Physical Geography 4 6

Home , Mount Elbrus, Mount Olympus (Cyprus), Puncak Jaya

Geography Key concepts SECONDARY Great scientists is a collective work, conceived, designed and created 3 by the Secundary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

WRITERS Fernando Abascal Pedro Adiego Olga Cabeza Víctor Lallana Rosa López Joseph Hopkins Juan Martín Ana Redondo Raquel Rubalcaba María Luisa Vázquez Javier Velilla

EDITORS Raquel Rubalcaba Sara J. Checa Víctor Lallana Heather Sutton

EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Ramírez

PROJECT DIRECTOR Lourdes Etxebarria

BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook. INDEX

1. Physical geography 4 6. Mining, energy and industry 66

1. The Earth’s relief 1. Mining 2. Climates and landscapes 2. Energy sources 3. The physical environment of Europe 3. The origins and development of industry 4. Physical map of the world 4. Location of an industry 5. Relief and water in Spain 5. The industrial powers 6. Climates and landscapes in Spain 6. Mining, energy and industry in Spain

2. Territorial organisation 18

1. What is a state? 2. States of the world 3. Cooperation between states 4. The European Union 5. The Spanish State

3. World population 30

1. Studying population 2. Population ageing 3. Migration 4. Europe’s demographic diversity 5. The population of Spain

4. The world: a globalised economy 42

1. Economic activity 2. Globalisation 3. The rise of emerging economies 4. The traditional powers 7. Services 80 5. Work challenges around the world 1. The tertiary sector 2. Trade 3. Transport 4. Tourism 5. Other services 6. Services in Spain

8. Development 94

1. What is development? 2. Extreme poverty and hunger 3. Types of inequality 5. The primary sector 52 4. Overcoming underdevelopment 5. Poverty and exclusion in Spain 1. The primary sector and agrarian landscapes 2. Agriculture in developed regions 9. Environmental sustainability 104 3. Agriculture in less developed regions 4. Livestock farming and fishing 1. Environmental degradation 5. The primary sector in the European Union 2. Water supply and deforestation 6. The primary sector in Spain 3. The loss of biodiversity and soil degradation

3 1 Physical geography

1 The Earth's relief

GLOSSARY Relief The variations in elevation of the Earth's crust are Glacier: mass of ice that accumulates in mountains. called relief. It flows like a river, but very slowly. These variations are found on the surface of our Plate tectonics: the Earth's crust is made up of continents and on the ocean bed. (1) plates which float on the top layer of the mantle, moving very slowly. Relief is constantly changing. However, these changes take place over a very long period of time, so we do not perceive them. These changes are the result of both endogenous processes, which take place inside the Earth, and exogenous processes, which occur on the Earth's surface.

1. CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC RELIEF mountain range

peak

Valleys are areas of low land between mountains.

Plateaus are highplains. Depressions are very low areas that may even be below sea level. Plains are flat areas of land.

The relief formed by endogenous processes is caused by the movement of the Earth's crust (plate tectonics). Plates separate and form cracks (rifts), or collide into each other. This either pushes one plate below the other, or alters the Earth's surface (faults and folds). Water ACTIVITIES Water is a precious and scarce resource. Some water is found on the continents, but most of it is in the oceans and seas. • Define: relief, plain, plateau, valley, mid-ocean ridge, lake, aquifer, wave. Rivers, lakes, groundwater and ice contain fresh water, which makes up about 3% of the Earth's water. • What are the main forms of • Rivers are continuous flows of water. Rivers flow into a sea or continental relief? a lake. Tributaries flow into another river. • Which types of relief are found Continental • Lakes are enclosed masses of water which accumulate in in a coastal landscape? water depressions. Salt water lakes are called inland seas. • An underground water deposit is called an aquifer. • Most fresh water is held in the form of ice at the polar ice caps and in mountain glaciers.

Oceans and seas hold 97% of the Earth's water. They are in constant movement: • Marine currents are masses of water which move like rivers through the oceans. A warm current has a higher temperature than Marine the surrounding water. A cold current has a lower temperature. water • Tides are the daily rise and fall in the sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. High tide is when the sea level rises, and low tide is when it falls. • Waves are the undulating movements of water on the surface of the sea, caused by the wind.

Relief can also be formed by exogenous processes such as erosion, transport and sedimentation. Temperature, wind and water (rivers, seas, etc.) are the main agents of these processes, all of which modify relief.

island Abyssal plains are vast plateaus at a depth of 3000-7000 m. gulf

peninsula

A continental shelf is a large plateau beach close to the coast. Mid-ocean ridges are long mountain ridges in the centre of oceans. cape Ocean trenches are long, deep cracks cliff in the ocean floor. A continental slope is relief with a steep drop. 2 Climates and landscapes

GLOSSARY Climates There are five main climate zones. They can be Conifer forest: forest made up of evergreen species grouped according to latitude: such as fir and pine trees. • A hot zone, between the tropics. The average Temperature variation: difference between annual temperature is over 20 ºC. the highest and lowest temperatures over a period • Two temperate zones (30º-60º latitude in both of time. hemispheres). There is a clear seasonal difference between summer and winter. • Two cold zones (60º-90º latitude in both hemispheres). The temperatures are low all year round. Altitude, relief and proximity to the sea also influence climate. There are different types of climate within each main climate zone: hot (equatorial, tropical and desert), temperate (Mediterranean, oceanic and continental) and cold (polar and mountain). (2) ACTIVITIES Climate has a big influence on human societies. Extreme temperatures and humidity make it difficult • How many climate zones does the Earth have? for populations to settle and to carry out certain What are they? economic activities: deserts, forests, high mountains • Define these terms: tundra, moor. and the polar regions are sparsely populated. The majority of the world's population lives in temperate zones.

2. THE EARTH'S CLIMATES

Arct 0° Ar ic Cir 0° ctic C cle A R C T I C O C E A N ircle A R C T I C O C E A N

Climate zones Climate zones Cold zones PACIFIC Cold zones PACIFIC Temperate zones OCEAN Temperate zones OCEAN PACIFIC PACIFIC Hot zones OCEAN Hot zones OCEAN Hot climates Hot climates Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cance Equatorial r Equatorial Tropical wet Tropical wet

Equator Tropical dry Equator Tropical dry ATLANTIC Desert ATLANTIC Desert INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN Temperate climates OCEAN OCEAN Temperate climates Tropic of Capricorn OCEAN Mediterranean Tropic of Capricorn Mediterranean and similar and similar climates climates Continental Continental Oceanic Oceanic Cold climates Greenwich Meridian Cold climates Greenwich Meridian Scale Polar 0Scale 1,255 Polar 0 1,255 tic Circle SOUTHERN High mountain kilometres Antarc Circle High mountain kilometres ntarctic SOUTHERNOCEAN A OCEAN

6 Physical geography 1

CLIMATES AND LANDSCAPES

CLIMATE LOCATION TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATION LANDSCAPE

Average annual temperatures are Total annual rainfall is higher Equatorial Near the Equator. around 25 ºC, with little variation than 2000 mm. It rains every Rainforest in annual temperature. month.

The total annual rainfall ranges Between 10º and Average annual temperature is over Tropical between 2000 mm and less Tropical 30º N and 10º and 20 ºC. There are variations of between rainforest and than 400 mm. Seasons alternate 30º S. 3 ºC and 10 ºC. savannah. (3) between dry and wet. HOT CLIMATES HOT Found at the same Average temperatures are high, Scarce, under 250 mm, and Desert latitudes as over 20 ºC. There are big differences Desert irregularly distributed. tropical climates. between day and night.

Average annual temperature between Ranges between 900 mm and Between latitudes Mediterranean Mediterranean 10 °C and 18 °C. Temperature variations 300 mm a year. Distribution 30º and 40º in both woodland and and similar of between 12 ºC and 16 ºC. Summers is irregular and summers are hemispheres. scrub. are hot and winters are mild. very dry.

Between 40º and Average annual temperature between Annual total is around 50º latitude (and 10 °C and 15 °C. Little temperature Deciduous forest Oceanic 1000 mm. It is regular even up to 60º) in variation. Winters are mild and and moors. (4) throughout the year. both hemispheres. summers are cool.

Average annual temperature between TEMPERATE CLIMATES TEMPERATE Inland, in North Ranges between 750 mm and Taiga or conifer 0 °C and 10 °C. Very high temperature Continental America, Europe 300 mm. It is irregular, with the forests. Prairies variations. Winters are long and cold, and Asia. highest precipitation in summer. and steppes. and summers are short and hot.

Average annual temperatures are Tundra (an area Scarce, less than 250 mm Polar Near the poles. below 0 ºC. It is never higher than of mosses and annually. It mainly falls as snow. 10 ºC. lichens). (5)

Temperatures decrease with altitude. Vegetation varies High mountainous Mountain Summers are short and cool. Winters Increases with altitude. according to areas. COLD CLIMATES are long and very cold. altitude.

3. Savannah. It is mainly grassland, 4. Moor. The vegetation consists 5. Tundra. The soil and subsoil are frozen although there are also trees and of gorse, heather and ferns. for most of the year. bushes.

7 GLOSSARY 3 The physical environment of Europe Tundra: landscape in an extremely cold climate, with only a few plants like mosses and lichens. Relief and water Terrain in Europe is predominantly flat, which explains the low average altitude of 290 m. (6) • There are three main types of relief: – Great plains in the centre and the east. – Mountain ranges and plateaus in the north (Scandinavian ACTIVITIES mountains) and east (Urals). – Alpine mountain ranges. These are younger and higher. • Describe the relief in Europe. They form an arch around the Mediterranean Sea. The most • Which watersheds do European important are the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, rivers belong to? the Balkans and the Caucasus. • List the different climates • Water. Rivers in Europe form part of various watersheds: the Arctic in Europe. (the Pechora), the Atlantic (the Rhine), the Mediterranean (the Po), the Black Sea (the Danube) and the Caspian Sea (the Ural).

6. PHYSICAL MAP OF EUROPE

40° A 20° A 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° rc R North Cape 60° 60° SCALE tic C Ci TIC rc Barents 0 320 640 le O P CEAN Sea e U R c h i R Kilometres KOLA v o e r r dian i a A r S Cape e PENINSU LA L M N

Reykjanes e I

m i A R M r ive Iceland P T r Dv O N in ALTITUDE metres a U Norwegian U ia Sea O n N 2000 th Lake T M o Onega 1000 f B Lake A N Galdhopiggen Fin nis h Ladoga I 500 2469 E lf o Plate au N L Gu

0 O S J nd River S SCAND INAVIAN inla Lake Depression E K lf of F L Gu Peipus V S PENIN SULA o I lg ral a U 50° a a 50° Lake v R r H e NO THERN e S Vaner n a iv I S Ri g ver u R T Nor th c a I i D EUROPEAN PLAIN JUTLAN D t R GREAT l B Sea PENIN SULA a IRELAN D B BALTIC R BRITAIN i The European continent

v R PLAINS e

R r iv has irregular coastlines; R i iv v e R l S r R n iv e N e e o I V i D Th er n r r i v it has large peninsulas, a n RA s m a L E t e CASPIAN es h P i l u r C v b O WESTERN DEPRESSION h C d l D glis I e e e a n islands, capes, gulfs, etc. En T r ie N r per ATLANTIC R Saint-Mathieu AR EUROPEAN PLAIN L iv h

Point T e i Rive

A r n RPATH r D e A n oir S C IA i River L e e NT e Caspian i OU AI N s OCEAN n M N t e S e Sea S r CRIMEAN Elbrus ne P 5642 40 o L PENINSULA ° Cape Bay Massif h A U C A 40° B o f R A Moldovean u C S U S Finisterra is c Central R R ay rMont Blanc iver iver 2543 e Po River 4807 A D e Black Sea v P i b P Aneto i E n Danu Y N Ad a 3404 R N r R I i EbroE N r c N E ia A BALK ANS EE S l S ti p River T o Corsica c s aj S ITALIAN e a ASIA IBERIAN PENINSULA Mount Olympus Cape PENINSULA Sardinia Tyrrhenian 2911 St. Vincent BALEARIC Sea BALKAN Mulhacén ISLANDS 3478 PENIN SULA ltar Sicily Etna Gibra M e d 3340 Ionian Aegean t of i t e trai r Sea Sea S r a n Ca pe Matapan There are four large Malta e a Crete CANARY ISLANDS n peninsulas: the Iberian, S e Teide AFRICA a 3718 Italian, Scandinavian and Balkan Peninsulas. 0° 20°

8 834377_06_p45_europa_fisico Physical geography 1

Climates and landscapes Temperate climates are most common in Europe. However, polar, mountainous and subtropical climates also exist.

• Oceanic climate: mild temperatures. High and regular Oceanic rainfall throughout the year. landscape • Deciduous forests (beeches, oaks, chestnuts, etc.) and moors (heather, etc.).

• Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers and mild winters. Mediterranean Little rainfall. landscape • Evergreen trees (oaks and cork oaks) and scrubland.

• Continental climate: long, very cold winters with frequent Continental snowfall, and hot summers. landscape Moderate rainfall. • Prairie, steppe and taiga, (pines, firs, etc.).

• Polar climate: long, extremely cold winters and short and Polar landscape cool summers. Little rainfall. • Tundra.

• Mountain climate: lower temperatures and higher Mountainous rainfall than areas with a lower landscape altitude. • Terraced vegetation.

9 4 180º 150º 120º 90º 60º Physical map of the world

80º

Continents are large areas of land surrounded by oceans and seas. (7) Beaufort Bafﬁn Sea Bay

t i t M i a a a r Arctic Circle r t c k t S e S on n Great Bear g uk z s Y Mount McKinley i i Africa n e i Lake v

r 6,194 m r a e i D v Great Slave B ka Range e las r Lake Hudson • The main mountain ranges are the Atlas Mountains and the 60º A Bering Bay Gulf of G river Drakensberg Mountains. The Great Rift Valley is in the east. Sea R n LABRADOR Alaska O R so E el PENINSULA C A N • Large plateaus take up much of the land. K T Lake Lake Newfoundland Y Superior P Winnipeg • Several rivers have high levels of discharge (the Niger, the M L A

M Lake s Congo, etc.). However, those that flow into the Mediterranean O I n N i Cape i Lake Huro a U s t GREAT S s n Race Sea have low levels, except for the River Nile. o Michigan ou BASIN N u r M Cape Mendocino i 40º T n ia Mount A Elbert i h Whitney p c I 4,399 m ip a s l 4,418 m N s Cape Hatteras i a s p S s S i p i A e M r rav Sargasso Asia LOWER CALIFORNIA r B o a Mexican Sea FLORIDA PENINSULA M plateau Gulf of a Mexico PENINSULA Tropic of Cancer d • Mountain ranges are mainly in the centre. Mount Everest, r e Orizaba Cuba 20º Hispaniola the highest peak in the world, is in the Himalayan mountain Cape 5,700 m YUCATAN Corrientes PENINSULA range. PACIFIC Jamaica Puerto Rico Tajamuco Caribbean Sea • There are plateaus across the continent, such as the Tibetan OCEAN 4,217 m co Guiana Plateau. The main basins contain inland seas (Caspian, Aral POLYNESIA o Highlands in r

and Dead Seas). LLANOSO 0º Equator Chimborazo • Rivers are long with high discharge levels (Yangtze, Ganges, etc.). 6,267 m Amazon BASIN • Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea are noteworthy bodies ON AZ a M ir A e MATO d of water. o a GROSSO c The North American s

M i

A PLATEAU n coastline is more Lake a N r F Titicaca D Altiplano irregular than in n 20º E á a Gulf of S n S a South America. Arica r America Tropic of Capricorn a P Ojos del Salado 6,880 m GRAN • The great mountain ranges (the Rocky Mountains, Sierra CHACO Madre and the Andes) run parallel to the Pacific Coast. Mount Aconcagua 6,960 m THE River PAMPAS • Inland, there are large plateaus (Matto Grosso and the Plate 40º Bolivian Altiplano) and plains (Great Plains). • The rivers running in Atlantic watershed are long with high 2500 m discharge levels (Mississippi and Amazon). Those in the Pacific 2000 m watershed are shorter. 1500 m PATAGONIA 1000 m Cape Horn 400 m 200 m Strait of 60º Magellan Oceania 0 m Drake Passage Depression Antarctic Circle • Australia has coastal plains, low desert in the interior and the Major peaks Great Dividing Range in the east. New Guinea and New Zealand Main rivers are mountainous. Lakes ANTARCTIC • The Murray and the Darling are the main rivers in Australia. PENINSULA

80º

Antarctica

• It has the highest average altitude (2000 metres). 509798_01_p18_19_leyenda_mundi_ sico180º 150º 120º 90º 60º • There are no rivers. 7. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WORLD

10 THE EARTH’S RELIEF

Physical geography 1

30º 0º 30º 60º 90º 120º 150º 180º A R C T I C O C E A N

80º

Greenland East Siberia Sea TAYMIR Sea Greenland Kara PENINSULA North Cape Sea s Barents in Norwegian ta Sea V n e a u CENTRAL SIBERIAN r m Sea o k Pobeda li h o M o 3,147 m Mount Narodnaya PLATEAU K Denmark StraitIceland n ya d ia 1,894 m WEST n n Bering v sk la URAL MOUNTAINS M a SIBERIAN Y ount p Sea in EAST e ain U d n s a n PLAIN is m a EUROPEAN e ly c SCANDINAVIAN O y Ko 60º S PLAIN b Cape Farewell PENINSULA V British IN olg a LA a Isles e P Sea of KAMCHATKA North S N Lake ic EA D e Okhotsk PENINSULA Sea alt P Ir g B RO n t Baikal n Stanovoy Range U D y a T E i sh R EA e GR CARPATHIAN o ral y A p n U Beluja Sayan v m Rh e no in MOUNTAINS r Lake 4,506 m 3,492 m lo u Cape Lopatka e ab r Balkhash Y Mont Blanc D Aral s a Mount Elbrus Alt tain 4,807 m ALPS n Caspian Sea Sea ai Moun Cape PYRENEES u b e 5,642 m ITALIAN Black GOBI DESERT Finisterre CAUCASUS Tien Shan MANCHURIA Sea r PENINSULA Mountains ow iv IBERIAN MOUNTAINS ll e 40º Ismoil Somoni Peak r Japan Mountains e PENINSULA Mount 7,495 m nlun Y KOREAN Etna ANATOLIAN Z Ku Mulhacén a K2 PENINSULA 3,478 m 3,349 m PLATEAU g Ind M Euphratesro IRANIAN u 8,616 m PLATEAU s In Asia, the coastline ed s NORTH CHINA Mount Fuji Toubkal iterran ean Se M H a o PLATEAU I M OF TIBET PLAIN 3,776 m Canary 4,165 un A ze is irregular (peninsulas, ta G t LIBYAN Persianin L A g Islands s a YAS an Ahaggar Mountains DESERT Gulf HinduTHAR Kush n Y Teide ATLAS MOUNTAINS 4.042 m g Mount Everest gulfs and islands). DESERT es 3,715 Tibesti 8,850 m Red Sea ARABIAN Mount Tahat Mountains . e Formosa 3,003 m l PENINSULA i M 20º

Emi-koussi N SAHARA Arabian Bay of ek 3,415 m Bengal o Sea n South China Cape N HINDUSTAN g MICRONESIA ig Lake DARFUR Sea Verde e Ras Dashen INDOCHINA r Chad PENINSULA PLATEAU 4,620 m Cape Guardafui PENINSULA Philippines Ethiopian SOMALI PENINSULA Cape MELANESIA Mount Cameroon Plateau Comorin 4,070 m s Lake n i a Victoria t Mount Kenya Borneo 0º n New Guinea Cape u 5,199 m o o

Sao Roque g Kilimanjaro Sumatra Puncak Jaya M y n Lake I N D I A N

o a e 5,895 m 5,030 m A T L A N T I C C l b Tanganyika l

m a V u Java t t i if Lake O C E A N R G O C E A N M Malawi ezi R CENTRAL b E m a A PLATEAU Z s T Coral Sea n KIMBERLEY OF ANGOLA i North West PLATEAU D 20º In Africa, the a I V KALAHARI t Cape GREAT SANDY I DESERT n D coastline is u DESERT I N o Cathkin G

M GREAT VICTORIA

fairly regular. Madagascar R 3,660 m Mozambique Channel

g g A

DESERT n Orange r i N e rl

b a G s Cape E Draken Great D Leeuwin M Australian urr Cape of Bight ay Mount Kosciusko Good Hope 2,230 m 40º New Zealand

Tasmania Mount Cook In Oceania, the coastlines 3,764 m vary depending on the Along the Antarctic island.

coastline, there are Greenwich Meridian Greenwich bays which have been created by the 60º Weddell and Ross S O U T H E R N O C E A N ACTIVITIES Seas. • Look at the map and make a table for each continent. Include the following data: Weddell Sea – Mountain ranges and the highest peak. – Plateaus and plains. Scale 80º 0 880 – Main peninsulas and islands. – Main rivers. kilometres – Main lakes. 30º 0º 30º 60º 90º 120º 150º 180º

509798_01_p18_19_mundi_ﬁsico 11 5 Relief and water in Spain

GLOSSARY Relief Spain is a very mountainous country with a high average altitude Aquifer: underground store of of 660 metres.(8) water.

Watershed: group of river basins MAIN FEATURES OF RELIEF IN SPAIN whose rivers all flow into the same sea or ocean. • The Inner Plateau is divided into two sub-plateaus by the Central Mountain Chain (the Northern Sub-plateau and the Southern Wetland: area of land with Sub-plateau). water on its surface or just Peninsular • Mountains that surround the plateau: the Galician Massif, the below it. relief Cantabrian Range, the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Sierra Morena. • Features beyond the Inner Plateau: the Pyrenees, the Baetic Chain, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Guadalquivir and Ebro river basins.

• Island relief includes two archipelagos: the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. Island and • Spain has several kilometres of coastline: the Cantabrian and coastal Galician coasts are irregular, whereas in western Andalusia, they relief are smooth with sandy beaches. The Mediterranean coastline PHYSICALalternates RELIEF between OF beaches SPAIN and steep cliffs.

8. PHYSICAL RELIEF OF SPAIN

Cape Ortegal C a n t a b r i a n S e a Cape Peñas Cape Estaca de Bares Bay of FRANCE Punta de IF Ajo S Torrecerredo Biscay S Cape Touriñan A 2648 m M Gulf of B P Y R E N E E S N ASQUE Cape Finisterre N M Lion O Picos de Europa A OU INS I E CA NTA ANDORRA C L NTA GE I BRIAN RAN L O F da Cape Creus IÑ O an A M m Aneto e tains E G Cabeza de S D un B 3404 m Turó de Gulf of Roses N Teleno o R Manzaneda I Northern M O E l'Home A 2188 m R B 1781 m T I R 1706 m N Sub-plateau P V O N icos de Urbión E U R IBE B O O RIA Moncayo A N A UER N S I M D rra M 2313 m I A sie MountainsAyllónO N CH o UN L E om A S IN TA ST HA I A Cape Salou INNER C e N O C g C IN an C A R H s T in N Cape Tortosa tain UN nta A A n O ou l I A O u L M M b Ebro Mo CENTRA a M arr N L C I S L A ta ram ou ac A R I N D a uadar nt ín A Delta E G G S ain T L S PLATEAU err s A de an A B Almanzor Cu ía C en Puig Major 2591 m TAJ ca e a O d n Menorca Southern 1436 m a a OUNTAIN rr t M S ie un O Sub-plateau Gulf of S m C F J ra T Ú Valencia T O C Mallorca I L A E R Albufera Cabrera Guadalupe Mountains D Ibiza A O T N UADIA G Ma Cape dron a a M Nao N o u A Formentera e n N t E SEG Rock of Ifach S a R UR A PORTUGAL in O s M A Aracena S I E R R A L Mountains I N E n IVIR B A S NG a U V E R RA e T LQ R I IC A I R ET N n D V -BA AI Cape Palos a Guadalquivir I UB H r A A U S C r Marshes U IC Q T Mulhacén e G E t f of L A 3479 m da i Gul Cá B Neva d 2000 m d A Sierra e iz M D NG E PENIBAETIC RA 1500 m A Cape Gata LARoque PALMA de U 1000 m los Muchachos G 2.426 mCalderaATLANTIC OCEAN de Taburiente Tarifa 700 m TENERIFEPunta de Anaga ar CANARY ISLANDS Point ibralt Punta de of G ait La Palma FuencalienteGarajonay Teide Str 400 m Pico Lanzarote 1.487 m Teide3.718 m de las Nieves LA GOMERA Punta 1.949Fuerteventura m de Jandía Scale 0 m EL HIERRO 3718 mGRAN La Gomera CANARIA 0 90 Tenerife Major peaks

El Hierro Gran Meridian Greenwich Canaria MOROCCO kilometres Main rivers

509798_01_p27_Espana_Fisico 509798_01_p27_leyenda_Espana_Fisico RIVERS AND LAKES IN SPAIN

Physical geography 1

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h b U ón rc g r r la ta e R é b i i l Alarcón e A T TAJO la I C A üe Reservoir l A g i I C J Ú C a a T r A Albufera a e A nc R S GUADIAN Zá N La Serena Reservoir n a A e n

L SE a PORTUGAL GU r RA r VIR e T I t LQU i l DA d ie UA e A o G d t G M O e in n T il Guadalquivir Iznájar Watersheds Marshes Reservoir te ale ad Cantabrian Gu LARoque PALMA de los Muchachos Mediterranean 2.426 mCaldera de Taburiente TENERIFEPunta de Anaga Atlantic

Punta de Meridian Greenwich Fuencaliente Rivers Garajonay Teide Pico 1.487 m 3.718 m de las Nieves There are no real LA GOMERA Punta Scale 1.949 m de Jandía GRAN rivers on the islands. Lakes and reservoirs CANARIA 0 90 Ravines MOROCCO kilometres

9. RIVERS AND LAKES OF SPAIN

509798_01_p29_leyenda_Espana_rios Water

• The Iberian Peninsula has three watersheds: (9)

• The rivers are short. Cantabrian • Their flow is abundant and regular. 509798_01_p29_Espana_rios watershed • The main rivers are the Bidasoa, Nervión, Nalón, Narcea, Navia and Eo.

• The rivers are long, except for those in Galicia. • Because of their tributaries, they have an abundant flow. Atlantic However, this flow is irregular and diminishes in the summer. watershed • The main rivers are the Miño, Duero, Tajo, Guadiana and Guadalquivir.

• This watershed is smaller than the Atlantic watershed. • Except for the Ebro, rivers belonging to this watershed have ACTIVITIES Mediterranean a weak and very irregular flow. watershed • The main rivers are the Ebro, Ter, Llobregat, Turia, Júcar and •• ListList thethe mainmain featuresfeatures Segura. ofof peninsularpeninsular relief.relief. •• WhichWhich mountainsmountains surroundsurround thethe • There are over 2000 lakes and wetlands in Spain. Although they InnerInner Plateau?Plateau? WhichWhich onesones are not very large, they are of great ecological importance. crosscross it?it? • In Spain, aquifers are a natural resource and are important during •• NameName threethree importantimportant riversrivers droughts, especially in regions with few rivers and lakes. They are inin eacheach watershed.watershed. mainly used for human consumption and agricultural irrigation.

509798_01_p27_leyenda_Espana_Fisico 6 Climates and landscapes in Spain

GLOSSARY Factors influencing Spanish climate Endemic: belonging exclusively to a particular place or region. Spanish climate is influenced by the following factors: • Latitude. The Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are in the southern half of the temperate zone. The Canary Islands, situated at a subtropical latitude, have mild, steady temperatures all year round. • Location. Spain is on one continent (Europe), but close to another ACTIVITIES (Africa). It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, it receives hot and cold air masses • What is the predominant from both land and sea. climate in Spain? • Influence of the seas and oceans. They regulate temperatures • Where can you find an oceanic along the coasts and on the archipelagos throughout the year. climate? Inland, however, there are much greater variations between high • What is the landscape on the and low temperatures. Canary Islands? What is the • Relief. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall and precipitation landscape in the southeast increases. The orientation of the mountains determines whether a of the peninsula? place receives a lot of wind and sunlight. Mountain ranges act as barriers which block air masses.

10. CLIMATES OF SPAIN

An oceanic climate Cantabrian Sea is found in the north of the peninsula.

Most of the Iberian Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate. A T L A N T I C O C E A N

The Canary Islands have a subtropical Climate climate. Oceanic e a S Mountain a n e Subtropical ATLANTIC OCEAN a n r r Mediterranean CANARY ISLANDS t e M e d i Typical Continentalised Dry

14 136502_01_p39_h01_espana_climas Physical geography 1

Climates and landscapes

Spain has a wide variety of climates and landscapes. (10 and 11)

CLIMATE LOCATION TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATION LANDSCAPE

Oak and beech trees (replaced in Cool winters Heavy and regular (more than Oceanic Northern Spain. many areas by pine and and mild summers. 800 mm annually). eucalyptus trees, and pastures).

Mediterranean Between 300 mm and Cool winters Typical coast and the 700 mm per year. Summer and hot summers. Guadalquivir Valley. drought.

Very cold winters Between 400 mm and Mediterranean forest (holm Continentalised Inland areas. and very hot 600 mm per year. Summer oaks and cork oaks). summers. drought. Mediterranean Southeast coast Mild winters and hot Less than 300 mm per year. Dry of Spain summers. Summer drought.

Precipitation is scarce and Conifers and laurels, and endemic Subtropical Canary Islands. Mild all year round. mainly occurs in winter. species (dragon tree, etc.).

Winters are long and Precipitation is abundant. Highest mountain Mountain cold, and summers Sometimes it is in the form of Vegetation changes with altitude. ranges. are short and cool. snow.

A C

B D

11. Landscapes of Spain. Oceanic (A), Mediterranean (B), subtropical (C) and mountain (D).

15 ACTIVITY ROUND-UP

1 Copy and complete the diagram.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SPAIN

RELIEF RIVERS CLIMATES

watersheds Inland … Peninsular and main rivers and coastline

main features … … archipelagos coastline

Mountains Features … … … Typical … that surround beyond the plateau the plateau Western … Atlantic … Andalusia … … …

… … … … … …

… Subtropical … …

… … … …

…

2 Define the following terms: 4 Look at this photo and answer the questions. • Ocean trench • Depression • Abyssal plain • Watershed • Low water level

3 Which continent are the following rivers and reliefs found in?

• The Andes • Amazon River • Australia • Mount Everest • Mississippi River • Philippine Islands • What type of landscape does this photograph show? • River Danube • Describe what you think temperatures and rainfall • River Nile are like in this climate.

16 Physical geography 1 GEOGRAPHY WORKSHOP

APPLY A TECHNIQUE. Use maps to link geographical features

Many of the elements of PACIFIC geography cannot be studied in isolation because they are linked GREAT SANDY OCEAN INDIAN to other fields. DESERT OCEAN Comparing maps that show GREAT VICTORIA Tropic of Capricorn different geographical features DESERT allows us to detect patterns. To analyse and compare maps, we follow these steps: 2500 m AustralianGreat Bight 2000 m 1. Analyse each map separately. 1500 m 1000 m 2. Look for similarities in the Scale 700 m distribution of each aspect. 0 510 400 m For example, do the least 0 m kilometres populated areas match the desert climate? It may help if you trace one map and place 509798_01_p35_a_leyenda_ sico_Australia INDIAN it on top of the others. OCEAN 3. Make a list of the patterns PACIFIC that you find. OCEAN 4. Explain each pattern. Tropic of Capricorn 509798_01_p35_a_ﬁsico_australia

Tropical Mediterranean wet and similar 5 Analyse the maps of Australia. Tropical dry Oceanic Desert • Physical map. Identify the main features of physical relief and the course of rivers. • Climate map. Identify the climates. INDIAN What type of climate does each 509798_01_p35_b_leyenda_climas_Australia region have? OCEAN PACIFIC • Population map. Which areas are densely populated? Which are OCEAN sparsely populated? Tropic of Capricorn 6 Trace the population map and place 509798_01_p35_b_climas_Australia it over the other maps. • Make a list of the main connections between population distribution and relief; and between population, Population density climate and rivers. (in inhabitants/km2) Over 50 25 to 2 7 Explain the patterns that you have 50 to 25 Less than 2 found. Give reasons for your conclusions.

509798_01_p35_c_leyenda_densidad_australia