occasionally problematic (2-3, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3) and not very suitable (seven pairs common species used as street trees in Toowoomba (>1000 records), suggest that these containing a 4). species may not perform well by 2040-2069 when Toowoomba's annual rainfall is projected to be about 800mm (TRC 2010) nor by 2070-2099 when rainfall is projected to be even lower at Whilst the winter hardiness information is of little use for urban Australia, the drought tolerance about 673mm (TRC 2010). Even when the adaptability of trees is considered, it may be that information using a threshold of 500 mm mean annual precipitation in the study by Roloff these trees are stressed and hence more subject to pest and disease attack. et al. (2009) provides information on a few of the exotics used in Toowoomba and elsewhere in Australia. This information is given in Table 3 below. However, a combination of low rainfall Table 2. Biophysical limits and native distribution for two of the most common street and high summer temperatures was not investigated in this study, so the classification trees in Toowoomba, Jacaranda mimosifolia and Liquidambar styraciflua (from categories may not be directly applicable to future climates in Toowoomba. USDA NRCS (2011) Plants Database). Table 3. Drought tolerance classification, using a threshold of 500 mm annual average Plant Information Biophysical Limits Native Distribution rainfall, for woody plant species, including street trees, as provided in the Tree Family Mean Mean Soils Altitude study by Roloff et al. (2009) of species in urban areas of Central Europe. Species Annual Annual (m) Rainfall Temp. (mm) (oC) Jacaranda Bignoniaceae 900- 20 Best on well- 500- Argentina & Brazil Tree Species Common Name Drought Tolerance mimosifolia 1300+ drained sandy- 2400 (using 500 mm annual average rainfall as threshold) loams; also survives on Very Suitable Problematic Not very poor shallow suitable suitable soils Acer buergerianum Trident Maple Yes Liquidambar Hamamelid- 1000- 8-20; Tolerates wide 900- North and Middle Acer negundo subsp. Ashleaf Maple Yes styraciflua aceae 1800 given the range of site 1600 America; in negundo* broad native conditions; southeastern states, as Acer rubrum Red Maple Yes range, there prefers richer, far north as Connecticut, Ailanthus altissima* Chinese Tree-of-Heaven Yes are marked moister, well- westwards to Missouri, Betula pendula Silver Birch Yes differences in drained, Arkansas & Oklahoma, Catalpa bignonioides Indian-bean Tree frost tolerance acidic, alluvial and southwards to Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar Yes of different clay and loam central Florida; Mexico, Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Yes provenances soils of river Guatemala, Honduras, Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo Yes bottoms Nicaragua Koelreuteria paniculata Golden-rain Tree Liquidambar styraciflua** Liquidambar; Sweet Gum Yes It is, however, difficult to know exactly how the nursery stock of these exotic species obtained in Liriodendron tulipifera Tuliptree Yes Australia will perform in future climates, since the specific place(s) of origin of these species, Platanus x hispanica London Plane Yes (= Platanus x acerifolia) when brought to Australia for nursery production, are not always known. They could have Platanus orientalis Oriental Plane Yes come from either extreme of the native distributional range, or from somewhere in between e.g. Pyrus calleryana var. Bradford Pear Yes if the nursery stock of Liquidambar styraciflua in Australia came originally from northern USA calleryana (near Connecticut) it would perform differently from stock which came from southern USA (near Quercus palustris Pin Oak Yes Florida). Ideally, optimum tree performance would be obtained by matching the source site in Quercus robur ssp. robur Common Oak Yes Robinia pseudoacacia*** Black Locust Yes the USA with the destination site in Australia, but this would also increase the risk of an Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm Yes introduced plant becoming an environmental weed in nearby bushland areas. Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelcova Yes * Weed in some Australian states, but not Queensland (Weeds Australia, undated) There is one significant study relating to Central Europe (Roloff et al. 2009) that attempts to ** Note that L. styraciflua naturally occurs in areas of rainfall of 1000-1800mm (see Table 2) select appropriate tree species for use in urban habitats, such as parks and gardens, in *** Note that R. pseudoacacia naturally occurs in areas of rainfall of 1000-1500mm, but can survive on 400mm (World Agroforestry Centre, undated) relation to climate change. Whilst this study provides a model for approaching tree species selection, the focus on winter hardiness (tolerance of low temperatures) and low rainfall There has been some interest in water requirements of and water use by urban trees, as (drought resistance) limits its direct applicability to Australia. For Australia, a focus on low well as drought tolerance, since it was suspected that urban trees faced water stress as a rainfall and high temperatures would be more useful. As well, requirements for street trees result of limited water supply, associated with restricted rooting area, increased evaporative are often more demanding than for park and garden trees, given the more difficult growing demand, and reduction of water infiltration resulting from increased impervious surfaces and soil conditions commonly encountered in streets e.g. restricted space for roots to grow, reduced compaction (e.g. Whitlow & Bassuk 1987). Furthermore, radiation loads on the tree canopy, water supply (with excessive runoff and impermeable surfaces), highly compacted soil, lack of lower relative humidity and wind tunnels were thought to increase tree demand for water. organic matter on the soil surface, reflected heat from buildings etc. There is a renewed interest in water use by trees associated with projected climate change This study looked at 250 urban woody species currently used in parks and gardens in Central resulting in hotter and drier climates and likely increased competition for water between various Europe and, using reliable reference information, attempted to classify them with regards to uses (e.g. see the study by McCarthy & Pataki 2010, in California). At this stage, however, their usability after projected climate change, based on their drought tolerance and winter there is relatively little experimental data from field research to understand the water hardiness. The mean annual precipitation threshold was set at 500 mm or less. The relations of urban trees. Whether or not particular urban trees are under water stress at certain species were classified using four categories of drought tolerance (1=very suitable, 2=suitable, times depends on local site factors, tree species, extent of both root system and canopy, and 3=problematic and 4=not very suitable) and four categories of winter hardiness (same many other aspects. Furthermore, urban trees may be artificially irrigated and this obscures descriptors), giving a matrix of 16 sub-categories or "grade pairs", e.g. 1-1=very suitable for their actual water requirements. both drought tolerance and winter hardiness and 4-4=not very suitable for both drought tolerance and winter hardiness. Blocks (i.e. species sub-sets) within the 16 cell matrix were

56 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan McCarthy & Pataki (2010) found that, in the Los Angeles Basin, the non-native Pinus It is possible that current street tree species could become weeds in a climate-changed canariensis (Canary Island Pine) could grow in locations without significant irrigation or future environment, or that new street tree species suggested could also become weeds in groundwater access, with very low transpiration. It is native to a Mediterranean climate and, the future. The tree species should be assessed for weed potential e.g. the production of being found in areas ranging in precipitation over 200-1200mm, has considerable plasticity (i.e. abundant fruit and/or seeds, the rapid and easy dispersal of fruit and/or seeds, high levels of ability to respond to variable and extreme environmental conditions) and tolerance of dry seed viability etc. Those tree species that are potentially weedy should be avoided. It is often conditions. By contrast, the locally native Platanus racemosa (California Sycamore) could suggested that low fruiting or sterile selections of desired urban tree species can minimise not grow in locations without significant irrigation or groundwater access, which is not surprising future weed problems and is cost-effective in the long term. given its natural distribution along riparian and canyon habitats in Southern California.

There is a strong urban forestry research community in California and, with their street tree 7. Monitoring of health and condition of current street tree populations is critical species lists having considerable overlap with temperate urban Australian street tree species lists, including widespread use of "Australian native species" in California, research Given that climate change has already been occurring over the last 50 years or so (CSIRO & into drought tolerance undertaken there may be useful for Australia. BoM 2010), monitoring of the performance of existing mature street trees, as well as the survival during the establishment phase of newly planted street trees, is critical to Occasionally, research is undertaken into drought tolerance within a genus, such as the determine whether and how to modify existing street tree planting lists. study by Percival et al. (2006) into drought tolerance of Fraxinus (Ash) genotypes for urban landscape plantings. However, this study in the UK, using containerised plants and a Given that Toowoomba Regional Council (TRC) already has a Street Tree Inventory temperature range of 5.5-18.4oC, is of limited use for the higher summer temperatures (presumably a complete listing of all trees throughout Toowoomba City, and maybe of some encountered in Toowoomba, both now and in a climate changed future. other towns in the region), the ongoing collection and addition of monitoring data by TRC regarding tree condition / health would be worthwhile. The focus should be on tree health in relation to extreme climatic events e.g. prolonged dry periods, storms etc. Any increase in 5. Sources of tree species insect damage associated with higher temperatures should also be noted.

For tree species that occur naturally both in coastal areas and in inland Australia, it is generally found that the inland populations can withstand extreme conditions of heat and 8. Tree canopies and access to sunlight for solar hot water panels and photovoltaic dryness better than their coastal counterparts for two main reasons (Hoffmann 2010). Firstly, panels the individuals of the inland populations respond to exposure to extreme conditions by triggering a set of protective mechanisms, often by turning on genes that produce specific An emerging issue for urban street tree selection and placement, in relation to climate change, proteins that prevent molecules in cells degrading under hot conditions i.e. they possess is canopy shading which impacts upon solar hot water panels and photovoltaic panels, phenotypic plasticity. Secondly, the inland populations possess different types of genes which are increasingly used as carbon reduction strategies. There is also the issue of access which have been selected for, over time, so that these populations, become adapted to local to northerly sunlight in winter, for passive solar heating, and shading of east- and west- conditions. Genetically, these inland populations are different from their coastal counterparts. facing windows in summer, for maintaining cooler house temperatures.

As noted in the previous section, the nursery stock of these species, produced for planting in These issues require street tree species lists to contain both deciduous and non-deciduous specific environments, is usually sourced from local parent plants in order to match the current tree species, as well as species of different mature heights, so that the most appropriate environmental, including climatic, conditions of the site i.e. material of "local provenance" is species can be placed at particular sites. used. To build resilience in future street tree populations, in the face of projected climate change, it would be worthwhile to obtain nursery stock sourced from parent plants living in hotter and drier regions. At present, nurseries commonly grow stock of known provenance for 9. Sustainability principles relevant to urban forests (Clark et al. 1997) - healthy trees revegetation using indigenous species and could be contracted to grow specific stock for street that are well adapted to local growing conditions, species diversity, age diversity, tree purposes. At the very least, it is important to know the environmental parentage of nursery climate-appropriate tree cover and native forest stands as one component of tree stock intended for street tree planting. cover

In the case of tree species that are exotics from other countries and intended for street Creation and management of urban forests, including the street tree component, in order to tree plantings, it would be useful to know - achieve sustainability has received greater attention over the last decade or so (e.g. Clark et * the source of the original propagation material, as regards its climatic parameters, or al. 1997; Lacan & McBride 2008; Kirnbauer et al. 2009). Sustainable urban forests have * the performance of trees derived from the original propagation material in both the current features relating to the vegetation (tree) resource itself, to the community framework climate and hotter and drier climates underpinning the urban forest and to aspects of resource management. This would enable selection of species that are more likely to perform well in hotter and drier projected climates. In relation to the tree resource, attention is usually paid to - * species mix * age distribution 6. Weed potential in future climates * canopy cover * locally native vegetation (biodiversity) In selecting street tree species for a particular area, it is usual to eliminate from planting lists those species that are recognised as weeds and that are likely to invade natural areas 9.1 Species mix and age distribution nearby, by reference to national and state weed lists. Given the time lag between new plant introductions to an area, and the appearance of plants as weeds in natural areas, there is Species diversity underpins the long term health of urban street tree populations. Past always the possibility that plants currently being used in landscapes have future weed potential. experiences with species-specific pests or diseases, such as with Dutch elm disease in the Some databases of "emerging weeds of significance" exist, for current conditions.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 57 It is possible that current street tree species could become weeds in a climate-changed northern hemisphere, have indicated the problems arising from depending upon one tree future environment, or that new street tree species suggested could also become weeds in species (or a few species in a vulnerable genus), even if this species is an otherwise the future. The tree species should be assessed for weed potential e.g. the production of outstanding street tree. abundant fruit and/or seeds, the rapid and easy dispersal of fruit and/or seeds, high levels of seed viability etc. Those tree species that are potentially weedy should be avoided. It is often It is often recommended that no more than 10% of a city's tree population, or 5-10%, suggested that low fruiting or sterile selections of desired urban tree species can minimise consists of one species (e.g. see Clark et al. 1997; Santamour 1990), such that there should future weed problems and is cost-effective in the long term. be at least 10 different tree species (or 10-20 species) making up the majority of the street tree population. This provides some protection against the introduction of a new pest or disease to an area. 7. Monitoring of health and condition of current street tree populations is critical Another frequently cited recommendation is the 10-20-30 formula (Santamour 1990) for urban Given that climate change has already been occurring over the last 50 years or so (CSIRO & tree planting, such that there is no more than 10% of any one species, no more than 20% of BoM 2010), monitoring of the performance of existing mature street trees, as well as the any one genus, and no more than 30% of any one family. This formula addresses more survival during the establishment phase of newly planted street trees, is critical to broadly pest and disease problems, since some pests and diseases have a wide host plant determine whether and how to modify existing street tree planting lists. range and may attack trees in several families (e.g. Armillaria root rot), trees in several genera within a family (e.g. Myrtle Rust, caused by Uredo rangelii, which has been newly recorded in Given that Toowoomba Regional Council (TRC) already has a Street Tree Inventory Australia) or trees of several species within a genus. (presumably a complete listing of all trees throughout Toowoomba City, and maybe of some other towns in the region), the ongoing collection and addition of monitoring data by TRC Lacan & McBride (2008) have recently proposed a Pest Vulnerability Matrix (PVM) regarding tree condition / health would be worthwhile. The focus should be on tree health in methodology for assessing tree species diversity and urban forest susceptibility to insects and relation to extreme climatic events e.g. prolonged dry periods, storms etc. Any increase in diseases. PVM depends on assembling pest (insect pests and diseases)-host information for insect damage associated with higher temperatures should also be noted. the common urban trees in an area, assigning pests to one of three severity classes, and expanding the matrix to include pest-host information for proposed tree plantings as well as emerging pests relevant to both existing and proposed urban trees. The PVM matrix can be run 8. Tree canopies and access to sunlight for solar hot water panels and photovoltaic with just the 20 or so most-common trees species since these will largely determine overall panels vulnerability.

An emerging issue for urban street tree selection and placement, in relation to climate change, Of relevance to pest and disease vulnerability is the three-way interaction between trees, is canopy shading which impacts upon solar hot water panels and photovoltaic panels, pests and diseases, and environmental factors. It is known that plants that are stressed by which are increasingly used as carbon reduction strategies. There is also the issue of access environmental factors are more susceptible to pest and disease attack, and that infested and to northerly sunlight in winter, for passive solar heating, and shading of east- and west- infected plants are similarly more susceptible to environmental extremes. In a climate changed facing windows in summer, for maintaining cooler house temperatures. future, different pest and disease problems may emerge on existing trees and, if existing trees are stressed in hotter and drier climates, the extent of pest and disease problems could These issues require street tree species lists to contain both deciduous and non-deciduous increase. tree species, as well as species of different mature heights, so that the most appropriate species can be placed at particular sites. As well, there is always the possibility of new pests and diseases being introduced into an area, as occurred recently with Myrtle Rust. Since Myrtle Rust affects a range of genera within the family Myrtaceae, urban tree managers in Australia should pay more attention to the 10-20- 9. Sustainability principles relevant to urban forests (Clark et al. 1997) - healthy trees 30 formula (above), such that this family comprises no more than 30% of the tree population, that are well adapted to local growing conditions, species diversity, age diversity, with no more than 20% in any one genus within the Myrtaceae. At this stage, the extent of climate-appropriate tree cover and native forest stands as one component of tree potential problems with Myrtle Rust are not known but the Precautionary Principle should be cover applied.

Creation and management of urban forests, including the street tree component, in order to There has been a brief debate on urban tree diversity in relation to stability of urban tree achieve sustainability has received greater attention over the last decade or so (e.g. Clark et populations over time (e.g. see Sanders 1980/1981, Richards 1982/1983, and a reply by al. 1997; Lacan & McBride 2008; Kirnbauer et al. 2009). Sustainable urban forests have Guntenspergen & Stearns 1982/1983). Stability for a street tree population refers to "a low features relating to the vegetation (tree) resource itself, to the community framework probability that the number of functional trees will decline over the foreseeable future to the underpinning the urban forest and to aspects of resource management. point of disrupting both the values of the population and the management allocations needed for removal and replacement of trees" (Richards 1982/1983). In relation to the tree resource, attention is usually paid to - * species mix Both species diversity and age distribution are components of urban tree diversity. Species * age distribution diversity is considered above. Age distribution is not often considered in as much detail, but * canopy cover the predominance of the major species in the street tree population in mature age classes will * locally native vegetation (biodiversity) have a destabilising effect on the population when many of them die over a short time frame in the near future. Given that different tree species have different life-spans, it is possible that 9.1 Species mix and age distribution periods of decline of different major species could inadvertently coincide. This problem has been identified in Canberra's urban trees, where longer-lived trees planted in the 1920s and Species diversity underpins the long term health of urban street tree populations. Past shorter-lived trees planted in the 1950s are aging simultaneously, and declining in a drying experiences with species-specific pests or diseases, such as with Dutch elm disease in the climate (Flanery 2010).

58 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan The main conclusions from this debate are given in Table 4 below, with climate change 9.3 Native vegetation comments added by the author of this document (JT). Preserving locally native (indigenous) trees in bushland and forest remnants adds to the Table 4. Species and age diversity in urban tree populations, and performance of sustainability of the urban forest overall. Tree planting using locally native species, sourced particular tree species, and their relationships to stability in urban tree from locally native stock (local provenance) and/or from stock in other areas (e.g. hotter and populations - conclusions to date and relevance to projected climate change drier areas, as discussed previously), may be undertaken along streets and other corridors to connect remnants and provide wildlife corridors.

Diversity/stability in urban tree populations Relevance to projected climate change In view of projected climate change, it has been suggested that, in some cases, native tree Tree species diversity is important, to protect against Tree species diversity is also likely to provide some species in urban forests, including as street trees, may serve as a seed source and refuge to species-specific effects, such as pests and diseases, but protection against projected climate change. facilitate latitudinal tree migration (towards the poles) (Woodall et al. 2010). also environmental incidents (e.g. storms). Equally significant, however, is the possibility that current non-invasive ornamental urban Species diversity should not be pursued for its own sake, "Known successful and long-lived street trees" may or such that known successful and long-lived tree may not be suitable in a climate changed future, but tree species could become invasive if the climate changes in their favour and that urban species are neglected and more plantings are made of active monitoring of existing trees as the climate areas could facilitate non-native tree invasion beyond that which is currently experienced. potentially less successful species i.e. species that are changes will help answer this question. less adapted or untested. There is a valid role for trialling and monitoring currently untested species to assess their potential in a 10. Street tree species selection and climate change - flow-chart (Figure 5) climate-changed future. Trial plantings could be 5% of the tree population and species would be selected on the The process for refining street tree species lists in relation to projected climate change is basis of bioclimatic information. outlined below in Figure 5. The oldest, surviving street trees are likely to indicate the The oldest surviving street trees are best adapted to trees best adapted to the current site conditions, since current and past climates, and not necessarily best The process involves data sets for - less-adapted species will have been lost over time. adapted to future climates. * climate - both current and projected future climate * street tree lists i.e. street trees currently used in Toowoomba City and other towns in the Take care with accepting species/cultivar New species/cultivars are unproven until adequately Toowoomba Regional Council (TRC) area - existing tree inventories and management recommendations from other tree managers at other tested under the local site and cultural conditions. sites (towns), even if the sites appear superficially similar. documents e.g. Toowoomba Street Trees Plan (2003) Even so, species/cultivars that are successful in the * existing young and mature street trees that have the potential to be monitored, or are current climate may not be so in projected future actively being monitored at present climates. * potential new street tree species for Toowoomba City and other towns in the TRC area Reduction of diversity can occur over time if Continually updated tree inventories are needed for undesirable or non-viable species are removed and continuous monitoring of tree species diversity, so that An evaluation stage is then applied to the data sets to refine the current street tree lists by - replaced with a smaller number of the "best performing" (= unintended biological simplification does not occur. * deletions of unsuitable tree species i.e. those that are unlikely to perform well in currently best adapted) tree species. projected future climates and/or have not be establishing or surviving recent hotter and The currently best adapted tree species may not be the best adapted in future climates. drier conditions, as determined by monitoring of existing street trees * additions of suitable tree species i.e. those that are likely to perform well in projected Age diversity is arguably as important as species Hotter and drier climates in the future may shorten future climates diversity. Good age diversity, to provide adequate expected tree life-spans, based on past experience. successful replacements over time, is essential for tree population stability. However, planning to ensure an Less predictable life-spans will increase the difficulty of The final street tree planting plans and programs (see large box at base of Figure 5) need to uneven age distribution exists in perpetuity is planning for age diversity even more. consider a range of other aspects commonly associated with a sustainable street tree exceptionally complex. population.

9.2 Canopy cover

Street trees are a significant component of canopy cover in many cities and towns. To obtain multiple urban forest benefits, attention has recently turned to canopy cover and the establishment of canopy cover targets for different land use areas. These targets vary by climate and region. Dr Jane Tarran, BSc(Hons) DipEd PhD (UNSW) As well, recent initiatives to promote pedestrian and cycle activity in streets, for health and 24 February - 13 March 2011 transport reasons, combined with a focus on climate change resulting in hotter and drier climates, have seen some cities and towns planning to increase their canopy cover targets, Honorary Associate, University of Technology Sydney (UTS) especially in areas recognised as being currently "shade deprived in summer". Canopy cover Former Senior Lecturer and Program Director, BSc (Urban Ecology) targets need to consider the balance between deciduous and evergreen species, as well as Department of Environmental Sciences, UTS requirements for species with larger and smaller canopy sizes. Ph: (02) 9665 6663 Email: [email protected]

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 59 Figure 5. Outline for Street Tree Selection and Climate Change - References Considerations and Strategies for Toowoomba Regional Council

Broadhurst, L.M., Lowe, A., Coates, D.J., Cunningham, S.A., McDonald, M., Vesk, P.A. & Climate Change Current Street Tree Currently Planted Street Trees Proposed New Data Lists - Street Trees i.e. Yates, C. (2008) Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximising evolutionary potential. Toowoomba Street Young Mature replacements Evolutionary Applications 1: 587-597. Trees Plan (2003) & (old trees) or Current Inventory new plantings Clark, J.R., Matheny, N.P., Cross, G. & Wake, V. (1997) A model of urban forest sustainability. Journal of Arboriculture 23(1): 17-30.

Evaluate current Evaluate current Monitor newly Monitor mature Evaluate proposed Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) Inc. (2010) Australia's Virtual Herbarium. climate, species against planted street trees (established) street new street trees Website http://www.chah.gov.au/avh/public_query.jsp Website accessed 6-7 March 2011. esp. rainfall & current climate via for establishment trees for survival in against current temperature; annual monitoring and success, current climate, incl. climate - new CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (2010) State of the climate. Website averages & incorporate into performance in tolerance of climate species should extremes; focus on inventory current climate, extremes, pest and perform as well as or http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/eiab/State-of-climate-2010-updated.pdf Accessed 16 March 2010 tree-relevant data including dry periods disease tolerance better than current and 13 March 2011. and wet periods etc. etc. species Flanery, F. (2010) Seeing the forest and the trees in Canberra using an audit and inventory approach. Proceedings of the 11th National Street Tree Symposium 2010 (TREENET), pp. 75- Evaluate projected Evaluate current Evaluate proposed 89. climate (2040-69 & species against new street tree 2070-99), as above projected climate species against Guntenspergen, G. & Stearns, F. (1982/1983) Comment on N.A. Richards' Diversity and via research - projected climate stability in a street tree population. Urban Ecology 7: 173-176. Identify future * reliable via research - climatic features publications to * reliable Harris, R.W., Clark, J.R. & Matheny, N.P. (2004) Arboriculture: integrated management of that are most obtain data on publications (as important for street climatic tolerances before) landscape trees, shrubs, and vines. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, tree selection - of species * species USA. e.g. reduction in * species distribution maps rainfall, average distribution maps (as before) Hoffmann, A. (2010) Bringing evolution into conservation. Australasian Science (April 2010): 38. temp. increase, no. to gauge natural * species presence http://www.australasianscience.com.au/bi2010/313C.pdf Accessed 28 April 2010 & 10 March of days above 35oC distributions and in hotter and drier likely plasticity areas (as before) 2011. * species presence in currently hotter Hughes, L. (2003) Climate change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts. Austral and drier areas Ecology 28: 423-443. than Toowoomba Kirnbauer, M.C., Kenney, W.A., Churchill, C.J. & Baetz, B.W. (2009) A prototype decision support system for sustainable urban tree planting programs. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Delete, from tree Delete, from tree Delete, from tree Add, to tree species 8: 3-19. species lists, lists, current lists, current lists, proposed new current species species that are species that are street tree species Lacan, I. & McBride, J.R. (2008) Pest Vulnerability Matrix (PVM): A graphic model for assessing that are not likely to not establishing not surviving well that are likely to the interaction between tree species diversity and urban forest susceptibility to insects and tolerate projected well in current as mature trees in tolerate and diseases. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7: 291-300. future climate climate and do not current climate survive well in replant projected future climates but will McCarthy, H.R. & Pataki, D.E. (2010) Drivers of variability in water use of native and non-native not become weeds urban trees in the greater Los Angeles area. Urban Ecosystems 13: 393-414.

McPherson, E.G. (1998) Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 24(4): 174-190. Prepare street tree planting plans and programs in relation to - * refined street tree species lists, accounting for deletions and additions above * considerations of site requirements e.g. deciduous / evergreen, large / small tree etc. Parks and Recreation Branch, Toowoomba City Council (2003) Toowoomba Street Trees Plan. * considerations of biodiversity e.g. locally indigenous species/"Australian"/exotic (overseas) February 2003. * stock sourced from known environmental areas e.g. from both local areas and hotter and drier areas (for Australian species) and stock whose progeny are known to perform well Percival, G.C., Keary, I.P. & Al-Habsi, S. (2006) An assessment of the drought tolerance of in hotter and drier areas (for exotics from overseas) Fraxinus genotypes for urban landscape plantings. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 5: 17-27. * age diversity, via different life-spans for different species and/or planting and/or replacement dates * species diversity, via only 5-10% of any one species and / or 10-20-30 rule (% within a Richards, N.A. (1982/1983) Diversity and stability in a street tree population. Urban Ecology 7: species - genus - family) 159-171. * diversity to reduce pest and disease vulnerability, via knowledge of existing and emerging pest and disease problems, including multi-family and multi-genera problems Roloff, A., Korn, S. & Gillner, S. (2009) The Climate-Species-Matrix to select tree species for * canopy cover targets for different land use areas * considerations of solar access for nearby buildings (for solar panels and passive heating urban habitats considering climate change. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8: 295-308. in winter) as well as beneficial shading in summer * use of trial street tree plantings, e.g. 5% of street tree population, to assess potential Sanders, R.A. (1980/1981) Diversity in the street trees of Syracuse, New York. Urban Ecology species that are well adapted to hotter and drier conditions 5: 33-43.

60 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan Santamour, F.S. (1990) Trees for urban planting: diversity, uniformity, and common sense. Proc. 7th Conf. Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) 7: 57-65.

Toowoomba Regional Council (TRC) (2010) Future Climate Profile of the Toowoomba Region, a report commissioned by Toowoomba Regional Council, November 2010 and USQ.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (2011) Plants Database. Website http://plants.usda.gov/java/ Accessed 10 March 2011.

Weeds Australia (undated) An Australian Weeds Committee National Initiative - National Portal. Website http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm Accessed 11 March 2011.

Whitlow, T.H. & Bassuk, N.L. (1987) Trees in difficult sites. Journal of Arboriculture 13(1): 10- 17.

Woodall, C.W., Nowak, D.J., Liknes, G.C. & Westfall, J.A. (2010) Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the eastern United States. Forest Ecology & Management 259: 1447-1454.

World Agroforestry Centre (undated) AgroForestryTree Database. Website http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID= 1078#Ecology Accessed 10 March 2011.

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 61 Appendix C - Community Engagement Process Dermosol

These soils can range from red/ brown to black but they share the feature that they are all very shallow. They are the soils The TRC Community Engagement Plan (2011)was followed for the TRC STMP project. of the hilltops and higher slopes. These soils are easily improved with soil conditioners and because they dry out quickly and are shallow, they benefi t greatly from mulching. This document outlines the community engagement process which included: Locally the Dermosols group is made up of the shallow versions of soils similar to other classifi cations. • Internal TRC Workshop undertaken 8 February 2011 with Steering Committee and Council offi cers to gather pH: most are neutral to slightly alkaline, (Red types acidic to neutral) information from people working across the region. Drainage: range, most are well drained (Black types are imperfectly drained) • Individual stakeholder contact throughout the project Water holding Capacity: low • PRELIMINARY DRAFT STMP issued for review on the 19 April 2011 followed by another Internal Stakeholder Structure: range from loam to clay Workshop 12 May 2011 to enable stakeholder to comment on the Preliminary Draft STMP Topsoil Depth: shallow and rocky • Councillor briefi ng session on the DRAFT STMP 22 June 2011 Upland Vertosol • Two community information sessions held 25 August 2011 to present the community with information on the DRAFT FINAL STMP Vertosols are the heavy, black, cracking clays. Those classifi ed as “upland” exist where their parent rock is beneath them • Councillor Briefi ng presentation on FINAL STMP on 22nd October 2011 and they are usually not very deep. Surrounding land is usually hilly or undulating. These soils have some of the problems associated with the heavy black soil of the plains but drainage is slightly better because of the slope of the land. pH: neutral to alkaline Appendix D- Soils of the TRC Area Drainage: imperfectly drained, only slowly permeable Water holding Capacity: moderate Structure: medium clay The two main soil groups in the TRC area are the ‘black’ and ‘red’ soils. The black soils are highly reactive, dark clay soils Topsoil Depth: medium to deep that are highly fertile and possess a high water storage capability. They cover a large area of the western part of the city and occupy most of the open plains, lower hill slopes, and in some places, extend to the ridge crests. The red soils are Alluvial Vertosol moderately reactive, have a lower storage capability and are moderately fertile. They are easier to cultivate, and cover most of the eastern part of Toowoomba city. These are again the heavy, black, cracking clays but the “alluvial” vertosols exist in gullies or on the fl atter landscapes where the soil has been carried to its present location through the action of water (essentially they have washed into this place). These soils are deep to very deep. They are diffi cult soils for many plants and they also occur where frost is heavy. Most of Toowoomba is covered by well drained, red brown loams, which allow rainfall to percolate to the underlying Mounding garden beds is recommended to improve soil drainage. ground water, recharging the system. There are areas of low water infi ltration, along the creeks. The surrounding towns in pH: neutral to alkaline the TRC area have a variety of soil types which are noted in the masterplan pages in Part D of this masterplan. Drainage: imperfectly drained and only slowly permeable Water holding Capacity: very high The following information is derived from the former Jondaryan Shire Waterwise garden CD (E Prentice 2006) Structure: medium to heavy clay Topsoil Depth: deep The soils found within the TRC area fall into the following groups: Sodosol • Ferrosol - mostly neutral to slightly acidic - red • Dermosol - red brown to black, mostly neutral to slightly alkaline These soils, for example found on the fl atter parts of Oakey, are alluvial also, but they are mixed in their origin. They have a topsoil layer of lighter sandy loam over a distinctly different subsoil that is clay. The levels of Sodium in the subsoil varies • Upland Vertosol - neutral to alkaline, heavy black cracking clays with the different profi les. Sodium has a negative effect on the soil’s ability to hold nutrients and on soil structure. Some • Alluvial Vertosol - neutral to alkaline, heavy black cracking clays of the sodosols (e.g. Hm which has a black/ grey subsoil that is high in Sodium) are diffi cult soils in which to grow many • Sodosol – acidic topsoil, alkaline subsoil; sandy loam over clay e.g. Oakey garden plants. Other profi les (e.g. Ok have subsoil clays that are red and not as high in Sodium) and will grow a wider range of plants. Important Features of the Soil Profi les pH: acidic topsoil, alkaline subsoil. Drainage: can be poor especially in the subsoil Ferrosol Water holding Capacity: low Structure: thin loams over deep, heavy, clay. Hard setting. Topsoil Depth: thin (varies from 10 to 40cm on average). Ferrosols are the red and red/ brown soils of Toowoomba and isolated rises further to the west. These soils will support the largest variety of garden plants. These soils are low in fertility especially at depth. Most nutrition is found only in the A Sodic soils require good soil preparation and horticultural practices to achieve results: horizon where there is higher organic matter. pH: most are neutral to slightly acidic (less acidic with depth) • Applications of gypsum are normally recommended as it does have an effect on sodic soils. In the case of these Drainage: moderately well drained mixed soils however it has little effect on the topsoil and so the diffi culty is applying it so that it contacts the clay Water holding Capacity: moderate (Gypsum is not mobile through the soil). Structure: red clays (non cracking) • Avoid any cultivation that will bring the clay to the surface. Topsoil Depth: medium to deep • The best results will be achieved with incorporation of good organic matter into the topsoil to improve its quality • Surface mulching • Careful use of fertilisers and irrigation (as an excess of both of these can increase the problem). • Growing more salt tolerant plants

62 toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan Appendix E - List of Soils and Land Resource Mapping for South West Queensland Appendix F - Glossary

The following spreadsheet lists the soils and land resource mapping undertaken by the Department of Environment and Resource Management. In addition refer to the agency website at http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/science/slr/index.html. Under the Publications tab, there are links to QDEX and ITRM - online resources available for downloading spatial data, Bole height The height between ground level/base of the tree and the base of the fi rst living branch reports, maps etc. that forms the tree canopy

Project Code Report/Map Title Map Scale Map Unit Year Authors Publisher Other ACR Cooyar Grazing Lands Study 1:50000 Land Systems 1978 Vandersee BE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 34, Division of Land Utilisation Cold joints A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete AGW Soil Survey of the Sandstone Walloons 1:100000 Soils 1975 Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Land Evaluation of an Area of Basaltic Soils near Pittsworth on the is placed against it; characterized by a poor bond unless special procedures are observed ASA Eastern Darling Downs 1:25000 Soil Associations 1979 Macnish SE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 36, Division of Land Utilisation Bierenbroodspot J and Mullins (Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, edited by Cyril M. Harris, published by ATG Land Management Field Manual: Crow’s Nest District 1:300000 Land Resource Areas 1983 JA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland ATR Land Management Field Manual: Roma District 1:500000 Land Resource Areas 1987 Macnish SE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) Officers of the Division of Land AWA Western Arid Region Land Use Study Part 1 1:500000 Land Systems 1974 Utilisation, DPI Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 12

Land Evaluation of Representative Areas of the Marburg Formation BVM and the Poplar Box Walloons of the Eastern Downs Queensland 1:1000000 Soils (Marburg Formation) 1977 Vandersee BE and Mullins JA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 21, Division of Land Utilisation DTMR Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland Officers of the Division of Land BWA Western Arid Land Use Study Part 2 1:500000 Land Systems 1980 Utilisation, DPI Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 22 CHR A Land Classification of the Hermitage Research Station 1:7920 Soils 1978 Department of Primary Industries, Queensland M038 Officers of the Division of Land Green Infrastructure “…the network of natural landscape assets which underpin the economic, socio-cultural CWA Western Arid Land Use Study Part 4 1:500000 Land Systems 1978 Utilisation, DPI Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 23 Land Management Field Manual: South-East Darling Downs Marshall JP, Crothers RB, QE88001 and environmental functionality of our towns…” Australian institute of Landscape DDM Districts 1:1000000 Land Resource Areas 1988 Macnish SE and Mullins JA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Mills JR, Ahern CR, Purdie Technical Bulletin No. 29 DWA Western Arid Region Land Use Study Part 3 1:500000 Land Systems 1990 RW, and McDonald WJF Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Architects Land Inventory and Technical Guide, Eastern Downs Area, EDD Queensland 1:200000 Land Systems 1975 Vandersee BE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 7, Division of Land Utilisation Department of Natural Resources and Mines, EDS Soils of Westbrook, Highfields and Oakey (map only) 1:50000 Soils 2001 Biggs AJW, Clark J and Hall IR Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Linear Infrastructure Refers to infrastructure arranged in a linear manner such as roads or services. EDSCL Soil Survey of the Eastern Darling Downs: Clifton Shire (map only) 1:100000 Soils 2001 Biggs AJW and Erwood PR Queensland Soil Survey of the Eastern Darling Downs: Warwick Area (map Biggs AJW, Hall IR and Department of Natural Resources and Mines, EDSWK only) 1:50000 Soils 1997 Erwood PR Queensland

ETD Elphinstone-Talgai Soils (map only) 1:30000 Soil Types 1976 Vandersee BE and Mullins JA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Street Tree For the purpose of this Street Tree Masterplan, street trees have been defi ned as Turner EJ, McDonald WJF, FWA Western Arid Region Land Use Study (WARLUS) - Part 5 1:500000 Land Systems 1993 Ahern CR and Thomas MB Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 30 deliberate plantings in a road reserve within an urban environment. Street trees do not GDR Land Resource Assessment of the Goodar Area, Queensland 1:100000 Soils 1994 Ross DJ and Crane AJ Department of Primary Industries, Queensland QV94003 include plantings within a park, garden or vegetation along rural roads outside town GLW Darling Downs Land Use Study 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 1986 Forster BA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland The Granite and Traprock Area of South East Queensland – A boundaries. Land Inventory and Land Utilisation Study, Part 1: Land Inventory, GRT Part 2: Land Utilisation 1:250000 Land Systems, Soils 1976 Wills AK Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 13, Division of Land Utilisation Wilson PR, Purdie RW and HWA Western Arid Region Land Use Study (WARLUS) - Part 6 1:500000 Land Systems 1990 Ahern CR Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 28 Inglewood Shire Land Inglewood Shire Bicentennial Land Management STMP Street Tree Masterplan ILM Inglewood Land Management Manual 1:250000 Soils & Capability 1988 Management Committee Committee Inventory of the Agricultural Resources and Production of the ISH Inglewood Shire 1:250000 Soils 1973 Malcolmson, G.H. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland 1:253440 The Soils of the Inglewood- Talwood-Tara-Glenmorgan Region, 4 miles to an TRC Toowoomba Regional Council ITTG Queensland inch Soil Associations 1957 Isbell RF Department of Public Lands Technical Bulletin No. 5, Bureau of Investigation JON Jondaryan Shire Soils (map only) 1:250000 Soils 1977 Vandersee BE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Powell B, Baker DE and KIN Soils of the Kingsthorpe Field Station Eastern Darling Downs 1:2500 soils 1988 Christianos NG Department of Primary Industries, Queensland QR88003 Urban Heat Island The effect of higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding Land Inventory and Technical Guide Jandowae Area Queensland: LIJ Part 1 Land Classification and Land Use 1:52000 Land Systems 1972 Dawson NM Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 3 natural or rural areas. It is caused by a lack of shade and the presence of dark surfaces Cropping in the Maranoa and Warrego - Soil Survey of the QI84012 MAW Maranoa (ZAF) 1:1000000 Land Resource Areas 1984 McNee DAK Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Harris PS, Biggs AJW and such as buildings and roads that absorb and refl ect heat. MCD Central Darling Downs Land Management Manual 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 1999 Stone BJ (eds) Department of Natural Resources, Queensland Soils and Land Use Characteristics: Maranoa River Irrigation Area: Reid RE, Levereington AR, MDS Mitchell 1:100000 Soils 1983 Sorby P and Baker DE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland QO90006 Land Inventory and Technical Guide, Miles Area, Queensland (Part 1:100000, MIL 1) – Land Classification and Land Use 1:250000 Land Systems 1972 Dawson NM Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 5, Division of Land Utilisation WSUD Water Sensitive Urban Design Land Use Study for the Millmerran-Moonie-Tara Area of MMT Queensland 1:250000 Land Systems 1980 Mullins JA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Technical Bulletin No. 41, Division of Land Utilisation Understanding and Managing Soils in the Murilla, Tara and MWD Chinchilla Shires Land Management Manual 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 1996 Maher JM (ed) Department of Primary Industries, Queensland ROM Resource Assessment Roma Area, Queensland (map only) 1:100000 Soils 1993 Slater BK Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, SED South Eastern Darling Downs Land Resource Areas (map only) 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 2003 Biggs AJW Queensland Understanding and Managing Soils in the Stanthorpe-Rosenthal SRM Region: Land Management Manual 1:250000 Land Types 1994 Maher J.M. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland TAR Evaluation of Agricultural Land in Taroom Shire 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 1985 Forster BA Department of Primary Industries, Queensland WAN Land Management Field Manual Wandoan District 1:500000 Land Resource Areas 1985 Gray HJ and Macnish SE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Wambo Shire Handbook: An Inventory of the Agricultural WBH Resources and Production of Wambo Shire 1:250000 Soils 1976 Bott W Department of Primary Industries, Queensland M027

WLM Waggamba Land Management Manual 1:250000 Land Resource Areas 1991 Thwaites RN and Macnish SE Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Soils and Land Use in the Kurrawa Area, Darling Downs, Beckmann GG and Thompson ZAZ Queensland 1:100000 Soils 1960 CH CSIRO Division of Soils Soil and Land Use Series No. 37 Galloway RW, Gunn RH, Pedley L, Cocks KD and Kalma ZBA Lands of the Balonne-Maranoa Area, Queensland 1:500000 Land Systems 1974 JD CSIRO Land Research Series No. 34

ZBA Soils of the Balonna-Maranoa Area, South-Central Queensland 1:500000 Soils 1974 Gunn RH CSIRO Division of Land Use Research Technical Memorandum 74/1 Soil Survey of the Middle Ridge Area, Parish of Drayton, Darling 20 chains = 1 Beckmann GG and Thompson ZBR Downs, Queensland inch Soils 1952 CH CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 5/54 Soil Survey of Portion of the Irongate District, Darling Downs, 20 chains = 1 ZBS Queensland inch Soils 1956 Beckmann GG CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 3/54 Soil Survey Aubigny and Southbrook Areas, Darling Downs, 20 chains = 1 ZBT Queensland inch Soils 1952 Thompson CH CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 4/57 Soil Survey of the Mount Gowrie and Bongeen Areas, Darling 40 chains = 1 1951- ZBU Downs, Queensland inch Soils 52 Beckmann GG CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 10/52 Soil Survey of the Northern Portion of the Parish of East Prairie, 20 chains = 1 ZBX Darling Downs, Queensland inch Soils 1951 Beckmann GG CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 5/52 Speck N H, Wright RL, Sweeney FC, Perry RA, Fitzpatrick EA, Nix HA, Gunn ZDD Lands of the Dawson-Fitzroy Area, Queensland 1:500000 Land Systems 1968 RH and Wilson IB CSIRO Division of Land Research CSIRO Land Research Series No 21 Story R, Galloway RW, Gunn ZDK Lands of the Isaac-Comet Area, Queensland 1:500000 Land Systems 1967 RH. and Fitzpatrick EA CSIRO Division of Land Research CSIRO Land Research Series No 19 A Soil Survey of the Cecilvale Area, Parish of Cecil Plains, Darling ZSC Downs, Queensland (report only) - - 1954 Thompson CH CSIRO Division of Soils (field operations) Divisional Report 2/54 Soils and Land Use in the Toowoomba Area, Darling Downs, Thompson CH and Beckmann ZTB Queensland 1:100000 Soils 1959 GG CSIRO Division of Soils Soil and Land Use Series No. 28

toowoomba regional council street tree masterplan 63